Salivary IL-1β Levels Research Articles

Histological Improvement and Cytokine Levels Reduction in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus after Photobiomodulation Therapy.

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a mucocutaneous disease associated with the formation of symptomatic lesions in the mouth that are often refractory to treatment. An as-yet-unknown antigen triggers an inflammatory reaction in which various immune and non-immune cells release multiple cytokines that contribute to disease progression. The ability of photobiomodulation (PBM) to reduce the symptoms and signs of the disease has been shown, but little is known about its molecular and cellular effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and in histological findings in OLP patients treated with photobiomodulation therapy. Methods: Twenty OLP patients underwent PBM with diode laser (810 nm), (0.50 W, 30 s, 1.2 J/cm2), 3 times weekly for a month. Pain level and clinical scores of lesions were recorded before and after therapy. Salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in OLP patients were measured before and after PBM and compared with those of 10 healthy controls. Biopsies were taken at the beginning and end of treatment to assess pathomorphological changes. Results: PBM significantly reduced the level of pain and clinical scores of the lesions. Salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in OLP patients were significantly higher compared to those in healthy controls and decreased after therapy. 60% of the post-treatment OLP biopsies demonstrated histological improvement, characterized by inflammatory infiltrate reduction (50%), epithelial hyperplasia reduction (30%), epithelial thickening (15%), or epidermal-dermal attachment repair (5%). Conclusion: The effectiveness of PBM therapy in OLP patients was confirmed at the clinical, molecular, and histomorphological levels.

Salivary Profile Analysis Based on Oral Cancer Risk Habits: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study.

In Indonesia, cultural practices such as betel quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol consumption are prevalent. These practices are known risk factors for oral cancer and may influence the salivary profile, which is essential for maintaining oral health. To compare the salivary profiles of individuals with and without risk factors for oral cancer. The study included 49 individuals identified as having risk factors for oral cancer. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected. Various parameters were measured, including salivary pH, flow rate (FR), thickness, color, turbidity, and the levels of IL-1β and IL-8. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and t-tests. A significant difference was found in salivary IL-1β levels between the two groups (p = 0.009), with higher levels observed in individuals with oral cancer risk factors. Notably, the salivary IL-1β concentrations showed significant differences between the smoking group (p = 0.021; OR = 2.94) and the alcohol-drinking group (p = 0.007; OR = 4.96) compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of salivary viscosity, color, turbidity, flow rate, acidity, or IL-8 levels (p > 0.05). Individuals with risk factors for oral cancer exhibit distinct salivary IL-1β profiles compared to those without such risk factors, particularly those who practice alcohol drinking.

Investigating the role of salivary Interleukin-40 levels in diagnosing periodontal diseases.

The present study aimed to analyze IL-40, IL-1β, and MMP-8 levels in periodontitis as well as gingivitis and periodontal health, and to explore potential correlations between these biomarkers and standard clinical parameters. We collected saliva samples from 120 systemically healthy, non-smoking individuals aged between 18 and 63 years. These individuals were divided into three groups: healthy controls [S], gingivitis [G], and stage III grade B periodontitis [P]. IL-40, IL-1β, and MMP-8 levels in saliva samples were analyzed by ELISA. We observed significantly elevated salivary IL-40 levels in the G group compared to the S group (p = 0.003). We found significantly higher salivary IL-1β levels in the P group compared to both the S and G groups (p = 0.000). Salivary MMP-8 levels were significantly higher in the P group than in the S group (p = 0.016). Our study suggests that IL-40 and IL-1β may serve as effective salivary biomarkers for diagnosing gingivitis, while MMP-8 and IL-1β may be effective for distinguishing periodontitis. Based on our study's findings, it can be stated that IL-40 may serve as a new and effective biomarker for distinguishing individuals with gingivitis from healthy ones.

