Sargassum Sp Research Articles

The Inventory of Macroalgae in The Rengge Beach, Pari Island, Thousand Islands, Jakarta

Pari Island is one of the islands among the Thousand Islands group, about 46.32 km from the center of Jakarta with a total area of 310,000 km2 has high biodiversity, one of which is from the macroalgae group. Although macroalgae are a source of high biodiversity, the utilization of macroalgae is still very minimal to do because of the lack of education in the community about the types and benefits of macroalgae found in waters. This study aims to determine the diversity of macroalgae in Rengge Beach, Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta so that later the community can find out more information about the types, characteristics, and potential utilization of macroalgae. The research was conducted in December 2022 using the benthic belt transect method with a total of 5 stations, carried out by drawing a line from the shoreline inland with a transect length of 100 m and a width of 10 m (5 m to the right and left sides), a monitoring area of 1 km² (10x100 m) between stations. Samples were taken and identified to the species level at the Plant Structure and Development Laboratory, Biology study program, Jakarta State University, Jakarta. Observations include several characteristics both morphologically and anatomically. The results showed that there were five species of macroalgae that could be identified, namely Halimeda sp, Gracilaria sp, Turbinaria sp, Padina sp, and Sargassum sp, therefore it can be concluded that there are only five genera of macroalgae in this place. This research needs more development that can provide more benefits, one of which is to develop the research area and further identify the types of macroalgae obtained to find out more specific information about the potential of macroalgae.

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides extracted from three different seaweeds.

Bioactive polysaccharides and oligosaccharides were successfully extracted from three distinct seaweeds: Sargassum sp., Graciallaria sp., and Ulva sp. utilizing various extraction techniques. The obtained polysaccharides and oligosaccharides were subjected to comprehensive characterization, and their potential antioxidant properties were assessed using a Hep G2 cell model. Analysis via FTIR spectroscopy unveiled the presence of sulfate groups in the polysaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from Sargassum sp. The antioxidant capabilities were assessed through various assays (DPPH, ABTS, Fe-ion chelation, and reducing power), revealing that SAR-OSC exhibited superior antioxidant activity than others. This was attributed to its higher phenolic content (24.6μg/mg), FRAP value (36μM Vitamin C/g of extract), and relatively low molecular weight (5.17kDa). The study also investigated the protective effects of these polysaccharides and oligosaccharides against oxidative stress-induced damage in Hep G2 cells by measuring ROS production and intracellular antioxidant enzyme expressions (SOD, GPx, and CAT). Remarkably, SAR-OSC demonstrated the highest efficacy in protecting Hep G2 cells reducing ROS production and downregulating SOD, GPx, and CAT expressions. Current findings have confirmed that the oligosaccharides extracted by the chemical method show higher antioxidant activity, particularly SAR-OSC, and robust protective abilities in the Hep G2 cells.

Diversity and distribution of Sargassum spp on Lombok Island

Sargassum is a genus that grows naturally in waters with strong currents and rocky bottoms. This genus has high diversity and distribution, including on Lombok Island. This research aims to analyze the diversity and distribution of sargassum on Lombok Island. Research sampling was carried out in 15 locations spread across 4 districts on Lombok Island. Morphological diversity analysis was carried out using MVSP 3.1 software. Meanwhile, distribution is carried out by sampling the distribution in the waters of Lombok Island. The research results showed that the number of Sargassum species found was 4 species. Each species found from different sampling locations has variations with a similarity percentage of 52.8% to 100%. Sargassum was found in 15 sampling locations with the following details: Sargassum polycystum was found in five locations, Sargassum crassifolium in 5 locations, Sargassum cristaefolium in 7 locations, and Sargassum sp in 3 locations.

Effect of extract gel of Sargassum sp. against histopathological of the number of fibroblast cells in the burn healing process

Introduction: Burns are injuries caused by heat and cause damage to the skin. Burns are characterized by red, peeling skin. Burns must be treated properly so that wound healing can close completely. In Indonesia, seaweed is a promising commodity. From 5.2 million wet tons in 2011 to 9.2 million tons in 2013, seaweed output increased by 76.4 percent in Indonesia. This study aimed to study the histopathological picture of burn tissue given Sargassum sp. Methods: An experimental study design with a randomized post-test-only control group design was used for this study. White mice (Mus musculus), the study's population, made up this group. The study was divided into 4 treatment groups. The results of the calculation of the number of fibroblast cells were then evaluated using statistical tests to determine differences between groups. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS ver. 25 with a One-Way ANOVA test. Results: The mean result of fibroblast cell count in group 1 (plain gel) was 36.14 PLP, group 2 (Sargassum sp. 5%) was 51.28 PLP, group 3 (Sargassum sp. 10%) was 53.36 PLP and group 4 (Sargassum sp. bioplacenton) 20.05 PLP. The results of the statistical test showed that there was a significant difference between groups with a p-value of 0.03 (<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the histology show that there is a potential content of Sargassum sp. to affect wound healing.

