Sale Of Water Research Articles

IDENTIFIKASI KENDALA PADA PROSES PRODUKSI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN THEORY OF CONSTRAIN (TOC) DALAM MENGOPTIMALKAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI PDAM GUNUNG PANGILUN

Padang Water Company, Gunung Pangilun Branch is a provider of clean water for the community in the Padang city, especially the downtown part. In carrying out its duties, the Padang Water Company, Gunung Pangilun Branch has several problems that often occur. One of them is the high value of water loss that is in production, causing low value of water sales. This research uses the Theory Of Constrain (TOC) method used as a problem solving approach. TOC is used to identify constraints that become a constrain in the production process. In calculating the capacity used data sales forecasting water and after the calculation of capacity for each workstation there are 2 workstations that have a bottleneck, in the Workstation 2 and Workstation 3. This makes the company need to focus on making repairs in two working stations that have a bottleneck.

Chemical Evaluation of Trace Elements in Bottled Water

Sales of bottled water have been increasing around the globe. This study was carried out to assess the trace elements present in bottled water. For the study of bottled water, a total of 100 samples of different volumes (20 L and 1 L) were selected. The physicochemical assessments were performed as per the methods described in the American Public Health Association, 2005. Average values of pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity were found to be 5.96 ± 0.54, 59.97 ± 58.65, 4.42 ± 3.69, and 0.408 ± 0.19, respectively. Likewise, average values of total hardness (as CaCO3), calcium (as CaCO3), magnesium (as CaCO3), chlorine, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, fluoride, sodium, and potassium were found to be 14.78 ± 8.43, 3.26 ± 1.55, 11.51 ± 7.92, 7.51 ± 3.21, 0.0032 ± 0.0017, 0.0091 ± 0.0116, 0.2520 ± 0.0127, 0.0080 ± 0.0082, 0.047 ± 0.0139, 12.65 ± 10.90, and 1.41 ± 2.00, respectively; meanwhile residual chlorine, zinc, silver, cadmium, and lead were below detection limit. All the physicochemical characteristics of bottled water were found to be within International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) guidelines. From the physicochemical aspects, the bottled water was found to be within the permissible value set by IBWA. Pearson’s correlation revealed significant association between trace elements. Levene’s test for equity of variances indicated that the majority (iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, fluoride, sodium, and potassium) of trace elements and seasons (monsoon and postmonsoon) demonstrated a statistically significant distribution (at 95% confidence interval). At elevated concentrations, some elements can be harmful to human health and can cause morphological abnormalities, mutagenic effects, reduced growth, and increased morbidity and mortality in humans but it all depends upon a person’s metabolic factors, genetic factors, and ability to excrete trace elements through different routes, etc. Water could have percolated down from the surface to the ground water and as such the difference in concentration of trace elements in monsoon and postmonsoon seasons could be noticeable.

ANALISIS PENYERTAAN MODAL PT. PDAM DI KOTA X

The purpose of this report includes the first to determine the feasibility of regional capital participation both economically and legally. The second is as a basis for formulating policies on the implementation of PDAM X Equity Participation.The methodology used in PDAM X's equity analysis is SWOT analysis, portfolio management, risk management and feasibility studies (organizational & human resources aspects, market and marketing aspects, production and operation aspects, audited data-based financial aspects). Financial aspects as a result of improved service and production are increased sales, cost efficiency and profit levels. From a financial aspect, the PDAM service portfolio must answer the problem, however it is very dependent on the funding for operating activities, and on the other hand, it must be able to meet the growing profitability. If there is additional investment funds, the direction is to be able to increase production capacity, service and ultimately be able to increase the volume of water services and be able to increase the profitability of PDAMs. Thus it can be concluded that the project can improve service to consumers and from better service, better water sales will be obtained and better profits.