Evaluation of Salivary Il-38 Levels in Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The goal of the current study was to assess levels of salivary interleukin (IL)-38, IL-1β, and IL-10 in various periodontal clinical conditions. In total, 60 (20 healthy, 20 gingivitis, and 20 stage II-III, grade A-B periodontitis) subjects were included in the study. Demographic and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Samples were examined for IL-38, IL-1β, and IL-10 levels by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results demonstrated that the periodontitis group had significantly lower salivary IL-38 levels (P < 0.05) than the healthy group. Salivary IL-10 levels did not differ significantly between the groups (P > 0.05). The salivary IL-1β levels of gingivitis (P < 0.001) and periodontitis groups (P < 0.01) were significantly higher than those of the healthy group. The present study indicated that IL-38 level is decreased in periodontal disease. The results suggested a possible role of IL-38 in the periodontal inflammation process. Clarifying the mechanisms of IL-38 in the inflammatory process may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies in periodontal diseases.

Inflammatory profile of patients with different weight diagnoses and similar periodontal condition: A systematic review.

This study aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the inflammatory profiles, measured by cytokines and chemokines, of individuals with different diagnoses of weight, but with the similar periodontal condition. Searches were performed in five databases (Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane-Central). Studies that compared the inflammatory profile of normal-weight individuals to those with obesity and evaluated the same cytokine, collection method, and periodontal diagnosis (periodontal health, gingivitis, or periodontitis) were included. Cross-sectional studies underwent evaluation by independent researchers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. The GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system assessed evidence certainty. Twelve studies were included. The diagnosis of obesity was done on the basis of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF]-α, IL-1β, IL-31, and IL-34) were analyzed in serum, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and plasma. Periodontal diagnoses varied across studies. TNF-α expression was significantly higher in individuals with obesity and periodontal health or periodontitis. Serum IL-1β levels showed mixed results, but salivary IL-1β levels were elevated in obese individuals. IL-6 levels were higher in obese individuals, regardless of periodontal status. IL-34 and IL-10 showed no significant differences across groups. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4) levels were higher in obese individuals with periodontitis or periodontal health. IL-31 and IL-34 in GCF showed no significant differences between obese and nonobese individuals, without periodontitis. Heterogeneous results were noted for IL-6, IL-1β, IL-31, IL-34, TNF-α, and MCP-4, hindering conclusions on weight's impact on inflammatory profiles in periodontal patients.

Diagnostic Potential of Salivary Interleukin-1β and IL-10 for Distinguishing Periodontal Health From Periodontitis and Stable From Unstable Periodontitis: A Case-Control Study.

Objective: This case-control study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of salivary interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and IL-1β/IL-10 ratio to discriminate periodontitis from periodontal health and stable from unstable periodontitis. Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 135 (healthy on an intact periodontium = 45 [as healthy control], stable periodontitis = 39, and unstable periodontitis = 51) participants, and then clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine salivary levels of IL-1β and IL-10. Area under the curves (AUCs), sensitivity, and specificity of IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-1β/IL-10 were estimated to discriminate between groups. Result: The level of salivary IL-1β was significantly higher in unstable periodontitis than in stable periodontitis and healthy control groups (426 ± 59, 247 ± 55, and 204 ± 36 pg/ml [picograms per milliliter], respectively). While the level of salivary IL-10 was significantly higher in the control group (360.7 ± 80.5 pg/ml) than unstable periodontitis group (146.92 ± 1.8 pg/ml), no significant difference was found between the control and stable periodontitis (317.04 ± 59.8 pg/ml) groups. IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-1β/IL-10 had significant diagnostic accuracy for differentiating healthy control from unstable periodontitis (AUCs = 0.99, 0.96, and 1; sensitivity = 0.98,1, and 1; specificity = 0.95, 0.95, and 1, respectively). Similarly, they showed significant diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing unstable from stable periodontitis (AUCs = 0.98, 0.99, and 1; sensitivity = 0.94, 1, and 1; specificity = 0.94, 0.97, and 1, respectively). Conclusion: Salivary IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-1β/IL-10 have a high potential to discriminate healthy control from periodontitis and stable from unstable periodontitis. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05722613.