Influence of Organic Seaweed Pelleting on Seed Quality Parameters of Onion Seeds

Aim: Small and irregular seed shapes make precision sowing difficult. Seed pelleting, which helps to make seed handling easier during sowing, is converting such seeds into bold, spherical shapes with a smooth surface. Seaweeds are a rich source of nutrients that promote growth, such as IAA, kinetin, zeatin, and gibberellins; auxins and cytokinins; metabolic enhancers; macro and micro elements; amino acids; and vitamins. Their use in crop plants has been shown to have positive effects, including early seed germination and establishment, improved crop performance and yield, increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and increased seed shelf life (Bluden).
 Study Design: The experiment was undertaken with three replications in a completely randomized block design. Eight treatmental combinations were used in this study. Statistical analysis was carried out by AGRES software. The Critical Differences (CD) was calculated at 5 per cent probability level.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Seed Science and Technology, Agriculture College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, during the period of December 2020 and November 2021.
 Methodology: Organic seaweed pellet combinations can be successfully implemented to provide improved field emergence, crop establishment and production. Seeds were pelleted with different mixtures of Sargassum sp., Kappaphycus sp., Bacillus subtilis and Talc powder.
 Results: The results exposed that between the treatments seed pelleting with combination of T7- Sargassum sp + Kappaphycus sp + Bacillus subtilis+ Talc powder was found to be more efficient in comparison with other combinations.
 Conclusion: Pelleting with, Kappaphycus sp, Bacillus subtilis and Talc powder was found to be better in all aspects of seed quality and biochemical parameters.

Effect of Stirring Speed and Solid to Solvent Ratio on Fucoidan Yield from Sargassum sp.

Effect of Stirring Speed and Solid to Solvent Ratio on Fucoidan Yield from Sargassum sp.

Chemical composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and inhibitor alpha-glucosidase enzyme of Sargassum sp.

Sargassum sp. has the potential to be a source of bioactive components. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity of Sargassum sp. extract. The exploratory research method involved extracting Sargassum sp. for 72 h using solvents of different polarities. The chemical composition of Sargassum sp. was analyzed using parameter analysis as well as the identification of phytochemicals and total phenolics. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method as well as inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The chemical composition of Sargassum sp. was found to be 15.67, 17.56, 13.46, 0.6, 57.82, and 13.62% moisture content, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates (by difference), and total crude fiber, respectively. The bioactive compounds of Sargassum sp. include saponins and phenolic compounds that were extracted with methanol (617.778 GAE/100 g) and ethyl acetate (309.55 GAE/100 g). The antioxidant activity with IC50 value of Sargassum sp. extract successively extracted 648.33 mg/mL of methanol, 864.22 mg/mL of ethyl acetate, and 884 mg/mL of n-hexane. Sargassum sp. extract inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase enzyme methanol extract (9.44–0.35%), n-hexane extract (11.72–0.46%), and ethyl acetate did not. Except for the ethyl-acetate extract, Sargassum sp. extract has antioxidant and enzyme α-glucosidase inhibitor properties.

Potential extract of brown algae Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. as antibacterial Vibrio harveyi

Vibrio sp. in shrimp farming ponds cause infection with Vibriosis which results in crop failure. Various efforts have been made, such as the administration of antibiotics derived from chemicals that can cause resistance to bacteria. One of the other efforts that can be done is to use marine organisms as natural antibacterial agents, such as brown algae of the genus Padina and Sargassum which have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the best concentration of Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in inhibiting the growth of Vibrio harveyi bacteria and knowing which brown algae extract was more effective in inhibiting the growth of V. harveyi bacteria. The extraction process was carried out using the maseration method with methanol as a solvent. Testing of antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method. The results showed that the extract of brown algae that was more effective in inhibiting the growth of V. harveyi was Padina sp., because the six treatments and positive control at 3 times of observation showed a clear zone that was greater than that of Sargassum sp. The best concentration of Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in inhibiting the growth of V. harveyi bacteria was at a concentration of 2000 ppm for Sargassum sp. with the resulting inhibition zone of 18.2 ± 1.15 and 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm for the extract of Padina sp. with the resulting inhibition zones of 19.2 ± 2.75 and 19.5 ± 2.35. The resulting inhibition zone falls into the category of strong inhibitory activity.