Trends in Store-Level Sales of Sugary Beverages and Water in the U.S., 2006–2015

Previous research on sugar-sweetened beverage trends has focused on self-reported consumption from surveys. Few studies used objective store sales or explored differences by area-level demographics and store type. The average volume of beverages sold per store per 3-digit zoning improvement plan code from 2006 to 2015 was calculated using national Nielsen Retail Scanner point-of-sale data from 24,240 stores. A multilevel regression model analyzed annual trends, with random intercepts for state and separate models for beverage type (regular soda, no/low-calorie soda, other sugary drinks, 100% fruit juice, bottled water). Differences by store type (convenience, supermarkets, drug stores, mass merchandisers) and area-level demographics (categorized as tertiles) were examined. Data were analyzed in 2019. The model-based estimates indicated that sales of regular soda (-11.8%), no/low-calorie soda (-19.8%), and 100% fruit juice (-31.9%) decreased over time, whereas sales of bottled water (+34.4%) increased and sales of other sugary drinks remained stable (+2.4%). Decreases in sugar-sweetened beverage sales were largely concentrated in supermarkets and larger in areas with high income and education levels and a high percentage of black and Hispanic people. There were also relatively larger increases in bottled water sales in states located in the South and Midwest. The finding that sales of sugar-sweetened beverages decreased over time, whereas sales of bottled water increased is encouraging because sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is linked to obesity and other chronic conditions. This study provides a novel, rigorous assessment of U.S. beverage sales trends and differences by community and store characteristics.

Economic evaluation of water supply systems operated with solar-driven electro-chlorination in rural regions in Nepal, Egypt and Tanzania

Reliable data on the economic feasibility of small-scale rural water supply systems are insufficient, which hampers the allocation of funds to construct them, even as the need for their construction increases. To address this gap, three newly constructed water supply systems with water points in Nepal, Egypt, and Tanzania were accompanied by the authors throughout the planning and implementation phases and up to several years of operation. This study presents an analysis of their economic feasibility and suggests important factors for successful water supply system implementation at other rural locations. The initial investment for construction of the new water supply systems ranged from 23,600 € to 44,000 €, and operation and maintenance costs ranged from 547 € to 1921 € per year. The water price and actual multi-year average quantity of tapped water at each site were 7.7 €/m³ & 0.67 m³/d in Nepal, 0.7 €/m³ & 0.88 m³/d in Egypt and 0.9 €/m³ & 8.65 m³/d in Tanzania. Although the new water supply systems enjoyed acceptance among the consumers, the actual average water quantity tapped ranged from just 17 to 30 % of the demand for which the new supply systems were designed. While two of three sites successfully yielded a cash surplus through the sale of water, sufficient for operation, maintenance and basic repairs, no site showed a realistic chance of recovering the initial investment (reaching the break-even point) within the projected lifetime of the technical infrastructure. Reaching the break-even point within 5 years, which would be necessary to attract private investors, would require an unrealistic increase of the water price or the water consumption by factors ranging from 5.2 to 9.0. The economic viability of such systems therefore depends strongly on the quantity of water consumed and the water price, as well as the availability of funding from governments, NGOs or other sponsors not primarily interested in a financial return on their investment.

Recovering water for the environment during droughts through public water banks within a monopsony-monopoly setting

Allocation trade is an instrument that has been widely used to recover water for the environment during periods of scarcity (droughts). This paper proposes a water bank operating within a monopsony-monopoly setting with the dual purpose of reallocating water among farmers and acquiring water for the environment during drought periods. The proposed water bank would be managed by a public agency seeking to maximize economic efficiency generated in purchases and sales of water for agriculture and the efficiency generated by the recovery of water allocations for the environment. An additional, innovative feature of the analysis performed is that it considers the inefficiencies in the economy as a whole caused by public spending on water allocation purchases, measured through the marginal cost of public funds. The potential performance of the proposed water bank is simulated by mathematical programming techniques, taking the Guadalquivir River Basin (Southern Spain) as an empirical case study. The results provide evidence that, in terms of economic efficiency, the proposed institutional arrangement outperforms the instruments currently in place to purchase water allocations.

