Sale Of Beverages Research Articles

SOVIET STANDARDS OF ALCOHOLIC LEGISLATION OF TRANSCARPATHIAN UKRAINE (1944 – 1946 YEARS)

The article deals with copying Soviet alcohol legislation by the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine on the region's territory. All this happened during Transcarpathia's preventive Sovietization in 1944 – 1945, from the liberation of Transcarpathia from Hungarian-German invaders on October 28, 1944. It should be noted that officially Subcarpathian Rus' was part of Czechoslovakia before signing the agreement on the reunification of Transcarpathian Ukraine with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The treaty was signed on June 29, 1945, and ratified by the Provisional National Assembly of the Czechoslovak Republic on November 22, 1945, and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on November 27, 1945. The Transcarpathian region was created by the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet Decree on January 22, 1946. The next day the legislation of the USSR was introduced here. It should be noted that the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine copied the experience of the Soviet Union regarding alcohol policy. It consisted of establishing a monopoly on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages, complete state control over the production of wine and vodka products. One of the first laws of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine was decrees on the nationalization of distilleries and the brewery of Count Schönborn-Buchheim in Pidhoryany. Later, church distilleries were nationalized. Thus, a half dozen enterprises for the production of alcohol were nationalized in Transcarpathian Ukraine. By separate resolutions, the People's Council regulated the prices of alcohol, vodka, and beer. We also briefly consider the industrial capacity of enterprises for the production of vodka, alcohol, beer, and point out the potential opportunities for winemaking in Transcarpathian Ukraine. After the signing of the reunification agreement, on July 6, 1945, a separate resolution of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine established a trust of the alcohol and vodka industry at the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine food industry department, to which the distilleries of Transcarpathian Ukraine were subordinated. That was one of the steps in preparation for implementing the industrial complex of Transcarpathia to the All-Union. The resolution of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine controlled «the production of alcoholic beverages and the prosecution of production without permits». At the same time, the leadership of the People's Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine often resorted to using the products of distilleries for their purposes, the military council of the 4th Ukrainian Front, «security police», etc.

The Legality of the Prostitution Place Behind the Nightlife

The rampant localization of prostitution that moves implicitly on the Nusantara Street of Makassar causes a long-standing problem that is neglected in terms of legislation, sexually transmitted diseases, and human trafficking. This study aims to provide information about raising social reality through case studies of the relationship between commercial sex workers and nightclubs (THM) on Nusantara street, as well as an observation of the phenomenon of pimps, customers, and commercial sex workers in the Indonesian legal system, and comparison on the perspectives of the government and local regulations in the City of Makassar. The method used in this research is depth interview, observation, and literature review. The findings indicate that there is a mutual relationship between nightclubs (THM) and prostitution activities and that they even benefit each other. In addition, the existence of Regional Law Number 4 of 2014 On the Supervision and Control of the Procurement, Distribution, and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages shows that there is no firm step taken by the local authorities to minimize the activities of nightlife entertainment and hidden prostitution.

Comparing the Clinical Characteristics, Laboratory Findings, and Outcomes between Epidemic and Episodic Methanol Poisoning Referrals; a Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction:Due to illegal manufacturing and sales of alcoholic beverages, epidemic outbreaks of methanol poisoning may occur. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in the severity, course of poisoning, and outcomes between methanol-poisoned patients admitted during an outbreak versus those who were admitted following episodic exposures.Methods:The present retrospective study was performed in a single referral poisoning center between March 2018 and March 2019 in patients with confirmed methanol poisoning. During this time, in addition to episodic cases of methanol intoxication, there were three methanol poisoning outbreaks. Outbreaks were characterized by an unexpected increase in the number of methanol-poisoned patients in a short period of time, which impacted resources and decision-making. The two groups were compared regarding their severity of poisoning, sessions of hemodialysis, and clinical outcomes.Results:Outbreak cases had a higher level of methanol than episodic cases. Odds of being dialyzed more than once was 5.4 times higher in the cases presenting during an outbreak (95% CI 2.1-14.0; p=0.001). Mean hospital stay, intubation/mechanical ventilation, and death were similar between the two groups. An evaluation of the alcoholic beverage samples available in the Iranian black market during the outbreak showed a 7-percent methanol concentration with no ethanol content. Conclusions:Poisoning risk may be higher during methanol outbreaks due to the higher methanol concentrations, requiring more hemodialysis sessions for persistent metabolic acidosis. In addition to alcohol dehydrogenase blockade, careful risk assessment of all methanol poisonings can assist with stratifying the priority for, and duration of, hemodialysis to optimize outcomes.