Effect of environment, and seaweed (Sagassum sp) in the feed on the physiological behavior and performance of European quail

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the inclusion of marine macroalgae bran of the species Sargassum sp at increasing levels (0; 2.5; 5 and 7.5 %) on the productive performance and physiological responses of European quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix), in two types of environments. A total of 480 European quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) were used, distributed in an entirely randomized design, with four levels of bran inclusion (0.0; 2.5; 5.0, and 7.5 %), 6 repetitions with 10 birds in each experimental plot. Water consumption was higher and feed intake was lower in the climatic chamber in all phases, presenting regression and interaction effects for both environments as a function of sargassum bran inclusion. Thus, feed conversion and weight gain were also influenced and similar to the feed and water intake results. For the physiological variables, no interactions between the environments were identified as a function of sargassum bran inclusion in any of the phases. However, there were significant differences between the environments. In the first phase, the respiratory rate variable was higher in the climatic chamber and there was no significant difference in the other phases. It is recommended the inclusion of up to 7.5% of sargassum bran in the diet of European quail in all phases, without compromising their productive performance and maintaining the physiological variables within the normal range in environments similar to those simulated in the open housing. However, under heat stress conditions, the quail are compromised, and the inclusion did not have the effect of maintaining the performance of the birds.

Marine macroalgae as an alternative in the feeding of broiler quails in an environment of thermal stress

The objective of this research was to evaluate the productive performance, carcass quality, and intestinal biometry of European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix), kept under cyclic heat stress (air temperature of 32.5°C±0.5) receiving a ration with different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5%) of seaweed meal of Sargassum sp. A total of 240 quails were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 levels of bran inclusion, 6 replications, and 10 birds per experimental unit. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, and the means were compared by Tukey's test with 5% probability and subjected to regression by PROC REG of SAS® (2002). No similarity was observed in water and feed consumption between treatments. There was a significant difference in most of the variables studied, with a significant difference only occurring in the dorsum, gizzard, and large intestine. Therefore, it is recommended to include up to 7.5% of sargassum bran in the diet of European quails kept under a 12-h heat cycle (32°C±0.5).

Sargassum sp. extract improve hematological profile of tilapia fish ( Oreochromis niloticus).

Strategies to increase body resistance and prevent disease in aquaculture include using vaccines, antibiotics, and probiotics. Today, the use of antibiotics with natural ingredients is becoming a trend. Sargassum sp is a natural ingredient that contains high antioxidants and antibiotics. This research was conducted from March to May 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, in two stages: 1) the sensitivity of extracts of Sargassum sp. and 2) the application of Sargassum sp. extract orally in tilapia ( O. niloticus). The parameters measured were clear zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, LD 50 test of leaf extract of Sargassum sp. in tilapia ( O. niloticus), hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and survival rate. Data on hematology parameters were tabulated and analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test when deemed necessary. The results showed that the extract of Sargassum sp. inhibited the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a clear zone of 6.5-15.0 mm, which is classified as resistant. At doses of 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm, it did not cause death in fish for 96 hours (LD 50). Hematological parameters can be a sign of the health status of fish. Tilapia given Sargassum sp. in different doses gave an effect between treatments after 30 days of rearing and post-test against A. hydrophila bacteria (p<0.05). The results showed that the hematology of fish fed with Sargassum sp. extract was in the normal or healthy range. Healthy tilapia had erythrocyte counts ranging from 1.34-2.11×10 6 cells/mm 3, hematocrit 26.17-33.19%, hemoglobin 6.26-11.2 g/dL and total leukocytes 1.01-1.50×10 4 cells/mm 3 and total erythrocytes 5.88-9.13×10 4 cells/ mm 3. A dose of 3000 ppm provided the highest health improvement against A. hydrophila bacterial infection.

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of brown seaweeds extracted by different solvents and characterization of their phenolic compounds by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.