Analysis of factors affecting competition in bottled drinking water sales in Madura

Bottled Drinking Water is water that is treated using certain technologies, then packaged in various forms. The factors that influence the competition in the sale of bottled water include Branding, Packaging, Quality, Sales, Promotion, Competition, Brand, Price, Product Quality, Marketing. From this, there needs to be an analysis to determine the competition in selling bottled water between local and national products. Therefore, research will be conducted using the factor analysis method, factor analysis aims to identify the relationship between variables so that it can be classified into several sets of variables that are less than the number of initial variables. From the ten variables can be reduced to less after a factor analysis then of the ten variables into two factors, from each factor is given a group or name where the first factor is an influence factor and the second factor is an item factor. From each local product and national product have two factors, but of the two added together to produce diversity values, local products are able to provide a cumulative diversity value of 59.474%. While the National Product is able to provide a cumulative diversity value of 62.059%. This research contributed to the decision making regarding the factors that influence the competition in the sale of bottled water. This study provides recommendations to bottled water companies to give more attention to the factors that influence the success of bottled water sales.

Forecasting competition for sales of local and national bottled drinking water in madura using fuzzy sugeno method

Bottled Drinking Water (AMDK) is processed water, without other food ingredients and food additives, packaged, and safe to drink. AMDK itself which is widely known in the community is national product AMDK. However, local products have emerged to try to compete with national product AMDK. As for local product AMDK which is produced mainly in Madura, the average product is made from Islamic boarding schools. From the level of competition, the idea is emerged for forecasting primarily in the field of sales using the fuzzy Sugeno method. The results obtained from fuzzy Sugeno are turned out to produce a MAPE that the value for local AMDK is 6.4795 and a national AMDK is 2.5353, so that the conclusion about national production is closer to the real value than local AMDK. This study contributes that the predictive value of sales competition is quite accurate based on the MAPE value is below 10. This study provides recommendations to local sellers to make improvements in factors in order to be better than national sellers.

Sales of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Australia: A Trend Analysis from 1997 to 2018

Lowering intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is being advocated as an obesity prevention strategy in Australia. The purpose of this study was to extend on previous reports of trends in national volume sales of SSBs. Data were extracted from commercially available datasets of beverage sales (AC Nielsen (1997–2011) and IRI Australia (2009–2018)). Linear regression was used to examine trends for the period 1997 to 2018. Per capita attribution of volume sales and sugar contribution was estimated by dividing by the Australian resident population for the relevant year. Per capita volume sales of SSBs fell 27%, from 83L/person to 61L/person, largely driven by declining sales of sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks (76 to 45L/person). Volume sales of non-SSB increased, from 48 to 88L/person, the largest contributor being pure unflavoured still waters (6 to 48L/person). Volume sales of non-SSBs have exceeded those of SSBs since 2015. The yearly contribution of SSBs to the sugar content of the national diet declined from 9.0 to 6.4kg/person. Major, long-term shifts are occurring in the market for non-alcoholic, water-based beverages in Australia, notably a fall in per capita volume sales of SSBs and an increase in volume sales of water. Both trends are consistent with obesity prevention strategies.

Machine Learning and Water Economy: a New Approach to Predicting Dams Water Sales Revenue

The proper prediction of water sales revenue allows for pricing policies with a specified trend for the optimized use of water resources. The present work focuses on the prediction of the economic status of water sales revenue in a semi-arid environment. To meet this objective, evaporation data (E), dam input water volume (I), and dam output water volume (O) are used as independent factors to estimate water revenue (R) in the case study of Jiroft Dam, Iran. Different machine learning models are used, including classification and regression tree (CART), Chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID), multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP), and radial basis function neural network (RBF). The data are obtained daily from 20 March 2012 to 20 March 2015 and defined in six input combinations to the models using multicollinearity analyses. To compare these models, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSEC), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the coefficient of correlation (CC) criteria are employed. All the models act better when records of water sales revenue are incorporated as additional input factors to the machine learning models. The MLP neural-based model indicates the best predicted values for daily water sales revenue (RMSE = 638.3 $ and CC = 0.798) followed by the RBF neural model (RMSE = 655.1 $ and CC = 0.786).