Dulcamara a refreshing and medicinal drink

The work proposed the production and sale of healthy beverages based on natural products, using dulcamara as raw material, a medicinal plant used in the pharmaceutical sector that helps prevent low defenses and weak immune system. The objective is to have a drink based on dulcamara combined with natural fruits such as strawberry, coconut, pineapple, and aloe vera, which contribute to a better functioning of the organism. The preparation of the beverage started by obtaining the extract of dulcamara leaves and fruits, mixed in defined proportions and checking pH values and Brix degrees according to INEN standards for these products. To determine market acceptance, an 11-question survey was applied to the Ruminahui sector, with a sample of 384. The beverage has pH 4.25 and 19.5°Bx within the parameters established in INEN 2337. The beverage was sensorially evaluated with an acceptance of 91.15%, at a value of US$1 per 450 cm3. The preparation under standardized conditions and market study of the product design establishing the price, quantity, place, promotion, indicating that advertising campaigns should be carried out to promote the properties and consumption.

Favorable Commercial and Health Behavior Impacts of a Healthy Vending Policy at an Australian University

BackgroundThe World Health Organization recognizes universities as an important health-promotion setting, including in healthy food provision. Previous research shows that healthy food retail interventions also need to consider commercial sustainability, including financial outcomes, and should take a holistic approach to consumer experience. ObjectiveOur aim was to determine the health behavior and commercial outcomes of a multicomponent traffic light–based healthy vending policy implemented as one part of a holistic university food policy. The hypothesis was that purchases of less healthy “red” beverages would decrease compared with predicted sales, that purchases of healthier “green” and “amber” alternatives would increase, and that there would be no change in revenue. DesignA quasi-experimental design evaluated a real-world food policy using monthly aggregated sales data to compare pre-intervention (January 2016 to March 2018) and post-intervention period sales (December 2018 to December 2019). Participants/settingElectronic sales data were collected from 51 beverage vending machines across 4 university campuses in Victoria, Australia. InterventionA multicomponent policy was implemented between April and November 2018. Beverages were classified using a voluntary state government traffic light framework. Policy included display ≤20% red beverages and ≥50% green beverages; machine traffic light labeling; health-promoting machine branding; review of machine placement; and recycled bottle packaging. Main outcome measuresChanges in red, amber, and green volume sales, and revenue compared with predicated sales. Statistical analyses performedInterrupted time series analysis of sales data compared post-policy sales with predicted sales. ResultsIn the 13th month post-policy implementation, there was a 93.2% (95% CI +35.9% to +150.5%) increase in total beverage volume sold and an 88.6% (95% CI +39.2% to +138.1%) increase in revenue. There was no change in red beverage volume sold, but increases in green (+120.8%; 95% CI +59.0% to +182.6%) and amber (+223.2%; 95% CI +122.4% to +323.9%) volume sold. ConclusionsSustained behavior change and commercial outcomes suggest that holistic vending interventions can effectively promote healthier beverage sales.

Convenience Stores: Source of Food/Beverages Among Children, What We Eat in America, NHANES, 2015–2018

ObjectivesFood and beverage sales in convenience stores have increased over the past several years. This research presents results on convenience stores as a source of food and beverage consumption among U.S. children. MethodsThe study included nationally representative data from 5,281 children age 2–19 years participating in the What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2018. Dietary intake data, obtained from an in-person 24-hour recall, were collected using an interviewer-administered 5-step USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method. For each food/beverage reported, participants were asked name of eating occasion, self-selected from a fixed list, and source where the item was obtained. Meal occasions included breakfast, lunch (includes brunch), and dinner (includes supper). Snack occasions included snack, drink, and extended consumption. Food/beverages (excluding plain bottled water) reported with the source of “Store – convenience type” included but were not limited to: convenience-type store, dollar store, drug store, gas station, gift shop, liquor/beer store. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.01. ResultsOverall, 17% of children consumed a food or beverage obtained from a convenience store on any given day. A greater percentage of children age 12–19 years (22%) and non-Hispanic black children (24%) consumed a food or beverage from a convenience store. A lower percentage of children from households with family income >350% of the poverty level consumed an item from a convenience store (12%) compared to children from lower and middle-income households. Among consumers of food/beverages from convenience stores, 17% of daily energy intake came from convenience store items, with the majority of energy from these items consumed during snack occasions. ConclusionsOn any given day, one out of six children obtained at least one food/beverage from a convenience store, with convenience store consumers having a different demographic profile than non-consumers. This highlights the importance of convenience stores to U.S. dietary intake and need for further research on socio-demographic differences. Funding SourcesUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

