Saponification Value Research Articles

Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil <i>Transesterification</i>

A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm<sup>3</sup> for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm<sup>3</sup> for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm<sup>3</sup> for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm<sup>2</sup>/s, 2.52 mm<sup>2</sup>/s and 1.85 mm<sup>2</sup>/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.

PHARMACEUTICO- ANALYTICAL STUDY OF KSHEERAVIDARYADI TAILA PREPARED WITH NARIKELA TAILA AND KARANJA TAILA

Sneha Kalpana refers to the pharmaceutical process of preparing oleaginous medicaments from substances like Kalka(paste), Kwatha(decoction), and Drava dravyas(liquids) in specific proportions. This involves subjecting them to a unique heating pattern and duration to meet specific pharmaceutical parameters tailored to therapeutic needs. "Ksheeravidaryadi Taila" is one such preparation mentioned in the "Anagatabhada Pratisheda Adhyaya" from Sushruta Samhita. It treats diseases through daily regimes like Shiro Abhyanga, particularly for addressing head lice infestations. The oil was meticulously prepared using the bases of Narikela Taila (Sample-A) and Karanja Taila (Sample-B). Both samples were then studied analytically. Analytical values for Sample A fell within permissible limits. However, Sample B exhibited elevated acid and peroxide values (38.99) and peroxide values (20.75), surpassing normal limits and indicating potential issues with oxidative deterioration and shelf life. Sample B's saponification value was higher than Sample A's, suggesting a faster absorption rate. The oil ingredients, characterized by Tikta and Katu rasas, Ushna veerya, and anti-parasitic properties, suggest potential effectiveness against head lice. Karanja Taila, with its specific properties like Krimigna, Kandugna, Ushna, and Teekshna, traditionally used in skin disorders, may enhance the oil's efficacy in treating head lice.

Protective effects of unsaponifiable matter of rice bran and γ-oryzanol on 6-OHDA-induced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in PC12 cells

Protective effects of unsaponifiable matter of rice bran and γ-oryzanol on 6-OHDA-induced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in PC12 cells

Tranesterification and Comparative Analysis of Bio Diesel Production Using Blighia Sapida (Ackee Seed) as Substrate

This research presents the production of biodiesel from nonedible, renewable ackee apple seed oil and its characterization. The study was carried out on trans-esterification of oil with methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst for the production of biodiesel. The harvested ackeed seed was sundried crushed manually and oven dried at a temperature of 105 for 24 hours 250g each of milled ackee seeds were respectively placed in the thimble of a Soxhlet extractor with the use of about 800ml of n-hexane., the flask was heated at 60 with the use of an electric mantle. As the solvent was heated in the boiler, the pure vapor rose through a by-pass and into the top part of the container where the sample to extract was contained. In the condenser, the vapors condensed and drip into the sample-containing thimble.The process parameters such as catalyst concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature were optimized for the production of ackee seed oil biodiesel. The biodiesel yield of 18.30 % was noticed at optimal process parameters. The physicochemical characteristics of the oil such as pour point, cloud point, pH value, specific gravity, viscosity, acid value, saponification value, iodine value,were determined. Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) was also used to determine the elemental composition of the oil extracted. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were found to be close to that of diesel fuel and also meet the specifications of ASTM standards.Keywords: Transesterification; Ackee seed; Biodiesel; Characterization; Optimal process, Fuel properties.

Analysis and Characterization of Four Selected Sri Lankan Seed Oils for the Potential Applications in Cosmetics and Dietary Supplements