Saliva as Alternative Specimen for Measuring Inflammatory Markers Interleukins (IL10, IL-4, and IL-1β) in Association with Disease Severity among COVID-19 Patients

Background: Saliva is a specimen that is easily collected by non-invasive means and does not require well-trained staff; it could be helpful in measuring inflammatory markers to determine COVID-19 severity. The aim of this study was to investigate saliva as an alternative specimen for measuring inflammatory markers IL-10, IL-4, and IL-1β among COVID-19 patients in relation to disease severity. Methods and Results: This cross-sectional study was conducted among COVID-19 patients in a fever clinic, isolated hotels, and hospitals providing care for positive COVID-19 patients and in public health centers for negative control patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 151 subjects participated in this study, including 101 patients with COVID-19 and 50 healthy controls. Patients with COVID-19 were categorized according to the severity of their symptoms into mild (n=50) and severe cases (n=51). The salivary concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-1β were measured using sandwich MyBioSource ELISA Test Kits. The age of the study population ranged from 19 to 70 years old, with a mean age of 43.3±13.0 years. The distribution of the study population showed that more of the patients were men (65[64.4%]) than women (36[35.6%]) (P=0.004). The frequency of severe infection in men was higher than in women (35[68.6%] and 16[31.4%], respectively, P=0.008). The group of severe cases was significantly older than the group of mild cases (47.9±11.03 years and 38.64±13.82 years, respectively, P=0.0007). The volume of saliva was the smallest in severe COVID-19, compared to mild cases and controls (P=0.0000 in all cases). The salivary levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-1β were greater in the severe cases than in mild cases and controls (46.14±11.61 pg/mL, 12.86±1.99 pg/mL, and 27.45±11.47 pg/mL versus 19.31±5.72 pg/mL, 7.96±2.12 pg/mL, and 6.59±1.90 pg/mL, respectively; P=0.0000 in all cases). The salivary levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in mild cases were greater than in controls (19.31±5.72 pg/mL and 7.96±2.12 pg/mL versus 15.30±4.36 pg/mL and 6.02±0.89 pg/mL, respectively; P=0.0329 and P=0.000, respectively), but salivary IL-1β levels in mild cases did not differ from controls (6.59±1.90 pg/mL vs. 6.03±2.28 pg/mL, P=0.9129). Conclusion: Saliva could be used as an alternative sample in measuring IL-10, IL-4, and IL-1β with the suggestion of using IL-10 and IL-4 as markers for predicting disease severity.

Periodontal and peri-implant status and whole salivary interleukin 1-beta levels among individuals using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an observational study

ObjectiveSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are commonly used for managing psychological diseases such as depression. These disorders are also directly associated with periodontal and peri-implant diseases, namely periodontitis and peri-implantitis, respectively. It is hypothesized that there is no difference in periodontal and peri-implant clinicoradiographic status and unstimulated whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1β levels in participants using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and controls (individuals not using SSRI). The aim of the present observational case-control study was to compare periodontal and peri-implant clinicoradiographic statuses and whole salivary IL-1β in participants using SSRI and controls.MethodsUsers of SSRI and controls were included. In all participants, periodontal (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL] and marginal bone loss [MBL]) and peri-implant (modified PI [mPI], modified GI [mGI], PD and crestal bone loss [CBL]) were assessed. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and IL-1β levels were determined. Information related to duration of implants in function, duration of depressive symptoms and treatment of depression was retrieved from healthcare records. Sample-size was estimated using 5% error and group comparisons were performed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThirty-seven SSRI users and 35 controls were assessed. Individuals using SSRI had a history of depression of 4.2 ± 2.5 years. The mean age of SSRI-users and controls were 48.7 ± 5.7 and 45.3 ± 5.1 years, respectively. Tooth brushing twice daily was reported by 75.7% and 62.9% SSRI-users and controls, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in PI, mPI, GI, mGI, PD, clinical AL, numbers of MT and mesial and distal MBL and CBL among individuals using SSRI compared with controls (Tables 3 and 4). The unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in individuals using SSRI and controls was 0.11 ± 0.003 and 0.12 ± 0.001 ml/min, respectively. Whole salivary IL-1β levels in individuals using SSRI and controls were 57.6 ± 11.6 pg/ml and 34.6 ± 5.2 pg/ml, respectively.ConclusionUsers of SSRI and controls demonstrate healthy periodontal and peri-implant tissue statuses with no marked differences in whole salivary IL-1β levels provided oral hygiene is stringently maintained.