Is competition among soft drinks, juices, and other major beverage categories responsible for reducing Americans' milk consumption?

AbstractUS per capita milk consumption has been falling since the 1940s and falling at an accelerated rate in recent years. One possible reason is competition between it and other types of beverages. In this study, we determine whether changes in beverage prices are in a direction and of a sufficient magnitude for consumption trends to be explained by price competition between milk and other beverages. They are not. We also estimate a vector autoregressive model using data on households' average weekly purchases of milk and four other, major beverage categories for a very general test of whether any increase in sales of those other beverages would come at milk's expense. Results again suggest that competition between milk and the identified other major beverages is not responsible for milk's accelerated decline, and there is a need for the research community to investigate other possible explanations. [EconLit Citations: D12, Q11, Q18].

A Qualitative Study on Retailer Experiences With Philadelphia’s Sweetened Beverage Tax

ObjectivesWe aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and responses of retailers in Philadelphia the Philadelphia Beverage Tax (implemented January 1, 2017) and to identify their perceptions of tax implementation. MethodsResearchers conducted semi-structured interviews with retailers within Philadelphia before (Phase I; n = 15) and after (Phase II; n = 11) the Philadelphia Beverage Tax was implemented. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit participants with different store locations and customer base characteristics. A priori codes based on the interview guide were used to organize data, and analytic memos were developed and reviewed to identify themes that emerged within the data. ResultsFive important themes emerged: (1) concerns about the tax purpose, amount, and use of revenue; (2) concerns about the tax’s financial impact; (3) business strategies to lessen financial burden of the tax; (4) perceptions of customer response to the tax based on income; and (5) tax implementation experiences. Retailers were initially worried about the tax and how the city would use the tax revenue. Pre- and post- tax implementation, participants had knowledge gaps about the tax including misinformation about the cost increase and the beverages included in the tax. Results also highlighted ways to improve implementation, including greater communication about the tax. ConclusionsRetailers in Philadelphia implemented various strategies to offset negative effects on taxed beverage sales. Cities implementing a beverage tax would benefit from investment in educational outreach and support to business owners prior to tax implementation and ensure transparency in how tax revenue will be spent. Funding SourcesThis study was supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies. SVH was supported by the National Research Service Award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). JF was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. This paper is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

제1차 세계대전 시기 러시아 도시의 음주문화

Participating in World War I, the Russian government temporarily banned the sale of alcoholic beverages in relevant regions for efficient military mobilization. On August 22, 1914, however, Nikolai II would extend the ban on vodka sales until the end of the war. The decree of October 13, 1914, stipulated that local authorities implement the prohibition of all kinds of alcohol in response to petitions from local governments and social groups. These measures of the emperor and his government were greatly welcomed in the atmosphere of elevated patriotism immediately after the war. More and more areas introduced the strict dry law. Actually, not all Russians welcomed the ban, and the drinking culture permeated the daily lives of Russians. Therefore, the decree of October 13, 1914, left some ‘legal’ ways to get alcohol. Such ‘legal’ ways were easily abused by those who wanted to drink, and the ‘secret selling of alcoholic beverages’, sometimes combined with illegal activities, revealed the incompetence and corruption of the authorities, or the limits of their power, along with the masses’ desire to drink. In fact, the dry law had a class-discriminatory nature, and as the government''s various measures made it more cumbersome to get alcohol and the price of alcohol rise rapidly, such a class-discriminatory nature was strengthened. In other words, the upper classes were able to obtain necessary alcohol by their wealth and social status, and sometimes drank alcohol as if showing off. In the eyes of the public, especially the lower classes of society, this behavior of the upper classes destroyed the authority and trust of the dry law, arousing a craving for alcohol and a hostility to injustice and discrimination. In addition to this situation, the continued defeat of the Russian army in the spring-summer 1915, followed by the influx of refugees and an increasing war fatigue, was also one of the major causes for the noticeable increase of ‘illegal’ drinking in various Russian cities. This spread of drunkenness in various cities was not only due to the ‘illegal’ distribution of alcohol. Those who wanted to get drunk, especially poor residents, used a variety of vodka substitutes, such as denatured alcohol, lacquer, varnish, and cologne, that were relatively inexpensive, easy to obtain, and quick to get drunk, rather than alcohol. Over time, the use of vodka substitutes became widespread, and the social groups using these vodka substitutes also expanded. (Chonnam National University / sachpak@jnu.ac.kr)