As a tropical country, Sri Lanka has a wide variety of oil-bearing seeds explicitly used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine. Plant seed oils offer an exciting avenue for the use in cosmetic and dietary supplements due to their fatty acid composition and other non-polar constituents specially found in unsaponifiable fraction. This study aimed to characterize plant seed oils by determining Fatty Acids (FA) composition, constituents in unsaponifiable matter, and other physical properties. Mesua ferrea L. (Na), Crotalaria juncea L. (Hana), Ricinus communis L. (Thel edaru), and Bauhinia acuminata L. (Koboleela) seeds having some medicinal values were selected. The oil was extracted using soxhlet extraction method with Hexane. Moisture and ash content, Acid Value (AV), Iodine value (IV), and Smoke Point were also determined. Prepared Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and unsaponifiable matter were analyzed using GC-MS. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was performed to access the thermal stability. M. ferrea obtained the highest oil yield of 63.87% while others lay within the range of 28.59-29.94%. Smoke point values of these oils varied from 179.0±10.5oC to 241.5±6.2o C. AVs lay between 4.62±1.18-49.64±2.92 mgKOH/g range. IVs ranged from 6.82±0.89 to 16.82±0.45 gI2/100g. Ash content values varied from 1.42±0.33% to 3.69±0.29% while the moisture content ranged from 0.69±0.09% to 4.46±0.51%. The yield of unsaponifable matter of these four seed oils ranged from 0.7024±0.0001% to 1.5864±0.0001%. All except M. ferrea oil exhibited higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids. In contrary M. ferrea contained almost equal amounts of UFAs and SFAs. The most abundant FA constituents of all the oils were long-chain FAs like Oleic, Linoleic, and α-Linolenic Acid. γ- Sitosterol was the most dominant compound in unsaponifiable fraction in most of the seed oils which indicate their potential use in dietary supplements. The high level of Squalene found in R. communis shows its applicability in the cosmetic industry as a moisturizing agent. This analysis found that all 4 oils have the potential to use in dietary supplements and cosmetics. 
 Keywords: Seed oils, Unsaponifiable matter, Fatty acids, Cosmetics and dietary supplements

Physicochemical Properties of Oil Extracted from Pumpkin (<i>Cucurbita pepo</i>) Seeds

Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) is a member of the family Cucurbitaceae and its fruit parts are edible. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of extracted oil from the seed of pumpkin. The results revealed a percentage yield of 41.08 ± 2.33, refractive index of 1.47 ± 0.18, relative density of 0.09 ± 0.02 g/cm3; saponification value of 184.60 ±1.67 mg/KOH/g, Acid value of 2.64 ±1.31 mgKOH/g, iodine value of 80.27±2.09 g of I2/100 g, and peroxide value of 11.0 ±1.0 mEq/Kg. The result shows that pumpkin seed oil may find application either in food industry as food addictive as it may pose a good quality shelf life or energy generation as biofuels.

Amelioration of obesity induction by a high-fat diet and related inflammation by Phasa fish (Setipinna phasa) oil in BALB/c mice.

We have extracted and characterized Phasa fish (Setipinna phasa) oil for the first time to evaluate the anti-obesity and related anti-inflammatory effects on obese mice. Inbred male albino BALB/c mice were segregated into three categories: control (C), Obese control group (OC), and Phasa fish oil treated group (TX). To establish the potentiality of Setipinna phasa oil for its anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties, it was extracted and characterized using GC-MS method. To evaluate the anti-obesity effect, different parameters were considered, such as body weight, lipid composition, obesity, and obesity associated inflammation. The physicochemical characteristics of Phasa fish oil revealed that the oil quality was good because acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, Totox value, refractive index, and saponification value were within the standard value range. The GC-MS study explored the presence of fatty acids beneficial to health such as Hexadec-9-enoic acid; Octadec-11-enoic acid; EPA, DHA, Methyl Linolenate, etc. The application of Setipinna phasa oil on the treated mice group acutely lowered body weight and serum lipid profile compared to the obese group. In connection with this, leptin, FAS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α genes expression were downregulated in the treated group compared to the obese group. The Phasa oil treated group had an elevated expression of PPAR-α, adiponectin, LPL gene, and anti-inflammatory markers IL-10 and IL-1Ra compared to the obese group. This study suggests that Phasa fish oil, enriched with essential fatty acid, might be used as an anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory supplement.

Impact of deep-fat frying cycles on the physicochemical characteristics of two edible vegetable oils marketed in Algeria