Analisis Kinerja Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum Tirta Benari Bajawa Dengan Pendekatan Balance scorecard

This research aims to determine the performance of PDAM Tirta Benari Bajawa year 2015-2017 seen from the perspective of financial, customer, internal business, growth and learning. The data used in this research is quantitative data sourced from secondary data, financial report, and data published by PDAM Tirta Benari Bajawa from 2015 to 2017. Measurement of Financial Perspective performance using profit margins and return on invetment, measurement of customer perspective performance using customer acquisition aspects, customer retention, and pelagic profitability. Measurement of internal business process perspective performance using water-meter replacement aspect. Measurement of growth and learning perspective performance using employee training aspects. The results showed that the financial perspective is poor, because the company has not increased the sales volume of water well, causing the water sales turnover could not cover the cost-operational costs. The performance of the customer's perspective is poor, due to the average every year the number of new customers is not comparable to the number of subscribers as a result of the unoptimized service provided. Performance of internal business perspective is less good, this is due to management less attention to the change of meter whose economic age is over, causing a lot of water meter that is not functioning properly. The performance of the growth and learning erspective is lacking, this is because management pays attention to the development of employee-specific employee skills through technical training training. In general, the performance of the PDAM management Tirta Benari Bajawa is said to be less good, so that the management of the company should improve the service to customers through the distribution of water continuously every day so as to increase the volume Water sales and cover operational costs.

Analisis Kinerja Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum Tirta Benari Bajawa Dengan Pendekatan Balance scorecard

This research aims to determine the performance of PDAM Tirta Benari Bajawa year 2015-2017 seen from the perspective of financial, customer, internal business, growth and learning. The data used in this research is quantitative data sourced from secondary data, financial report, and data published by PDAM Tirta Benari Bajawa from 2015 to 2017. Measurement of Financial Perspective performance using profit margins and return on invetment, measurement of customer perspective performance using customer acquisition aspects, customer retention, and pelagic profitability. Measurement of internal business process perspective performance using water-meter replacement aspect. Measurement of growth and learning perspective performance using employee training aspects. The results showed that the financial perspective is poor, because the company has not increased the sales volume of water well, causing the water sales turnover could not cover the cost-operational costs. The performance of the customer's perspective is poor, due to the average every year the number of new customers is not comparable to the number of subscribers as a result of the unoptimized service provided. Performance of internal business perspective is less good, this is due to management less attention to the change of meter whose economic age is over, causing a lot of water meter that is not functioning properly. The performance of the growth and learning erspective is lacking, this is because management pays attention to the development of employee-specific employee skills through technical training training. In general, the performance of the PDAM management Tirta Benari Bajawa is said to be less good, so that the management of the company should improve the service to customers through the distribution of water continuously every day so as to increase the volume Water sales and cover operational costs.

Asset-Based Assessment of Resiliency in Water Distribution Networks

This paper proposes an Asset-Based methodology to measure the resilience of Water Distribution Networks (WDNs). In the proposed approach, based on impacts of failure of every single asset on the performance of the system, specific degree of criticality in the estimation of a WDN resiliency can be evaluated. This criticality may be extended into three resiliency dimensions; technical, economic and social. Five indexes namely; Hydraulic Critically Index, Regret Cost (revenue losses associated with water sales), Graduality (speed of outage progression from a failure), Recovery Rate (rate of system performance recovery to a normal state) and Water Outage Time (unsatisfactory duration of system performance) are introduced here to address these resiliency dimensions. Several MATLAB suit codes are written and incorporated into the EPANET software to assess the proposed indexes for a real case study suffering from high rate of pipe failure. The results show that an asset usually has common behaviour in both of technical and economic resiliency aspects. Furthermore, system performance in case of a failure can decrease faster than the rate of recovering to a normal state. In addition, the new indexes can confidently assess the weak points, strength points and finally the asset’s role in the system’s resiliency while quantifying internal technical capacities. In brief, addressing resilience assessment within the proposed approach can help in targeting high-priority maintenance needs of WDNs and mobilize minimizing the consequences of each failure event.

STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PENJUALAN AIR MINERAL (AIR GALON) PADA APARTEMENT GREEN PARK VIEW, DAAN MOGOT JAKARTA BARAT (STUDI KASUS PADA TIGA PENYALUR PENJUALAN AIR MINERAL)

This study aims to determine the strategy to increase sales of mineral water (gallon water) in the Green Park View apartment of three types of brands that are favored by consumers, Aqua, Cleo, Vit. This research is a qualitative study using a SWOT analysis tool. The data collection method is conducting interviews and observations. Based on the results of the research, the strategy taken is to strengthen the salesman team, strengthen brand identity, door-to-door, and set extreme strategies by raising selling prices and providing leeway for some time in paying off his first order. Whatever the policies of these three suppliers will have an impact on increasing profits for the company. Keywords: Marketing strategy, marketing mix, SWOT, qualitative

Optimization of Kalagh Ashian’s Photovoltaic Water Pump System Using a New Proposed Multi-objective Firefly Algorithm

In this paper, a new multi-objective optimization method is proposed to determine the optimum capacity of a photovoltaic water pumping system in the village of Kalagh Ashian in Bojnurd. To calculate the optimal structure of the system for the first time, a new multi-objective firefly algorithm, based on the law of attraction and crowding distance, is employed. In this method, by calculating the optimum tilt angle and optimum solar azimuth angle, the maximum output power is achieved. As a result, the volume of water in the system increases, the size of the pumping system is minimized, production costs are reduced, and consequently, the profits from the sale of water rise. Simulation results proved that in the optimized system, in comparison with the non-optimized system, the number of solar arrays is narrowed by 3, while the volume of water produced and the profits from the sale of water are increased by 8 m3 and 6,933,764 Rials, respectively. Furthermore, the initial investment and the payback period are decreased by approximately 19%.

Power tariffs for groundwater irrigation in India: A comparative analysis of the environmental, equity, and economic tradeoffs

Abstract Groundwater irrigation using electric pumps plays a key role in India’s agricultural water supply. Power utilities across different states use two common tariff modes to charge groundwater consumers: flat tariffs, where payments are fixed according to a pump’s power rating, and metered tariffs based on units of power actually consumed. In this review, we use empirical evidence from past studies across multiple jurisdictions in India to compare the two tariff structures in terms of three key features: administrative burden on utilities; equity of groundwater access between high-income and low-income farmers; and influence on farmers’ pumping behavior. Our analysis shows that flat tariffs have low administrative costs and more equitable distributional outcomes, but provide no incentive to farmers for water conservation. Conversely, metered tariffs have the potential to encourage judicious consumption, but are expensive to manage and disadvantageous to low-income farmers who often buy water from wealthier groundwater well owners. Flawed tariff policies, in conjunction with large subsidies for agricultural power, have caused rapid groundwater depletion in many regions as well as massive financial losses to power utilities and governments – both state and central. Since there is considerable heterogeneity in agricultural practices and groundwater availability across India, we propose location-specific strategies for rationalizing agricultural power tariffs in different regions. While the groundwater-abundant eastern regions can benefit from a hybrid flat-cum-metered tariff that encourages farmer-to-farmer water sales, western states facing unsustainable groundwater exploitation should develop tariff policies that ration power, prioritize its supply during the most critical seasons, and reward farmers who reduce their groundwater consumption. Not only will such tariff policies help conserve groundwater, but also augment government financial resources for social welfare programs such as education, health, energy access etc. Thus, improved power policies can provide substantial assistance in India’s progress towards multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Shallow Groundwater in Lomé, Togo