Analisis Algoritma Apriori Dalam Menentukan Pola Pemesanan Konsumen Pada Ucokopi

Ucokopi is a business engaged in the sale of food and beverages for the general public. The menus are served in the form of snacks such as french fries, fried rice, sausages and so on, as well as various drinks processed at economical prices, especially for students and students. The large number of consumer orders everyday will increase the amount of transaction data. Existing data can be processed to determine the combination of food and beverage menu itemset that consumers often buy so as to produce important information. The problem that often occurs is the unavailability of consumer order menus which are classified as in demand. This research was conducted in Pematangsiantar city. The purpose of this study was to analyze a sales strategy through the association search process. Based on these results, it can be obtained that if you buy Ginger Milk, it is 100% most likely to buy Sausages, if you buy Milk Coffee, 88% are most likely to buy Penyet Chicken Rice, if you buy Sausages then 75% are most likely to buy Potatoes. It is hoped that the research results can provide information to Ucok Cafe business owners in providing food and beverage stocks that are most in demand and can adjust the menu placement based on a combination of menu itemset that is formed to increase sales.

Development of distribution and sales of low alcohol beverages in Poland

Development of distribution and sales of low alcohol beverages in Poland

Entrepreneurship Game Apps to Enhancement Student Skill Thinking Analytic in Class Online

The use of educational entrepreneurship game apps as a medium for an online class for students to improve analytical skills regarding business processes. Learning that is only through gamification in game learning. This learning is carried out on a number of students who have the ability to play games well. There is also a desire to study business without using entrepreneurship textbooks as the object of this study. Game-based mobile apps development using entrepreneurial learning materials such as laundry and beverage sales is designed using the Design Thinking Process method. With a game prototype made according to the real market location and market potential which is quite profitable. Determination of initial capital is very important in this educational game to successfully play the game until the final level. (there are 5 trial levels). The results obtained from this gameplay show an increase in entrepreneurial analysis in students with the ability to answer post-test questions well with an average of 88.2 percent with an average game time of 42.8 minutes per level

Sounds Healthy: Modelling sound-evoked consumer food choice through visual attention

Food choice is a multifaceted construct that is not solely guided by our internal incentives. In fact, sensory scientist, consumer psychologists, and marketers have demonstrated that external ambient cues, including background music, can influence myriads of subconscious consumer behaviors, effectively leading to increased sales of food and beverages. However, the vast majority of literature in on this topic has thus far been confined to monocultural field studies in which the underlying mechanisms of food choice are unexplored. We therefore studied the explicit and implicit effects of custom-composed soundtracks on food choices and eye-movements in consumers from both 'East' and 'West'. Firstly, based on the results from a pre-study (N = 396), we composed a ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ soundtrack. Subsequently, we recruited 215 participants from China (n = 114) and Denmark (n = 101) respectively for in an in-laboratory eye-tracking food choice paradigm. For each culture, half of the participants listened to the ‘healthy’ soundtrack and the other half to the ‘unhealthy’ soundtrack during the experiment. Chi-square tests of independence revealed that across cultures, the healthy (vs. unhealthy) soundtrack led to more healthy food choices. Similarly, the generalized linear mixed models showed that the healthy soundtrack induced more and longer fixations on healthy (vs. unhealthy) food. Finally, a multiple mediation analysis signified a partial mediation effect of sound on food choice through the mediators of fixation duration, fixation count, and revisit count. Our results indicate that, with strategically chosen soundscapes, it is possible to influence consumers' decision-making processes and guide their attention towards healthier foods, providing valuable knowledge for local as well as global food business.