Background: Vegetable oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids are prone to oxidation when exposed to high-temperature frying processes. Aims: This study aims to follow the changes that occur in frying oil when used to fry potatoes. Material and Methods: The impact of the ratio of potatoes (g) to oil (g) as well as the number of frying cycles on the quality of two commonly marketed oils in Algeria: 100% soybean oil (oil A) and a blend of 60% soybean, 20% sunflower, and 20% corn oil (oil B) was assessed. The quality of these oils throughout repeated frying cycles was monitored by analyzing pH, density, color, moisture, acidity, peroxide value, saponification value, and acid index. Results: The results of the present study revealed that both oils experienced deterioration as the frying cycles were repeated, with more significant degradation observed with the 1/5 ratio of fries to oil compared to the 1/8 ratio. Remarkably, the 100% soybean oil deteriorated more rapidly than the oil blend. Conclusion: Based on the observed changes in physicochemical parameters and chemical indices, the use of frying oils beyond the third cycle significantly compromises their quality and safety. This not only impacts the consumer’s health but also the organoleptic properties of fried foods. Therefore, it is highly recommended to refrain from exceeding this limit to ensure optimal frying practices and protect consumer health. Keywords: Vegetable oils, deep-fat frying, ratio of fries/volume of oil, physical quality, chemical indices.

Natural Solutions for Dandruff and Hair Fall: Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Oil

Herbal hair oils have been widely used for nourishment and protection of hair and also to treat a variety of hair-related problems to promote healthy hair. The use of chemical medicine may not always bring the desired results as it has negative side effects. Using herbal products, the photochemical and bioactive ingredients work together to achieve the desired results. An unique herbal hair oil formulation is presented in this study that is enhanced with natural extracts such coconut oil, sesame seeds, black seeds, hibiscus flowers, fenugreek seeds, curry leaves, and onion. The objective of this research is to maximize the combined benefits of these botanical elements in order to hydrate the scalp, stimulate hair follicles, and enhance the general appearance of hair. Since the coconut oil serves as a carrier base, the active ingredients are more easily absorbed into the scalp. Extracts from black and sesame seeds are used because they are rich in important fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which are believed to promote hair growth and lessen hair loss. Hibiscus helps to revitalize the hair, add luster, and delay the onset of premature greying thanks to its natural antioxidants and amino acids. The present work was aimed to formulate herbal hair oil that seeks to address a variety of hair problems such as thinning hair, dryness, dandruff, and dullness. The formulated herbal hair oil was evaluated at various parameters such as organoleptic properties, viscosity, saponification value, pH were determined. For people looking to improve their hair health and maintain shiny, strong, and lovely hair, this research may offer a natural and secure response.

Proximate and Physicochemical Analysis of Castor, Neem, and Waste Cooking Oils, and their Waste Seed-Cakes Post Oil Extraction as Potential Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production

In this study, proximate and physicochemical analysis of castor oil (CO), neem oil (NO), and waste cooking oil (WCO) is being investigated. The castor and neem seed oil were extracted using soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as solvent with yields of 40.43% and 41.10% respectively. The results of the study indicated low moisture contents of 2.95% and 2.58% for castor and neem seed-cake/shell composite biomasses respectively. The castor seed-cake/shell composite biomass contained volatile matter (54.83%), ash content (7.85%), and fixed carbon (34.37%), while the neem seed-cake/shell composite biomass contained volatile matter (52.45%), ash content (12.74%), and fixed carbon (31.25%) respectively. The order of the proximate parameters in percentage for both castor and neem seed cake/shell composite biomasses is: Volatile Matter > Fixed Carbon > Ash Content > Moisture. Acid value is highest in the NO sample (14.95 mg KOH/g) than in the other two samples (CO (3.96 mg KOH/g) and WCO (3.93 mg KOH/g)). The NO sample had highest saponification value (198.17 mg KOH/g) and a low density (0.938 g/cm3) than the CO (181.48 mg KOH/g, 0.984 g/cm3) and WCO (184.29 mg KOH/g, 0.961 g/cm3) samples. The WCO (122.14 gI2/100g) sample had higher amount of unsaturated fatty acid compounds than NO (82.49 gI2/100g) and CO (80.39 gI2/100g) samples based on the iodine values obtained. The low moisture contents and significant amount of carbon contents in the two composite biomasses indicates that activated or carbonized carbon can be prepared using these composite biomass samples.