Serum and salivary interleukin-1β level in oral precancer: An observational study.

Precancer biomarkers help in early detection and management of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a biomarker, is known to be altered in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral leukoplakia (OL). Therefore, we evaluated and compared the serum and salivary IL-1β levels in patients with OSMF/oral leukoplakia and in gender- and age-matched healthy individuals. An in vivo, prospective, observational study was conducted on 40 subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups with 20 individuals in each group, that is, Group I: OSMF/oral leukoplakia and Group II: control group. Salivary and serum IL-1β levels were quantitatively estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The statistical tests used were unpaired t-test and Chi-square test. The serum IL-1β levels were significantly (P 0.001) lesser in Group I in comparison to Group II. The salivary IL-1β levels remained insignificant between both the groups. However, in both the groups, the salivary IL-1β levels were significantly higher compared to the serum IL-1β levels. We found that the serum IL-1β level can be considered as a prospective biomarker for dysplasia, whereas salivary IL-1β alone needs more elaborated studies to account for its application as a potential biomarker in OPMD.

Effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine and a Salvadora persica-based mouthwash in reducing periodontal inflammation and whole salivary IL-1β levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy in young light cigarette-smokers.

The aim was to assess the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and a Salvadorapersica (SP)-based mouthwash in reducing periodontal inflammation and whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1β levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy in young light cigarette-smokers. Self-reported current cigarette-smokers and never-smokers with periodontal inflammation were included. All patients underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups. In the test- and control-group, patients were advised to rinse with a Salvadorapersica-based mouthwash and a non-alcoholic 0.12% CHX twice daily for 2-weeks, respectively. Full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (AL) and whole salivary IL-1β were measured at baseline and at 3-months' follow-up. Significance was set at p<0.01. 34 cigarette-smokers and 34 never-smokers were included. At 3-months of follow-up, PI, PD, and clinical AL were comparable with their respective baseline values among cigarette-smokers. In never-smokers, there was a significant reduction in scores of PI (p<0.01), GI (p<0.01) and PD (p<0.01) at 3-months of follow-up compared with baseline. At 3-months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in PI, GI, PD, and clinical AL among never-smokers in the test- and control-groups. Among never-smokers, there was a significant reduction in whole salivary IL-1β levels at 3-months' follow-up (p<0.01). Usage of 0.12% CHX or a S. persica-based mouthwash following NSPT is ineffective in controlling periodontal inflammation and reducing whole salivary IL-1β in young light cigarette-smokers compared with never-smokers.

Effect of Green Tea on the Level of Salivary Interleukin-1 Beta in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Aim Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is one of the major biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in salivary IL-1β concentration in patients with chronic periodontitis following daily consumption of green tea. Methods and Materials Thirty patients with an average age of 45.8 years suffering from chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned into 2 groups (i.e., experimental and control groups). Besides receiving phase 1 periodontal treatment (scaling and root planning (SRP)), the experimental group drank green tea for a period of 6 weeks. To measure the concentration of salivary IL-1β, saliva samples were taken from both groups at 2 time points, i.e., prior to SRP (time point 1 (T0)) and after 6 weeks (time point 2 (T1)). The nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used to examine and compare the changes in the concentration of salivary IL-1β in each group relevant to the 2 time points (T0 and T1). Data were submitted to statistical analysis. Results At the end of the study period, a significant reduction (P=0.0001) in the concentration of salivary IL-1β was observed in the experimental group (A). As for the control group (B), however, there was no significant change (P=0.307) in the concentration of salivary IL-1β after 6 weeks following phase 1 periodontal treatment. Conclusion Green tea supplementation, in addition to SRP, may reduce salivary IL-1β levels in patients with chronic periodontitis for a period of 6 weeks.