Hotel Interdepartmental Communication: A Case of F&amp;B Service and Sales &amp; Marketing at Mercure Bandung Nexa

This study sought to investigate the communication between the Food &amp; Beverage Department and the Sales &amp; Marketing Department at Mercure Bandung Nexa through the perspective of hotel interdepartmental communication. It was benefited from employing a qualitative method. The data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews with the managers of the two departments and field observations. The data collected was then analyzed and carried out through the elements of communication: people (sender and receiver), message, channel, noise, feedback, and effect. This study found that communication between the two departments goes well to keep the service excellent. Based on the analysis of the elements of communication, the only major obstacle is the sudden event that can disrupt the communication process. This result has brought discussion in the context of excellent service being delivered through the communication between the Food &amp; Beverage Department and Sales &amp; Marketing Department. However, this study is limited in the number of informants. More informants should be involved to gather more reliable and deeper data. After all, this study contributes to enriching the application of Interdepartmental Communication in organizations, especially in a hotel.&#x0D; Keywords: Interdepartmental Communication, F&amp;B Service, Sales &amp; Marketing

The effect of on-shelf sugar labeling on beverage sales in the supermarket: a comparative interrupted time series analysis of a natural experiment

BackgroundNutrition labels show potential in increasing healthy food and beverage purchases, but their effectiveness seems to depend on the type of label, the targeted food category and the setting, and evidence on their impact in real-world settings is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an industry-designed on-shelf sugar label on the sales of beverages with no, low, medium and high sugar content implemented within a real-world supermarket.MethodsIn week 17 of 2019, on-shelf sugar labels were implemented by a Dutch supermarket chain. Non-alcoholic beverages were classified using a traffic-light labeling system and included the beverage categories “green” for sugar free (< 1.25 g/250 ml), “blue” for low sugar (1.25–6.24 g/250 ml), “yellow” for medium sugar (6.25–13.5 g/250 ml) and “amber” for high sugar (> 13.5 g/250 ml). Store-level data on beverage sales and revenue from 41 randomly selected supermarkets for 13 weeks pre-implementation and 21 weeks post-implementation were used for analysis. In total, 30 stores implemented the on-shelf sugar labels by week 17, and the 11 stores that had not were used as comparisons. Outcome measures were differences in the number of beverages sold in the four label categories and the total revenue from beverage sales in implementation stores relative to comparison stores. Analyses were conducted using a multiple-group Interrupted Time Series Approach. Results of individual store data were combined using random effect meta-analyses.ResultsAt the end of the intervention period, the changes in sales of beverages with green (B 3.4, 95%CI -0.3; 7.0), blue (B 0.0, 95%CI -0.6; 0.7), yellow (B 1.3, 95%CI -0.9; 3.5), and amber (B 0.9, 95%CI -5.5; 7.3) labels were not significantly different between intervention and comparison stores. The changes in total revenues for beverages at the end of the intervention period were also not significantly different between intervention and comparison stores.ConclusionThe implementation of an on-shelf sugar labeling system did not significantly decrease unhealthy beverage sales or significantly increase healthier beverage sales. Nutrition labeling initiatives combined with complementary strategies, such as pricing strategies or other healthy food nudging approaches, should be considered to promote healthier beverage purchases.

PENGARUH Penggunaan Media Sosial DAN DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENJUALAN UMKM MAKANAN DAN MINUMAN DI SIDOARJO

The development of communication technology has developed rapidly because of this many business owners have to adapt in the current technological advances, with the majority of people are accustomed to using social media which has caused a massive shift in introducing products to people who previously focused on using offline media such as newspaper advertisements, banner ads, and others can now be replaced with the use of social media such as Instagram, Whatsapp, and others. Coupled with a new problem, namely the Covid-19 Pandemic which greatly affects offline stores. The author believes that through this problem there is an opportunity to get used to and turn to the use of social media as a means of introducing products and selling. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of social media and product diversification had an impact on increasing MSME sales in the Sidoarjo area. The data were obtained by conducting a survey of 100 respondents where the population was businessmen of MSME food and beverage in Sidoarjo by using purposive sampling and distributing questionnaires to people who have characteristics that match the criteria sought. The statistical software used in this study is SPSS version 23 of the results of the study. This states that the use of social media and product diversification has a significant effect on increasing the sales of MSME food and beverages in Sidoarjo.&#x0D; Keywords: The Impact of Social Media, Product Diversification, Increased sales, MSME, Adapting to technologies

