Sanitation Law Research Articles

Environmental damage study based on intensive land use activities in Widoro Sub-watershed of Patuk, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The criticality of watersheds in Indonesia can trigger water scarcity and trigger environmental damage if it is not handled as early as possible especially during uncertain climate change conditions. The long-term impact of this condition, if it is not handled properly, is the damage to the ecosystem and habitat that can disrupt rainfall patterns. Regulatory issues, sub-optimal community empowerment, lack of public awareness, and the decrease of forest productivity are some of the causes. This study was aimed to find out the extent of environmental deterioration using indicators of Erosion Hazard (EH) and landslides and to formulate environmental management strategies as an effort to conserve the environment. Data collection for the first purpose was undertaken by observation, literature review, documentation, and for the second purpose was conducted by measurement, observation, and interview. The results of the analysis can be concluded that the level of environmental damage in the Widoro Sub-watershed was in the category of minor damage. It can be seen from EH and landslides that occurred in the Widoro Sub-watershed. The erosion and landslides that occurred were at a harmless level. The environmental management strategy included counseling and assistance activities, improvement of sanitation facilities, and monitoring and law enforcement on community activities related to land use, erosion, landslide and disaster, and also the selection of plants with high value economic.

Bairros de classes econômicas distintas apresentam iguais indicadores de salubridade ambiental? Estudo de caso: Patos de Minas-MG

O acesso ao saneamento ambiental possibilita qualidade de vida e dignidade ao ser humano. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho faz uma avaliação da relação entre a renda média mensal e a salubridade ambiental através da aplicação do Indicador de Salubridade Ambiental (ISA) em bairros de distintas classes econômicas na cidade de Patos de Minas-MG. Para isso, foram utilizados dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), da Prefeitura Municipal e da companhia de saneamento para o cálculo dos Indicadores de Abastecimento de Água, Esgoto Sanitário, Resíduos Sólidos, Drenagem Urbana, Controle de Vetores e Socioeconômico. Dos oito bairros analisados, apenas um apresentou média salubridade, enquanto os demais baixa salubridade. O Indicador Socioeconômico foi o mais decisivo para tal classificação. Em paralelo, destaca-se a nulidade para o Indicador de Drenagem Urbana, evidenciando a necessidade de ações prioritárias para implantação de novas estruturas e manutenção das existentes. Conclui-se que o acesso ao saneamento ambiental diverge entre os bairros em função da renda média contrapondo à universalização tão desejada por todos e preconizada pela lei do saneamento.

Characterization of Components in Natural Products for the Evaluation of Existing Food Additives in Japan.

In Japan, existing food additives are those included in the List of Existing Food Additives specified in the Supplementary Provisions to the Law Concerning Amendments to the Food Sanitation Law and Nutrition Improvement Law. Most of the currently available food additives are natural extracts containing various ingredients. However, the characteristic and active components of existing food additives are not always properly defined due to poor characterization of the constituents of the respective raw materials. For that reason, the characteristic components of existing food additives from natural extracts have been evaluated using various methods and reported. Here we review examples of our research on the characterization of marker constituents of existing food additives from natural products.

The legal aspects of compulsory vaccinations

The legal aspects of preventive vaccinations are one of the elements of broadly understood sanitary law and medical law. Protective vaccinations, as one of the fundamental measures in the protection of public health, are undoubtedly an extremely efficient method for battling numerous infectious diseases. The effective implementation of the universal vaccination obligation, imposed by the legislator, ensures a high level of the population immunization and prevents the epidemic spread of infectious diseases.

Features of Sanitary Legislation in Ukraine in the Mid-20th Century: Historical Overview

The paper deals with the determination of main features of sanitary legislation in Ukraine. The designated chronology of research is the latter half of the 20th century as an era of changes in this legal sphere as an answer to the technical and social changes of that time. There were outlined such features as: dynamic, interdisciplinary and preventive character of sanitary legislation with elements of international awareness. It was outlined the extended usage of statistic data and periodicals as specific sources of this sphere. The impact of scientific progress in 60-70th was indicated as one of the affecting features of that time changes in sanitary legislation. It was carried out an extensive analysis of the legislation of Ukraine of the abovementioned period.
 Keywords: Sanitary law, legal history, legislation, Ukraine

La competencia de las autoridades sanitarias para restringir derechos en situación de crisis sanitaria