Is periodontal inflamed surface area associated with serum and salivary levels of IL-1β, visfatin, and omentin-1 in overweight/obese patients?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of salivary and serum interleukin (IL)-1β, visfatin, and omentin-1 in the relationship between periodontal disease and overweight/obesity as well as to reveal the possible role of periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) in this association. Ninety-six individuals (69 females, 27 males) were divided into 4 groups as systemically healthy (H) and non-periodontitis (HnP, n = 23), systemically healthy and periodontitis (HP, n = 24), overweight/obese (O) and non-periodontitis (OnP, n = 25), and overweight/obese and periodontitis (OP, n = 24). Periodontal parameters were measured, and PISA was calculated. IL-1β, visfatin, and omentin-1 levels in saliva and serum samples were analysed. Periodontal parameters deteriorated, salivary and serum IL-1β and visfatin levels were increased, and omentin-1 levels were decreased in OnP and OP groups, compared to HnP and HP groups. Salivary and serum IL-1β and visfatin levels were increased and omentin-1 levels were decreased in periodontitis groups, compared to HnP and OnP groups. PISA was negatively correlated with salivary omentin-1 and positively correlated with salivary and serum visfatin in H and O groups, whereas a positive relationship was found between PISA and salivary and serum IL-1β in H group. PISA may be negatively associated with salivary omentin-1, while positively correlated with salivary and serum visfatin in overweight/obese patients. Co-evaluation of PISA and adipokines seems to be an innovative approach to evaluate the association between periodontitis and overweight/obesity.

Assessment of Interleukin-1β in Saliva of Smoker and Non-smoker Patients with Chronic Periodontitis.

Background and objectives: Smoking is considered a significant risk factor in periodontitis. The pathogenesis of periodontal disease may be affected by alterations of the inflammatory response by smoke. Interleukin-1 (IL-1β), an effective pro-inflammatory cytokine have been associated with the immunopathology of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of IL-1β in saliva from smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy controls. Materials and methods: Gingival index, Plaque index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing were assessed in 84 subjects who were equally divided in to three groups. group I periodontally healthy non-smoking subjects ; group II non-smokers with chronic periodontitis; group III smokers with chronic periodontitis; Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test was used for quantification of Interleukin (IL)- 1β in the saliva samples. Statistical analysis were performed with SPSS version 22.0. Results: Interleukin-1β level in saliva was significantly higher in smoker than in nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis and the controls (P˂ 0.001). In subjects with chronic periodontitis, a significant correlation existed between CAL and IL-β (r= 0.313, p= 0.052) among non-smokers; there was also a highly significant positive correlation between, CAL and IL-β (r= 0.310, p= 0.051), BOP and IL-β (r= 0.333, p= 0.05) among smokers. Conclusion: Salivary IL-1β level were significantly elevated in periodontitis patients. Smokers with chronic periodontitis exhibited a highly significant increase in salivary IL-1β levels. Hence, this reflects the impact of smoking on immune response and its role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Salivary Pro-Inflammatory Markers and Smoking Status Influences the Treatment Effectiveness of Periodontal Disease Patients with Hypertension.

Background: Hypertension and periodontal diseases share several risk factors. Inflammation biomarkers in saliva are related to hypertension and periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to explore the role of the salivary inflammatory biomarkers in the treatment effectiveness of patients with hypertension and periodontal disease. Methods: This observational study enrolled 160 subjects diagnosed with periodontitis, 40 of which had a history of hypertension. All subjects had completed scaling and root planning therapeutic procedures within four weeks. The clinical periodontal parameters (i.e., bleeding on probing, plaque control record (PCR), and probing depth (PD)) were evaluated before and after the treatment. Pro-inflammatory markers were determined using a commercial kit. Results: The recovery rate (PD 4–9 mm) in non-hypertensive subjects was significantly higher than in hypertensive subjects (60.47% vs. 52.60%, respectively; p = 0.04). All clinical parameters, excluding PCR, positively correlated with salivary IL-1β at baseline and after completing treatment. Our results showed that increased salivary IL-1β levels were positively associated with decreased PCR (β = −27.65 and p = 0.05) and PD recovery rate (β = −17.05 and p = 0.02) in hypertensive subjects. Conclusions: The present study sheds important light on the clinical use of salivary pro-inflammatory cytokines as valuable biomarkers for predicting the treatment effectiveness of patients suffering from hypertension and periodontitis.