Extraction Characterization of Oils Extracted from different Parts of Red and Yellow Varieties of Anacardium occidentale (Lin)

The objective of this study was to extract and characterized the oils from different parts of red and yellow varieties of Anacardium occidentale after extractions using Soxhlet extractor and steam distillation techniques and characterization of the bioactive components using GC/MS analysis. Physicochemical parameters of the extracted oils were analyzed, and the bioactive compositions were also examined. The results showed that the oils extracted were within 0 and 0.5% moisture content and pH values ranged from 3.7 to 4.7. The average relative densities of the extracted oils by Soxhlet extraction and steam distillation at temperature 25oC were 0.887 and 0.8745 g/cm3 respectively, with average saponification value of 132.45 mgKOH/g for Soxhlet extraction and 127.98 mgKOH/g for steam distillation. The iodine values of all the oils were between 35 and 19.00 mg iodine/100g; while the refractive index was between 1.7 and 1.9. The acid values were within the range of 10.00 and 13.00 mgKOH/g, and peroxide value of 1.67 and 1.20 mmol/l. The oils had low viscosity which were within 28 and 32 mpa.s. The compounds identified from the GC-MS results showed that cashew nut shell oil contained cardol, anacardic acid, cardanol, 2-methyl cardol, triacconten and β-sitosterol. The main bioactive components of the extracted oil identified from the stem bark, root bark, and leaf were alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, and saponins. This study, therefore, showed that Soxhlet extraction could be a better extraction method for extraction of oil from cashew nut shell which had higher relative density; while cashew stem bark, root bark and the leaf which had lower density were selective based on the target products.

Synthesis and Physico-mechanical Characterization of Polystyrene Blended with Uvaria chamae Seed Oil (UCSO) Used as a Plasticizer

Polystyrene has long been recognized as a versatile and cost-effective material used in several industries, such as packaging, consumer electronics, building, medical, and and food service disposables. The current research focuses on the synthesis and physico-mechanical characterization of polystyrene blended with Uvaria chamae seed oil (UCSO), used as a plasticizer. UCSO was extracted with hexane and used as a plasticizer in the suspension polymerization of styrene. The findings on the quality of the oil are as follows: oil content (12.54%), specific gravity at 25 oC (0.94 ± 0.00), acid value (8.029 ± 0.12 mg KOH), iodine value (18.987 ± 0.40), peroxide value (7.0), free fatty acid (4.015%), and saponification values (173.392). The mechanical properties of the polystyrene blend with Uvaria chamae seed oil (PS-UCSO) at 100g were reported as follows: ultimate tensile strength (48.6 MPa), Young modulus (1985.3 MPa), % elongation (12.6%), break load (390.6 N), peak load (386.5 N), Shore D hardness (80.0), and water absorption (1.31%). Other properties like thermal conductivity and thermal resistance were reported as 0.2614 (W/m.K.) and 3.8256 (1/k). The findings revealed that the mechanical properties of PS-UCSO were highly competitive with the conventional white petroleum oil used as a plasticizer. As a recommendation, Uvaria chamae seed oil should be used as a plasticizer since it is available, cheap, and environmentally friendly.

Matruj baby massage oil: an herbal skincare massage oil for healthy growth of baby

Background: Baby massage is an ancient tradition of providing nurturing touch as a way of communicating and bonding with baby. The present research was based on preparation and evaluation of herbal baby massage oil which is FDA approved product named as ‘Matruj Baby Massage oil’. Methods: The Matruj baby massage oil was prepared by ancient ayurvedic method and further evaluated by different parameters. Results: The Matruj baby massage oil was appeared as transparent with intense orange colour and having pleasant odour. It doesn’t cause any irritation on baby’s skin surface. Its pH value is close to healthy baby skin surface. Acid value was found to be 2.24%. Viscosity, saponification value, specific gravity observed 0.01652 Pa.s, 135.76, 1.08662 kg/m3 respectively. Conclusions: Matruj baby massage oil is herbal based product which increases the strength, nourishes body, improves skin texture and accelerates the healthy growth and development of baby. Increased weight gain, reduced pain, enhanced attentiveness, and enhanced immune function.

The Antioxidant Effect of Burdock Extract on the Oxidative Stability of Lard and Goose Fat during Heat Treatment.