We carry out a brief analysis of the constitutional grounds on health protection (arts. 43 in connection with 15 of the Spanish Constitution [CE]), in the sense that we don’t need to consider exogenous principles to a normative constitution as the Spanish one, such as the known and cited principle of necessity, under the aphorism Salus publica suprema lex esto. We find in the constitutional text itself the attribution to the public powers of the competence to organize and protect public health (art. 43 CE), therefore public powers are able to regulate by law the duties and obligations of citizens «in cases of serious risk, catastrophe or public calamity» (art. 32(4) CE). Moreover, we study the Spanish legal framework on public health, including the General Sanitary Law, the General Public Health Law, with a special attention to the art. 3 of Organic Law 3/1986, 14 April, on special measures in the field of public health, which attributes to the health authorities a huge competence to be able to adopt, in a situation of sanitary crisis such as the current one, decisions that, with the necessary guarantees, suppose a restriction or limitation of rights, including fundamental ones as in the case of confinement. These limitations on fundamental rights require a judicial authorization or ratification. However, we also consider the convenience of a new organic law to regulate in detail the procedure and the legal guarantees to carry out the adoption and development of these measures.

Pandemic, Epidemic and Endemic: How Environmental Sanitation and Public Hygiene Laws Can be Utilized to Ensure a Safer Nigeria

A time like this is unprecedented in history, when almost all nations of the world are battling with an existence threatening disease on rampage. Predating the outbreak of the novel strain of COVID-19 in Nigeria was the Ebola virus outbreak that strongly rocked the nation and almost crippled her economy and that of many other African nations. Even more disturbing is the realization that the outbreak and ravage of these dangerous viruses does not in any way translate to the cowering and reduction of other seemingly less dangerous ones. Still very much amidst us are typhoid fever, malaria, Lassa fever, chicken pox and others that have claimed the lives of millions in this part of the world. Despite some uncertainties plaguing available information in this regard, medical and health experts seem to agree on the fact that basic hygiene and a clean environment could serve as an effective measure against many of these viruses and diseases; a very simple and basic measure which Nigeria should embrace tightly, considering the nation’s inadequacy in handling the cost demanding effect of a boomerang. This paper starts by looking into the importance of basic hygiene and a clean environment in curbing diseases and viruses. The paper then proceeds to consider the level of public hygiene and sanitation maintained in Nigeria; before delving into the current state and impact of laws in this area, examining both International laws and local legislations. The ultimate aim here is to push forth a more effective legal regime, enforcement procedure and positive attitude towards environmental sanitation and public hygiene, having in mind the larger picture of a safer Nigeria with a healthier economy.

Financiamento via bancos e instituições de crédito voltado ao setor de água e esgoto: o caso de Santa Catarina

The state of Santa Catarina, like Brazil, has a high proportion of the population served with treated water, but it is estimated that in the coming years population growth will increase demand for water resources. This fact increases the concern with the quantity of water available, as well as the quality of this resource, given the low rates of collection and treatment of sewage and the great loss of water in the distribution system. In the state, the precarious situation of sanitary sewage is aggravated by the difficulty of carrying out works in small municipalities. With the need for large long-term investments and limited and insufficient budgetary resources, the search for financing with banks and national and international credit institutions is strengthened. The present study seeks to investigate the internal and external financing of the sector based on the National Basic Sanitation Law of 2007. It is observed that, despite resources obtained from BNDES and the Federal Savings Bank, external sources are essential, even at risk exchange variations. Santa Catarina stands out for obtaining resources from the IDB, along with JICA, AFD and KfW.

CONASS Documenta nº 30 - O Direito Sanitário como instrumento de fortalecimento do SUS: ênfase na educação permanente em saúde

O Caderno Conass Documenta nº 30 apresenta a experiência do desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de ensino na saúde com o desenvolvimento ensino-aprendizado de aproximadamente 160 profissionais, de diferentes áreas das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde (SES) e das procuradorias dos estados, buscando propiciar a observação e a compreensão dos indicadores de saúde, percorrer todo o arcabouço legislativo e normativo do SUS e fortalecer a política pública de saúde mediante o percurso desenvolvido desde a construção do curso de especialização proposto pelo Conass, com o Programa de Direito Sanitário (Prodisa) da Fiocruz Brasília, e da Universidade Aberta do SUS (UnaSUS) até a entrega dos Projetos de Intervenção desenvolvidos em cada estado brasileiro.

General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

Classical swine fever (CSF, hog cholera) has reemerged in Japan after 26 years and affected domestic pigs and wild boars. CSF was reported in Gifu prefecture on September 2018. Approximately 90,000 breeding domestic pigs were sacrificed by farmers of Gifu and Aichi prefectures to prevent expansion of CSF outbreak. In mid September 2019, CSF outbreaks have occurred in 8 prefectures in central Japan. African swine fever (ASF) is another viral infectious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, although the etiologic agent is different from that of CSF. Both CSF and ASF affect pig farmers because of their intense infectivity to domesticated pigs. Fortunately, the causative agents are not pathogenic to human. However, an enteric bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is pathogenic to pigs and humans. As Salmonella Choleraesuis causes food poisoning in humans, the infection is monitored by “Food Sanitation Law” in Japan. CSF, ASF, and Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis salmonellosis are translated in Japanese as “ton-korera,” “afurika ton-korera,” and “buta-korera,” respectively, wherein “ton” and “buta” both mean pig or hog. Therefore the above Japanese words mean hog cholera.