Short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on local and systemic cytokine levels: Role of hyperglycemia

BackgroundThe effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on oral and systemic inflammatory mediators in subjects with periodontitis and hyperglycemia remains largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to compare the short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on serum, saliva and GCF inflammatory markers levels in GP subjects with or without hyperglycemia. MethodsSixty subjects divided into four groups of equal size were selected to participate: type 2 diabetics with generalized periodontitis (T2DM + GP), pre-diabetics with GP (PD + GP), normoglycemic subjects with GP (NG + GP), and healthy controls. GCF, serum, and saliva samples were obtained at baseline and 30 days after scaling and root planning (SRP) and the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1 β), IL-8, IL-6, IL-2, IL-5, IL-4, IL-10, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined by ultrasensitive multiplex assay. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. ResultsSRP yielded significant improvement of all periodontal parameters for all GP groups (p < 0.01). A significant reduction in GCF levels of several cytokines were observed; however, only IL-1B and IFN-γ were consistently reduced post-treatment across all GP groups. Salivary levels of IL-1β were significantly reduced in all GP groups following treatment. No significant differences were observed for serum levels after SRP. ConclusionsPeriodontal treatment reduced local inflammatory markers, specifically IL-1B and IFN-γ, irrespective of the diabetes status. Periodontal treatment had no significant effect on serum levels of the inflammatory markers evaluated in this study.

Salivary Cytokine Profile as a Possible Predictor of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by neurodevelopmental disorders and alterations in immune function and cytokine levels. The aim of this study is to determine the salivary levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Regulated on Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES), and Eotaxin in children with ASD and in healthy controlsto assess their predictive potential. We explored correlations between the cytokine levels and the neurodevelopmental disorders related to ASD. The study comprised 19 children with ASD and 19 typically developing (TD) ones. We analyzed salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, MCP-1, RANTES, and eotaxin on Luminex with custom-designed 7-plex kits. The level of RANTES in ASD children was significantly lower than those of TD. In TDs, the salivary levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNFα correlated positively with age. In ASD, the cytokine levels did not correlate with age. There were statistically significant differences between the RANTES level and aggression and gait disturbances, between IL-8 level and fixations/stimulations, and between IL-1β level and no active speech. The levels of the cytokine detected can manifest both systemic and local changes related to ASD. The cytokine pattern cannot be used as a sole ASD predictor, but the salivary levels may be helpful in categorizing the ASD subtype.

Impact of non-surgical periodontal treatment on salivary expression of cytokines related to bone metabolism.

We aimed to evaluate the impact of non-surgical periodontal treatment on the salivary expression of leptin, TNF-α, sclerostin, parathyroid hormone, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, osteocalcin, IL-6, IL-1β and fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients with chronic periodontitis after 1year of follow-up. Fifteen patients with chronic periodontitis (56.0 ± SD 9.6years) and 15 subjects with gingivitis (39.7 ± SD 4.4years) were included in the study. Clinical periodontal parameters, such as probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), % of plaque and bleeding on probing (BOP) were evaluated, and non-stimulated whole saliva was collected from all patients before periodontal treatment and after 1year of follow-up. A bead-based multiplex assay measured cytokines. In the chronic periodontitis group, periodontal treatment significantly improved clinical parameters and reduced the salivary levels of IL-1β, leptin and TNF-α (p = 0.002, 0.007 and 0.015, respectively). In the gingivitis group, there were also significant improvements in the mean patient %BOP, % Plaque, CAL and PPD. However, there were no significant changes in the cytokine's salivary levels. In conclusion, chronic periodontitis patients showed a significant reduction in the salivary levels of leptin, TNF-α and IL-1β 1year after periodontal treatment and a significant improvement in their clinical periodontal parameters suggesting that periodontal treatment alone can downregulate important cytokines associated with bone metabolism.