Concerns regarding product quality and nutrition are raised due to the effects of high temperatures on frying fats. The aim of this research was to examine the effects of temperature and burdock extract addition in relation to quality parameters for dietary lard and goose fat exposed to heating. In order to monitor quality changes, animal fats and 0.01% additivated fats were heated at different temperatures (110, 130, 150, 170, 190, and 210 °C for 30 min). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances test (TBARS), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), acid value (AV), saponification value (SV), total polar compounds (TPoC), total phenolic content (TPC), fatty acid (FA) content, and microscopic examination were established in order to quantify the level of oxidative rancidity. Heating temperature and additivation had a significant (p < 0.001) effect on peroxide value. In all fats, values of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances significantly (p < 0.001) increased with heating temperature, but values decreased when burdock extract was added in a proportion of 0.01%. Positive correlations were found between AV and PV for lard (r = 0.98; p < 0.001) and goose fat (r = 0.96; p < 0.001). The heating temperature had a significant effect on total MUFAs in both lard and goose fat (mostly in non-additivated fat). Statistical analysis of the data showed that the addition of burdock extract at a concentration of 0.01% significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the installation of oxidation process in alimentary fats heated at different temperatures. Animal fats were well protected from oxidation by burdock extract, which demonstrated its efficacy as an antioxidant; it may be used to monitor the fats oxidation and to estimate their shelf-life stability.

Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel obtained from castor oil transesterification

The objectives of this work were to optimize the variables affecting transesterification process for biodiesel production from castor oil, non edible oil, by acid catalysis (sulphuric and phosphoric acid) and basic catalysis (potassium methoxide and potassium hydroxide); and to characterize the biodiesel for its use as fuel in compression ignition motors. The studied operation variables were methanol/oil molar ratio (3:1, 6:1, 9:1, 12:1), temperature (25, 35, 45, 55, 65 ºC), and catalyst amount (2, 3, 4 wt.% in acid catalysis, and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt.% in basic catalysis). Evolution of each process was followed by gas chromatography, determining the content of methyl esters at different reaction times. Biodiesel was characterized by a set of parameter according to European Standard, EN 14214. The best conditions for transesterification process were 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 65 ºC, and the use of potassium methoxide as catalyst with concentration 1.0 wt.%. In these conditions, obtained biodiesel presents satisfactory values of water content, iodine and saponification values, flash and combustion points, and temperature of 50% of distillate. However, values of density, kinematic viscosity, cetane index and cold filter plugging point, that are heavily dependent on oil, move away from those required by the European Standard.

Synthesis of Bio-based Polyol Via Epoxidation and Hydroxylation of Shea Butter Fats

Polyols are mostly made from petroleum and other non-biodegradable fossil fuels, and as such, they are not environmentally benign. This study presents the process of making bio-based polyols from shea butter fats (SBF) by epoxidation and hydroxylation. Wet analysis, gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were all used to characterize the bio-based polyols. The acid number (13.92 mg KOH/g), iodine value (19.54 mg I2/100 g), saponification value (218.03 mg KOH/g), and viscosity (107.98 poise) suggest a good quality of synthesized SBF-polyol. The FTIR analysis of SBF-polyol indicates the existence of specific vibrational frequencies: 3473 cm-1 for hydroxyl (OH) groups, 2921–2854 cm-1, and 2929–2858 cm-1 for carbon-hydrogen (C-H) and methylene (CH2) groups, respectively, and 1748 cm-1 for carbonyl (-C=O) groups. The major unsaturated fatty acids detected in SBF were oleic acid, with an estimation of 10.41%; linoleic acid and linolenic acid were reported at 0.34% and 1.67%, respectively; however, they were absent in SBF-polyol. According to this data, bio-based polyols can be synthesized using SBF and are suggested for the production of top-notch polyols.

Physiochemical Properties of Different Oil Media during Deep Fat Frying of Akara Chips

The specific objective is to determine the physiochemical characteristics of frying and fresh palm oil, groundnut oil and olive oil under deep fat frying condition at a temperature of 1200 Celsius in the production of akara chips derived from cowpea paste. Standard methods were used in determining physiochemical properties of the different oil samples. The research was carried out in the Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani Enugu State, Nigeria. The results showed that there was a significant (p&lt; 0.05) variation among the three fresh (palm oil, groundnut oil and olive oil) and frying (palm oil, groundnut oil and olive oil) oil media respectively on the solidification point, iodine concentration, moisture content, melting point, fat levels and viscometric values. Frying reduced the moisture content and iodine value of palm, groundnut and olive oil than the non-frying, Fresh palm oil, groundnut oil and olive oil were high in visocometric and saponification values respectively.