Seaweeds, serving as valuable natural sources of phenolic compounds (PCs), offer various health benefits like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and potential anticancer effects. The efficient extraction of PCs from seaweed is essential to harness their further applications. This study compares the effectiveness of different solvents (ethanol, methanol, water, acetone, and ethyl acetate) for extracting PCs from four seaweed species: Ascophyllum sp., Fucus sp., Ecklonia sp., and Sargassum sp. Among them, the ethanol extract of Sargassum sp. had the highest content of total phenolics (25.33±1.45mgGAE/g) and demonstrated potent scavenging activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (33.65±0.03mgTE/g) and phosphomolybdate reduction (52.98±0.47mgTE/g). Ecklonia sp. had the highest content of total flavonoids (0.40±0.02mgQE/g) in its methanol extract, whereas its ethyl acetate extract contained the highest content of total condensed tannins (8.09±0.12mgCE/g). Fucus sp. demonstrated relatively strong antioxidant activity, with methanolic extracts exhibiting a scavenging ability against 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (54.41±0.24mgTE/g) and water extracts showing ferric-reducing antioxidant power of 36.24±0.06mgTE/g. Likewise, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 61 individual PCs, including 17 phenolic acids, 32 flavonoids, and 12 other polyphenols. Ecklonia sp., particularly in the ethanol extract, exhibited the most diverse composition. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate solvents based on the specific seaweed species and desired compounds, further providing valuable guidance in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The PCs, which are secondary metabolites present in terrestrial plants and marine organisms, have garnered considerable attention due to their potential health advantages and diverse biological effects. Using various organic/inorganic solvents during the extraction process makes it possible to selectively isolate different types of PCs from seaweed species. The distinct polarity and solubility properties of each solvent enable the extraction of specific compounds, facilitating a comprehensive assessment of the phenolic composition found in the seaweed samples and guiding industrial production.

Application of Sargassum sp extract on juvenile sandfish nursery

Sea cucumbers are a high-value fauna that can be found on Kei Island’s coastal area. Because of overexploitation and poor management, the sea cucumber population on Kei Island has declined dramatically. To solve this problem, the cultivation activities (breeding, nursery and growth out) of sea cucumbers need to be developed immediately. The aim of this study was to utilize the brown algae Sargassum sp to support the production of sandfish seeds in Household-Scale Hatchery. This study took place from April - May 2022 at Tual Teripang Center, Tual. Juveniles of sandfish are used as research objects with measuring between 3 - 15 mm in size and have a stocking density of 800 juveniles per tub. The feed used as treatment was included Sargassum sp extract 300 gr/tub (Treatment A), 400 gr/tub (Treatment B), and 500 gr/tub (Treatment C). Feeding has given every day and water changes was 50 - 60% per day. The calculation of growth and survival rate is the variable that observed in this study. As supporting data, water quality test measures were carried out. Three treatments have different effects on juvenile growth. The best result was obtained in Treatment C. For survival, showed all treatments had same effect on the survival rate of juvenile sandfish. It was concluded that Treatment C was better for the growth of juvenile sandfish than Treatment A and Treatment B.

Dyeability of Surface-Modified Cotton and Silk Fabrics with PAMAM Dendrimer Using Sargassum sp. Seaweed Extract

In this study, a PAMAM dendrimer was used as a surface-modifier to study the dyeability of cotton and silk fabrics using a sustainable dye generated from Sargassum sp. seaweed extracts. PAMAM dendrimer is a polymeric molecule characterized with multiple branched monomers containing numerous functional primary amino groups on the surface. These amine groups would readily act as a functional group similar to the structure of the natural protein fibers which is capable to improve the dyeability of textile fibers, especially with natural dyes. The crushed powder of dry Sargassum sp. was macerated for 48 h at 60 ℃ in methanol. The cotton and silk materials were pre-treated with a PAMAM dendrimer at concentrations that were determined in advance before the dyeing process began. The electrokinetic capabilities of these surface-modified fabrics were next investigated by measuring their zeta potential with a SurPASS Electrokinetic Analyzer. Exhaust dyeing and simultaneous mordanting with vinegar, alum and iron were done on both untreated and treated cotton and silk fabrics with a certain amount of PAMAM dendrimer. The dyeing process was carried out at 85 ℃ for intervals of 40, 60 and 80 min. It was discovered that surface-modified cotton and silk materials had a lower negative charge zeta potential, which enhanced their dyeability as well as the percent exhaustion and K/S values of the dyed fabrics. As a result of the surface modification, the zeta potential of the cotton fabric went from −20.40 to −14.63 mV. Similarly, the zeta potential of the surface-modified silk fabric, on the other hand, went from −36.80 to −26.85 mV. However, the percent exhaustion of surface-modified cotton and silk fabrics was increased to 21.17 and 39.99, respectively. Likewise, the K/S ratio of the surface-modified cotton fabric was raised from 0.06 to 0.20. Although the K/S value of the surface-modified silk fabric increased from 0.15 to 0.24. Additionally, the fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were graded as good to exceptional (between 4 and 5), except for lightfastness, which was classified as poor (rated between 3 to 5). Consequently, the sustainable dye from Sargassum sp. seaweed was successfully applied to cotton and silk fabrics. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Alginate Extracted from Sargassum sp