Lessons learned from the national sanitation campaign in Njombe district, Tanzania

Abstract Sanitation remains one of the Sustainable Development Goals, with slow progress. Tanzania has been implementing the National Sanitation Campaign through a Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach since 2012. Njombe District Council (DC) has been identified to be among the best performing councils in the implementation of the sanitation campaign. A qualitative study was conducted to document how the CLTS was carried out in Njombe DC, assess progress on CLTS implementation and define the success factors for CLTS implementation. Findings show that CLTS intervention has resulted in increased coverage of improved latrines at a household level from 7.5% before the intervention in 2011 to 99.8% in September 2018. In addition, households with functional hand washing facilities have increased from 5.1% before the intervention to 94% in September 2018. Involvement of political leaders and government officials from the council level to the lowest governmental unit offered important support for CLTS implementation. The best mix of sanitation education, regulation and enforcement was instrumental in raising community awareness, changing collective behavior, making people comply with the village sanitation laws, and the overall success in the sanitation campaign.

Análise do Acesso da População Brasileira a Serviços de Saneamento Básico

O saneamento básico corresponde ao conjunto de serviços de abastecimento público de água potável, coleta, tratamento e disposição final adequada dos esgotos sanitários, drenagem e manejo das águas pluviais urbanas, além da limpeza urbana e o manejo dos resíduos sólidos é regido pela Lei Federal 11.445/07 (Lei Federal do Saneamento Básico). A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) define saneamento como um controle de fatores do meio físico que podem causar efeitos nocivos sobre o ser humano, seja sobre seu bem-estar físico, mental ou social. O estudo objetiva apresentar um contexto acerca da temática envolvendo a legislação vigente no Brasil, bem como teorias abordadas por pesquisadores a fim de discutir e compreender melhor a temática. Sendo assim, buscou-se demonstrar e apresentar a realidade brasileira através do método dedutivo e da técnica de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, a partir de dados levantados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), em sua Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), realizada no período de 2005 a 2015, no qual se evidenciou uma necessidade de Gestão voltada ao problema, dado a apresentação de números alarmantes.

On the Partial Revision of the Food Sanitation Law etc.

On the Partial Revision of the Food Sanitation Law etc.

Parasitism and the Menace of Open defeacation in Nigeria (A Review).

Introduction: Parasitism is a biological interaction between two organisms of different species, the smaller one known as the parasite is metabolically dependent on the bigger one called the host. The parasite inflicts injury and may ultimately kill the host. Open defeacation (OD) is the human practice of emptying the bowels in an open space rather than a properly designed structure built purposely for handling human waste. Statement of the Problem: OD is caused mainly by poverty, cultural misconceptions and lack of suitable toilets and the effect such as parasitism kills about 1.8 million people yearly, many of which are children. Nigeria is the third on the list of the top six countries in the world where OD is practiced with a rate of 27%. OD leads to contamination of soil, water bodies and vegetation with infectious cyst and oocyst stages of intestinal protozoa parasites, eggs of soil transmitted nematodes and larvae stages of various helminthes. Objectives: Drinking water and aquatic environment are polluted by OD and this impact on human health and aquatic life. Educating the populace on personal hygiene, proper wastes disposal and the health implications of OD and other associated problems are essential if Nigeria plans to control and stop OD. Conclusion and Recommendations: Provision of safe water and working public toilets in rural and urban areas are strongly recommended. Enforcement of sanitation laws and proper disposal of human waste is advocated. We conclude that Nigerians must awake and enhance a culture of sanitation and hygiene to bring these diseases of poverty to a drastic reduction. Keywords: Open defeacation, Parasitism, Nigeria, Contamination, Soil transmitted nematodes.