Salivary Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 and Its Correlation with Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Different Periodontal Treatment Needs

Antimicrobial peptide LL37, present in the saliva, has an important role in oral health maintenance, and many studies have shown that this peptide can modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The study of salivary cytokine expression helps shed further light on the salivary immune system and can predict or monitor periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to determine LL37 levels, comparing them with the levels of salivary TNF-α, IL6, and IL-1β of patients with different treatment needs. A total of 120 patients, classified by periodontal treatment needs according to the PSR/CPITN index, participated in this study. Group 1 included periodontally healthy patients (index 0), whereas groups 2 and 3 consisted of patients with periodontal disease—group 2 with at least one sextant classified as index 1 or 2 and group 3 with at least one sextant presenting index 3 or 4. Salivary samples were collected from all patients and TNF-α, IL6, IL-1β, and LL37 antimicrobial peptide were determined by ELISA. Patients without periodontal treatment needs showed higher salivary levels of LL37 when compared to those with any periodontal involvement. Low salivary LL37 levels in patients with periodontal disease were associated with the increase of TNF-α and IL6 expressions. No relationship between salivary IL-1β levels and different PSR/CPTIN indices, nor any correlation of IL-1β with salivary LL37 concentration, was observed. Results of the present study support the hypothesis that low levels of LL37 can modulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL6.

Increase in serum and salivary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels with increased periodontal inflammation.

Objective:This study aimed to determine serum and salivary levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and evaluate NGAL correlation with key anti-interleukin 10 (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) cytokines in different severities of periodontal diseases. We also calculated the systemic inflammation using the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) to evaluate its correlation with NGAL in the study groups.Methodology:Eighty systemically healthy and non-smoking individuals were separated into four groups of 20: clinically healthy (Group 1), gingivitis (Group 2), stage I generalized periodontitis (Group 3, Grade A), and stage III generalized periodontitis (Group 4, Grade A). Sociodemographic characteristics and periodontal parameters were recorded, and PISA was calculated. The serum and salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and NGAL were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:We observed a significant increase in serum and salivary NGAL levels from healthy to periodontitis groups (p=0.000). Group 2 presented significantly higher serum and salivary IL-10 levels and salivary IL-1β levels than Group 3 (p=0.000). Serum and salivary parameters (IL-1β, IL-10, and NGAL levels) were strongly positively correlated to periodontal parameters and PISA values (p=0.000). Groups 2 and 3 showed overlapping PISA values.Conclusion:The overlapping PISA values found in Groups 2 and 3 suggest that gingivitis might progress to a systemic inflammatory burden somewhat comparable to stage I periodontitis. This finding is supported by the higher serum and salivary cytokines/mediators levels in the gingivitis group than in stage I periodontitis group. Serum and salivary NGAL levels increased proportionally to disease severity and PISA. NGAL seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, within the limitation of our study.

Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in blood and saliva in hypothyroidism accompanied with periodontitis

Relationship between thyroid dysfunction and periodontal disease has been mediated through an immune response. Cytokines are implicated in the initiation, consequences of immune response and a crucial role in the pathogenesis of thyroid disease, directly target thyroid follicular cells; and in the development and progression of periodontitis. This study aimed to detect cytokines levels which known to be associated with periodontitis in serum and saliva, to test the hypothesis that hypothyroidism influences the levels of biomarkers of periodontitis. Samples were collected from sixty patients with hypothyroid age ranged (20-64) years, thirty of patients were without periodontitis (group I) and 30 with periodontal disease (II); moreover, 30 subjects considered as control (group III) with age (20-53) years. Detection of cytokines was performed by ELISA. The results showed a significant elevation in serum and salivary levels of IL-1β (P&lt;0.001) among patients’ groups (I and II) as compared to group III, as well IL-1β increase significantly in group II (P&lt;0.001) than in group I and also than group III. There are non-significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in serum level of IL-6 and TNF-α and salivary levels of TNF-α among all study groups. Nevertheless, the salivary level of IL-6 is increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) in group II as compared with group I and group III, and their non-significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between groups I and III. The present finding proposed that hypothyroidism might encourage periodontitis development; as well as serum and salivary levels of IL-1β, with salivary IL-6 may represent important biomarkers for the early detection of periodontitis in hypothyroid patients.