Scientists have proved alginate which is extracted from brown seaweed, to be able to reduce blood glucose levels in mice. These results indicate that alginate has health benefits. Sargassum sp. is a brown seaweed growing wildly in Indonesian waters and is considered a prospective source of alginate to be developed and used for various purposes. This study aimed to explore the potency of alginate production using Sargassum sp. as raw material, particularly to reveal the physical and chemical properties of alginate obtained. Alginate was extracted using a method developed by Ref. [1]. During the extraction process, alginate yield was determined. The alginate was analyzed for physical parameters (whiteness degree and viscosity) and chemical parameters (moisture content, acid insoluble ash content, ash content, fat content, and protein content). Results showed that the yield of alginate was 20.30%. The whiteness degree and viscosity values of alginate were -31.53 and 47.25 cPs, respectively. At the same time, the moisture content, insoluble acid content, ash content, fat content, and protein content of alginate were 11.76%, 2.28%, 27.55%, 0.18%, and 0.76%, correspondingly. The alginate was classified as low viscosity and suitable for processing various foods, including functional food, by taking the health benefits of alginate.

THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF TOXIC BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATES IN MALANG RAPAT COASTAL WATERS OF BINTAN ISLAND, KEPULAUAN RIAU

This research was conducted in May - June 2018 by surveying and taking a sample from Malang Rapat water on the East Coast of Bintan Island, Kepulauan Riau to determine the abundance and distribution of toxic benthic dinoflagellates associated with seaweed (Sargassum sp) and seagrass (Enhalus accoroides). Samples were taken from four sampling locations which were carried out purposively by taking into account the different anthropogenic activities that occurred in each region. The results of the study found 3 genera of toxic benthic dinoflagellates, namely Gambierdiscus sp, Ostreopsis sp, and Prorocentrum sp. The highest abundance of toxic benthic dinoflagellates associated with Sargassum sp was found in station 3, which was 302.279 cells/g, and the lowest at station 4 with (133.529 cells/g), while E. accoroides has the highest abundance at station 1 which was 620.65 cells/g). The abundance of toxic dinoflagellates in Sargassum sp has a positive correlation with nitrate concentration, but on the contrary, it was negatively correlated with the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in these waters to E. accoroides. The measured water quality parameters were still within the tolerance range for the marine organism. Further research is still needed to answer the cause of these differences and whether there are any fluctuations of abundance and the specific appearance of the toxic dinoflagellate.

Intensification of strontium (II) ion biosorption on Sargassum sp via response surface methodology

A batch system was employed to investigate the biosorption of strontium (II) on Sargassum sp. The biosorption of strontium on Sargassum sp was studied with response surface methodology to determine the combined effect of temperature, initial metal ion concentration, biomass treatment, biosorbent dosage and pH. Under optimal conditions, the algae's biosorption capacity for strontium (initial pH 7.2, initial strontium concentration 300 mg/l for Mg-treated biomass and biosorbent dosage 0.1 g in 100 mL metal solution) was measured at 103.95 mg/g. In our analysis, equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Results show that the best fit is provided by the Freundlich model. Biosorption dynamics analysis of the experimental data indicated that strontium (II) was absorbed into algal biomass in accordance with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model well.