Effect of heating and Re-heating on physico-chemical properties of rice bran oil and soybean oil

This study investigates the thermal stability and suitability of rice bran oil (RBO) and soybean oil (SBO) during deep-oil frying of French fries, with a specific focus on the 6th time oil usage. The purpose is to determine the impact of repeated heating cycles on the physical, chemical, and fatty acid composition of these oils. Results reveal that RBO is more stable than SBO. Both oils maintain peroxide values below 10 meqO2/kg in the initial four heating cycles, with acceptable acid values (<0.6 mg KOH/100 g) up to the 5th cycle for RBO and the 3rd cycle for SBO. Saponification values exceed recommended levels initially but stabilize subsequently. Free fatty acids (FFA) and total polar materials (TPM) exhibit remarkable stability after repeated heating, showcasing the resilience of both oils. Fatty acid composition analysis demonstrates RBO's enhanced stability, with an increase in total saturated fatty acids and a concurrent decrease in unsaturated fatty acids. This highlights RBO's superior resistance to degradation compared to the more vulnerable SBO, rendering it more suitable for extended usage. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the physical and chemical changes in these oils during prolonged deep-frying, underscoring RBO's greater thermal stability. This research offers a novel perspective on the suitability of cooking oils for enduring high-temperature culinary applications, emphasizing the importance of RBO for extended usage in deep-frying processes.

Rice bran oil biorefining: functionalization with acrylate

Objective: To obtain acrylated refined rice bran oil (RBO) using a combined functionalization: first,epoxidation with H2O2/Novozym 435 lipase, followed by acrylate group insertion.Design/Methodology/Approach: After being epoxidized with H2O2/Novozym 435, the refined rice branoil was acrylated via epoxy ring-opening, using triethanolamine as catalyst and 4-methoxyphenol as inhibitor.The experimental conditions of temperature (T=100 and 110 °C) and reaction time (t=3 and 4 hours), as wellas the ratio of g eRBO (epoxidized oil) to g acrylic acid (1.5 and 2.0) were considered for the functionalization.The functionalizations were monitored using iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), and oxirane oxygencontent (OOC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), which allowedthe estimation of the %Acrylation.Results: The 1H NMR studies indicate that the acrylation of rice bran oil is efficient, which is confirmed withthe evolution of IV, SV, and OOC. Using the OOC, the best acrylation condition was identified at T=110°C, t=3 hours, and ratio of g eRBO to g acrylic acid=1.5, obtaining a %Acrylation of 85.89% via 1H NMR.Study Limitations/Implications: Partially acrylated rice bran oil may become an intermediate in thebiorefining of this oil and be used in the synthesis of crosslinked polymers.Findings/Conclusions: Refined rice bran oil was efficiently acrylated using two consecutive steps: it wasinitially epoxidized with H2O2/Novozym 435, followed by functionalization with acrylate group.

Aromatic amination of refined rice bran oil previously epoxidized with Novozym 435

Objective: To aromatically aminate refined rice bran oil (RBO), a by-product of the rice agro-industry,through a chemical-enzymatic epoxidation based on Novozym 435 and p-xylylenediamine insertion.Design/Methodology/Approach: Refined RBO was epoxidized with H2O2/Novozym 435. The resultingepoxidized rice bran oil (eRBO) was functionalized with the p-xylylenediamine aromatic diamine via epoxyring-opening (X-eRBO), using ZnCl2 as catalyst. Iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), and oxiraneoxygen content (OOC) were determined to evaluate structural changes in oils. The RBO, the eRBO, and theX-eRBO were identified using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR.Results: The IV, the SV, and the OOC suggest that the synthesis of eRBO and X-eRBO were effective. Theincrease of molecular weight in eRBO point to the formation of 6 epoxy rings per original triglyceride. TheOOC value of X-eRBO was 22% lower than the OOC value of eRBO, implying that an effective aromaticamination was achieved. The FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy analysis confirmed the epoxidation andamination of the RBO.Study Limitations/Implications: X-eRBO may be a feasible precursor for value-added products, such ascrosslinked polymers or corrosion inhibitors.Findings/Conclusions: Refined rice bran oil was aromatically aminated after two stages under mild thermal conditions. This result was achieved with an epoxidation sequence with H2O2/Novozym 435, followed byfunctionalization with p-xylylenediamine.