Intervening alcohol marketing to reduce harmful alcohol use and lessons learned from the theory of changes: Case studies in Thailand

ObjectivesGlobally, the burden of disease caused by alcohol use has been steadily increasing, including in Thailand. In this study, we aim to test the effectiveness of Anderson et al.‘s suggested three approaches to change the collective social norms, which comprise of: (1) providing information and an understanding about alcohol use behaviour, its causes and distribution; (2) focusing strategies on groups rather than individuals; and (3) strengthening supportive laws, regulations and approaches. Study designWe employed a mixed-methods approach. Evidence was gathered from literature review and in-depth interviews with key individuals who are responsible for community-based interventions to alcohol marketing strategies in Thailand. MethodsWe chose to focus on two case studies in Nan and Surin provinces, where hospital-based longitudinal data (8 years) were available. Changes in casualties related to the harmful use of alcohol, resulting from interactions between community-based interventions and alcohol marketing during the time of annual festivals were investigated. We employed the theory of change (ToC) defined by Vogel to guide the data collection and analysis. We reviewed literature from online databases and grey literature to generate causal-loop diagrams. ResultsWe created a causal-loop diagram to describe the complexity of harmful alcohol use, its related factors, context, interventions and outcomes. Over the decade between 2006 and 2015, community-based strategies led to a substantial reduction of casualties (initially a 50% reduction, rising to an 80–90% reduction by the end of the study period) during the time of the festivals. ConclusionsThe reduction in injuries and fatalities could be a result of the concerted actions, including legal sanctions of alcohol beverage sales and advertisement, and public education to raise awareness and impart knowledge of the harmful use of alcohol. The actions were organised by a coalition of civil society, health professionals, public authorities and community leaders using hospital-based data on the adverse effects of harmful alcohol use to mobilise political support at the provincial level. The availability of long-term financial support as a catalytic source of funds and the presence of a comprehensive alcohol control act enabled framing and mobilisation of local resources and political support.

Brewery Packaging in a Post-COVID Economy within the United States

The 2020 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, also referred to as the COVID-19 [named for the disease caused by the virus] pandemic, shook the world to its core. Not only were populations hurt by the virus physically, the pandemic had deep repercussions economically as well. One of the industries severely impacted by the implications of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic was the brewing industry, particularly that of the United States. The economic turmoil and uncertainty were felt by both macro and micro brewers alike. Draft beer sales virtually dried up overnight as state-imposed shutdowns closed bars, restaurants, and taprooms as a means to curb the spread of the virus. There were supply chain and logistical issues that arose during the pandemic due to not only closures within the brewing industry but supporting industries such as printers and shippers. In some cases, entire business models had to be turned completely on their head in an instant and business pivots had to be made. The year 2020 was wrought with challenges faced by the brewing industry. There was one saving grace however that kept many breweries afloat during the pandemic, and that was packaged beverage sales, especially those packages intended for off-site consumption. Set forth by trends of the pre-pandemic years aluminum cans and canning reigned supreme for the craft brewing market and allowed breweries to get product into the hands of consumers and ultimately allowed some breweries to stay open. Other options breweries had included the use of glass growlers or aluminum crowlers as a means to sell draft products to-go. The resourcefulness of many brewery owners was tested in 2020 and many rose to the challenge. This report aims to examine several of the challenges, pivots, and solutions packaging provided to the beer industry during the pandemic.

Retail Alcohol and Tobacco Sales During COVID-19

Retail Alcohol and Tobacco Sales During COVID-19

GOVERNMENT MEASURES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY DURING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK: SOME PRELIMINARY SHORT-TERM EVIDENCE FROM EUROPE

The present contribution is aimed at offering evidence of the impact of antiCOVID government actions on trade. Using monthly Eurostat data, it investigates the relationship between the turnover of sales and the adoption of governmental measures. Explanatory variables encompass three indexes measuring the government response, namely, a stringency, a health containment and an economic support index. A consumer confidence index is used as control variable. It has been estimated through a generalised least squares model with heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. The results outline that the percentage change of the index of deflated turnover of retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco is positively correlated with consumer confidence and negatively correlated with restrictive governmental measures. It is also determined that the percentage change of the index of deflated turnover of retail sale via internet is positively correlated with stringency governmental measures, this confirms the growing importance of internet as channel for trade.