Sargassum sp. extract improve hematological profile of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Background: Strategies to increase body resistance and prevent disease in aquaculture include using vaccines, antibiotics, and probiotics. Today, the use of antibiotics with natural ingredients is becoming a trend. One of the natural ingredients that contain high antioxidants and antibiotics is Sargassum sp. Methods: This research was conducted from March to May 2022 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, in two stages: 1) the sensitivity of extracts of Sargassum sp. and 2) the application of Sargassum sp. extract orally in tilapia (O. niloticus). The parameters measured were clear zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, LD50 test of leaf extract of Sargassum sp. in tilapia (O. niloticus), hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, total leukocytes, total erythrocytes, leukocyte differentiation, and survival rate. Data on hematology parameters were tabulated and analyzed using a One-Way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman Keuls (SNK) test when deemed necessary. Results: The results showed that the extract of Sargassum sp. inhibited the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a clear zone of 6.5-15.0 mm, which is classified as resistant. At doses of 2000, 2500, and 3000 ppm, it did not cause death in fish for 96 hours (LD50). Hematological parameters can be a sign of the health status of fish. Tilapia given Sargassum sp. in different doses gave an effect between treatments, both after 30 days of rearing and post-test against A. hydrophila bacteria (p&lt;0.05). The results showed that the hematology of fish fed with Sargassum sp. extract was in the normal or healthy range. Healthy tilapia had erythrocyte counts ranging from 1.34-2.11×106 cells/mm3, hematocrit 26.17-33.19%, hemoglobin 6.26-11.2 g/dL and total leukocytes 1.01-1.50×104 cells/mm3 and total erythrocytes 5.88-9.13×104 cells/ mm3. Conclusions: A dose of 3000 ppm provided the highest health improvement against A. hydrophila bacterial infection.

Removal of antibiotics by adsorption and catalytic ozonation using magnetic activated carbons prepared from Sargassum sp.

This study was carried out to determine the best conditions for the preparation of magnetic activated carbons (mACs) from Sargassum sp. as both adsorbents and catalytic supports. Coupling of adsorption and catalytic ozonation for removal and degradation of antibiotics was implemented for several cycles of use in order to assess the efficiency and the stability of these mACs. The mAC prepared by the post-impregnation method (activated carbon with Sargassum sp. + FeCl2.4H2O pyrolyzed at 200 °C for 120 min) showed better adsorption capacity of a mixed solution of antibiotics (95.3, 48.3, 13.4 mg g−1 for tetracycline (Tc), penicillin (Pen) and erythromycin (Ery) respectively after 3 cycles of use) than the mAC prepared by the pre-impregnation method (Sargassum sp. + FeCl2.4H2O pyrolyzed at 664 °C for 65 min). Whereas the evaluation of the degradation under ozone after mAC saturation by adsorption showed a better degradation after 3 cycles of reuse higher than 96 % for Ery, and higher than 99 % for Tc and Pen for the mAC prepared by the pre-impregnation method. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by different techniques, in particular X ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), analysis of the surface acid-base groups by Boehm method, pore analysis and specific surface area measurement (using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method) by nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The use of Sargassum sp. is therefore promising for the preparation of efficient bio-sourced mACs for the removal of organic pollutants from polluted waters.

The Effect of Fermentation Duration on Nutrition Composition of Seaweed (Sargassum sp.) Liquid Organic Fertilizer

This study aims to determine the effect of fermentation duration on the nutrient composition of seaweed liquid organic fertilizer (Sargassum sp). This research was conducted from May to June 2017 at The University of Muhammadiyah Parepare. Test materials used in the form of seaweed and lactobacillus. The container used in the implementation of this research is 6 bottles of 1000 ml size, before the bottles are used first the bottles are washed clean. Then each bottle is filled with extracts of Sargassum sp. as much as 800 ml and 40 ml of probiotics. Two bottles of treatment A (without fermentation), 2 bottles for treatment B (7 days fermentation), 2 bottles for treatment C (14 days fermentation). The design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 types of each treatment. The results showed that micro nutrients that the iron (Fe) were obtained highest in treatment C (concentration 162 ppm), Silica (Si) in treatment A (100 ppm), manganese (Mn) in treatment B (29 ppm). For the highest macro nutrients potassium (K) obtained in treatment C (concentration 0.52%), Calcium (Ca) in treatment B (0.33%), Sulfur (S) in treatment C (0.31%) , Chlorine (Cl) in treatment C (concentration 0.27%). The research concludes that the length of time of fermentation affects the nutrient content of liquid organic fertilizer seaweed.