Public policy implementation and basic sanitation issues associated with hydroelectric projects in the Brazilian Amazon: Altamira and the Belo Monte dam

Located in the State of Pará, along the Xingú River, the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Complex is the largest, most recent project in the Amazon region and third largest in the world. The city of Altamira, located 52 km upstream from the Belo Monte dam, served as the main stage for its construction. Using surveys and interviews performed in 2016 as social and quantifiable tools, we determine basic sanitation practices in Altamira after the construction of Belo Monte and reveal issues that can impact the environment and public health of the population. Through analysis of national policies and the use of publicly available information, we identify discrepancies between Altamira's current reality and Brazil's existing national public policies, mainly Brazil's Water Resources Policy and the Federal Sanitation Law. Similar basic sanitation provision and waste disposal practices along the region lead us to believe that, if not addressed, the implementation gaps observed in Altamira are likely to emerge in future hydroelectric development projects currently envisioned throughout the Amazon Basin. As more dams in the Amazonian region are planned, identifying public policy implementation gaps that affect basic sanitation and water resources creates opportunities to anticipate problems that could impinge on the public health needs of residents where such large infrastructure projects will be implemented.

Application of thermoelectric as an instant running-water cooler; experimental study under different operating conditions

Current water coolers contain a water reservoir which always deal with hygienic problems because of accumulation of bacteria, etc. Furthermore, based on sanitary laws, the tubes contained CFC (in current water coolers) cannot be placed inside the water fluid and must be welded on the outer surface of the reservoir which causes reduction of the performance of cooling process. Besides, the limit capacity of reservoirs does not allow them to provide continues chilled water. Hence, this paper hopes to clarify the fabrication feasibility of a water cooler which provides continuous-instant chilled water (without requirement of any reservoir) by thermoelectric power and find its appropriate working condition. In other words, such cooler does not use electrical power while nobody requires chilled water. Once the valve of the cooler is opened, the running water fluid is directly and instantaneously cooled after passing through a thermoelectric pack which overcomes all aforesaid issues. For this aim, two water flows are injected into the two sides of a novel thermoelectric unit and a comprehensive experimental analysis of the system is performed under different operating conditions. The amounts of outlet temperatures, surfaces-temperature, COP, heat transfer rate, etc. are evaluated and discussed to find the suitable working condition. It was concluded that the feasibility of instant water cooler is possible with a compatible value of COP if the value of effective parameters are selected appropriately.

Effect of alkaline treatment on pathogens, bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes in different sewage sludges for potential agriculture use

ABSTRACTAlkaline treatment is widely used to reduce pathogens in sewage sludge in developing countries and guarantee that it is safe for use in agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alkaline treatment applied to waste-activated (WAS) and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)-sludge on the bacterial community, pathogens (viable helminths eggs and Salmonella spp), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). The bacterial community structure was examined through denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE), targeting 16S rRNA genes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to evaluate the presence of several ARGs. The conducted alkaline experiment consisted of adding hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) to sewage sludges. Samples were taken before and after 2, 24, 48, and 72 hours of treatment. Alkaline treatment changed considerably the bacterial community structure and after 24 hours, shifts in bacterial profiles were more pronounced in the UASB sludge sample than in WAS. Some bacteria remained under extreme pH conditions (pH > 12), such as Azospira oryzae and Dechloromonas denitrificans in the WAS samples, and Geothrix and Geobacter in the UASB sludge samples. The values of pathogens and indicators in the sludge after 24 hours of alkaline treatment meet sanitary law regulations and thus the sludges could have the potential to agricultural distribution. It is important to highlight that ARG, which are not currently present in sanitary regulations, were detected in the sludge samples after the alkaline treatment, which could be a concern for human health.

Indicadores de saneamento: uma análise de variáveis para elaboração de indicadores municipais

Resumo Passados nove anos da Lei do Saneamento, que define as diretrizes nacionais, verifica-se a necessidade de integrar os componentes do conceito de saneamento básico e buscar meios para monitorar os municípios. Crescentes iniciativas internacionais utilizam indicadores compostos para mensurar o desempenho das cidades, compará-las e para influenciar discussões de políticas nacionais e internacionais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo foi analisar variáveis para elaboração de indicadores de saneamento básico para os municípios paulistas a fim de gerar informações para a administração pública. O método fundamenta-se na análise de conteúdo temática de documentos para compreender os componentes e atributos do saneamento; e na análise fatorial exploratória para elaboração dos indicadores. O resultado da análise originou três indicadores que compõem um índice municipal e indica a necessidade de dados para avaliar de forma completa o saneamento.

Sanitation Inequity and the Cumulative Effects of Racism in Colorblind Public Health Policies

AbstractA majority of Lowndes County, Alabama, residents live without properly functioning, legal, basic sanitation infrastructure. We describe the contemporary racialization of sanitation inequality in the county. We trace structural dimensions of race in land tenure through the heir property system, housing availability, and public health enforcement. Our analysis shows how cumulative effects of colorblind policies overlain on explicitly racist foundations operate to establish public health sanitation law as a persistent mechanism of producing racial stratification.

Too High a Price: What Criminalizing Homelessness Costs Colorado

Too High a Price: What Criminalizing Homelessness Costs Colorado