The present study aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological quality of shallow groundwater tapped by private boreholes for water sale in Togo’s most urbanized coastal areas. Ninety-six (96) groundwater samples were collected at the water sale points for chemical and microbiological analyses using standard methods. The results showed that groundwater is predominantly acidic with fresh and brackish water of Na-Cl type. High concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NO3- , NH4+and NO2-) and permanganate indices indicating potential organic matter were found. Among the major ions, Na+ (46.9%), Cl- (51.0%) and NO3- (50.0%) present the highest percentages of unsuitable concentrations compared to WHO guidelines. These findings indicate the control of the natural impact of seawater and lagoon system and anthropogenic pollution from domestic and urban wastes on groundwater’s physicochemical quality. About 65% of groundwater samples did not comply with the drinking water guidelines for microbial indicators, including total mesophilic flora, thermotolerant coliforms, and sulfite-reducing anaerobes. The results showed the failure of sanitation and hygiene conditions around sampling points and fecal contamination from sewage, pit latrines, septic tanks, and refuse and waste disposal. The degradation of physicochemical quality is higher in the old and high-density built-up areas. Simultaneously, microbial contamination represents a high risk of contracting waterborne or hygiene-sanitation-related diseases in the whole study area. This study provides a global view of shallow groundwater’s physicochemical and microbiological quality in the study area. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Influence of the monopolistic production of mineral water on its value chain in the Czech Republic

The research subject is the sale of mineral water, the production of which has the character of a monopoly due to the control of the resources necessary for the production of this product by one firm. The goal of this article is to express the amount of economic profit (within a monopoly) of companies that produce mineral water, achieved due to their privileged position on the given segment of the market; the expression of a value chain of mineral water production will be the means of achieving this objective. The research will also result in recommendations for the behaviour of producers and consumers in a given segment of the mineral water market. The survey shows that due to their monopolistic position on the mineral water market, up to CZK 34 of the firms' earnings per litre of mineral water has the character of pure economic profit; this represents, on average, a monopoly profit of 76.87% of the price of the product.

Influence of the monopolistic production of mineral water on its value chain in the Czech Republic

The research subject is the sale of mineral water, the production of which has the character of a monopoly due to the control of the resources necessary for the production of this product by one firm. The goal of this article is to express the amount of economic profit (within a monopoly) of companies that produce mineral water, achieved due to their privileged position on the given segment of the market; the expression of a value chain of mineral water production will be the means of achieving this objective. The research will also result in recommendations for the behaviour of producers and consumers in a given segment of the mineral water market. The survey shows that due to their monopolistic position on the mineral water market, up to CZK 34 of the firms' earnings per litre of mineral water has the character of pure economic profit; this represents, on average, a monopoly profit of 76.87% of the price of the product.

Stress mitigation of conventional water resources in water-scarce areas through the use of renewable energy powered desalination plants: An application to the Canary Islands

Climate change conditions in the last decades have derived in a significant reduction of rivers’ levels, irregularity of rainfall and, thus, difficulties in accessing to drinkable water. This situation is especially dramatical in islanded environments, such as the Canary Islands in Spain, where these restrictions to water resources have conducted to an overexploitation of aquifers and wells, with the deterioration of the environment that this fact entails. For this reason, desalination plants have become essential, and efforts must be done to reduce their impact and costs, as the involved processes for water desalination are high energy intensive. In this research paper, an optimized size hybrid wind and solar photovoltaic power plant is proposed to feed a desalination plant under the approach of not only feed the desalination process, but also provide the power grid with clean energy, taken advantage of the surplus electricity production. This way, not only the water resources stress is mitigated (through the desalting water production), but also the grid benefits from the integration of a distributed renewable energy source (DRES). Moreover, the business model is improved as the cost of drinkable water production is reduced and the power plant owner receives extra incomes from the water sales. Optimization results for a case study in Gran Canaria island shows that, considering the power dispatch in the island, the remuneration limits for power delivery and the remuneration for provided water, the optimal DRES associated with a desalination plant providing 5600 m3/day of desalted water and a maximum annual electricity injection to the power grid of 5.88 GWh/year, an hybrid solar PV and wind generation installation with electrochemical storage is a feasible solution that makes the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) achieve a singular reduced value despite considering the additional costs of the desalination plant, although financial help must be provided to reduce the Payback Time.