Safe Route Research Articles

Energy efficient secured-quality of service routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network using multi-objective optimization

This article proposed a hybrid energy-efficient secured quality of service (QoS) based multipath routing protocol. A modified crow search combined with the tunicate swarm butterfly optimisation algorithm (TSBO) with a density-based clustering technique strategy is proposed for the selection of cluster heads after the initial cluster formations. Among all the nodes, the cluster head is selected, and employing the collaborative trust-based approach (CTBA), which employs the trust factor for mobile ad hoc network (MANET) data transmission, a node's authentication is supplied. Finally, to implement the safe routing technique, this article suggested a hybrid multipath routing protocol combining multi-objective grey wolf optimisation (MO-GWO) with a fruit fly algorithm. The NS3 simulator is used to assess the proposed work. The packet delivery ratio metric performs 4% better than the current models. As a result, the suggested approach performs better for the end-to-end delay, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and throughput; it also uses less energy and has a shorter delay. Additionally, single-path nodes with the same energy value have lower throughput than multi-path nodes.

Associations Between Local Area Deprivation and Physical Activity Participation in People with Cognitive Impairment in the North East of England.

Promoting physical activity, such as habitual walking behaviors, in people with cognitive impairment may support their ability to remain independent with a good quality of life for longer. However, people with cognitive impairment participate in less physical activity compared to cognitively unimpaired older adults. The local area in which people live may significantly impact abilities to participate in physical activity. For example, people who live in more deprived areas may have less safe and walkable routes. To examine this further, this study aimed to explore associations between local area deprivation and physical activity in people with cognitive impairment and cognitively unimpaired older adults (controls). 87 participants with cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment or dementia) and 27 older adult controls from the North East of England were included in this analysis. Participants wore a tri-axial wearable accelerometer (AX3, Axivity) on their lower backs continuously for seven days. The primary physical activity outcome was daily step count. Individuals' neighborhoods were linked to UK government area deprivation statistics. Hierarchical Bayesian models assessed the association between local area deprivation and daily step count in people with cognitive impairment and controls. Key findings indicated that there was no association between local area deprivation and daily step count in people with cognitive impairment, but higher deprivation was associated with lower daily steps for controls. These findings suggest that cognitive impairment may be associated with lower participation in physical activity which supersedes the influence of local area deprivation observed in normal aging.

Parental Perceptions and Perceived Environmental Influences on Active Transport to School in U.S. Inner-City Neighborhoods: Through the Lens of Health Equity

Introduction: Physical inactivity remains high amongst Asian American (AA) children. The Safe Routes to School (SRTS) Program is a viable approach for increasing levels of physical activity by encouraging active transport to school (ATS). The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that affect ATS among Asian American children in inner-city schools.
 Methods: An adapted version of the national SRTS survey that measures socio-demographics, environmental factors, and parental perceptions toward school routes and transportation modes were administered in eight public schools in Hamtramck, MI.
 Results: Multinominal logistic regression results indicated that the age of children, distance to school, perceived school encouragement, and parents’ perceptions on safety were the predominant factors associated with Asian American children participating in ATS.
 Conclusion: The study is among the first underserved environmental and access factors that influence Asian American children’s ATS patterns. Particularly, findings showed that the safety perceptions of parents play a key role in affecting their decisions about ATS and should be considered in future interventions and programming designs to promote ATS.

Total İmplante Venöz Erişim Portlarında İnternal Juguler ve Subklavian Ven Yaklaşımlarının Karşılaştırılması

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the outcome and complications of totally implantable venous-access ports (TIVAPs) inserted via low internal jugular vein (IJV) approach under ultrasound guidance versus subclavian vein (SCV) approach.304 cancer patients who could be followed up to the time of catheter removal or to the end of the study period were enrolled in the study. 200patients had the placement of TIVAPs via IJV and 104 patients via SCV. Statistical analysis showed that there were no differences with regard to the patient characteristics and to the site of primary malignancy in two groups, while the large majority of the TIVAPs had been inserted in the right side. The average port dwelling time was higher in the IJV group compared to the SCV group, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Complications were more frequent in the SCV than in the IJV approach (12 patients vs. 3 patients). Our analysis revealed that TIVAP is a safe and effective route for long-term administration of chemotherapy, and the placement of TIVAPs via the right IJV is associated with a low long-term complication rate.

WTP5.10 Developing Walking Routes to Encourage Post-Surgical Mobilisation in Hospital, and Assessment of Patient Satisfaction

Abstract Aims Physical activity soon after surgery contributes to earlier discharge and better outcomes. However, patients often feel anxious to leave their ward and walk around. This project aimed to develop walking routes for patients in order to reduce this anxiety and encourage people to walk post-surgery. Once developed, we evaluated patients' views. Methods In a large hospital with five separate wings, we created a multi-professional team to advise on development. Safe walking routes were measured, timed, photographed and assessed for interest. We then produced a walking routes website, informed by multi-professional opinion, for use by patients from 21 surgical wards. This website was accessible to patients at the bedside, via a QR code scanned on their mobile phone. An electronic questionnaire on the website was used to assess patient satisfaction with the new resource. Results The majority of respondents (69.2%) felt that the walking routes website lead to them being more active during their admission (n=13). Respondents also felt that the website provided them with enjoyment, benefitted their mental health and made them feel more informed and involved in their recovery. Respondents felt their experience of the walking routes website would be improved by access to the website earlier in their hospital stay. Conclusion Despite the small sample size, this evaluation suggests the walking routes website has the potential to be a useful tool for surgical patients to increase early postoperative mobilisation, and improve patient hospital experiences.

Promoting early childhood development through built environment transformations: lessons from the safe route project in Lima, Peru

ABSTRACT Early childhood development is crucial for children’s growth and long-term outcomes. In Peru, the government has made investments in education and health, aiming to support child development programs. However, more work is needed in other areas to ensure all children can thrive. This paper explores the potential of interventions in the built environment as a relatively unexplored area that could benefit child’s development. We present the implementation of the ‘Safe Route to the “Mercedarias” daycare’ project as a successful experience for promoting child-friendly cities. The project involved collaboration among mid-level officers and frontline workers within a large municipality’s organizational structure. The strategies we used allowed us to build a working group willing to collaborate on further projects. The process was successful without requiring additional expenses beyond regular costs. Officers that had never been involved before felt engaged with the initiative while testimonies from caregivers indicated positive outputs. The case study could serve as an example to other cities of a successful model for promoting early childhood development in cities by engaging stakeholders at all levels in the identification of challenges faced by young children and caregivers while underscoring the importance of investing in urban environment interventions for improving children’s growth.

Ultrasound-promoted Regioselective Synthesis of 2-aryl-quinazolinones Using Citric Acid as a Natural and Efficient Media and Catalyst

Abstract: A three-component reaction under ultrasound irradiation and with a catalytic amount of citric acid was presented for the synthesis of a series of 2-aryl-quinazolin-4(1H)-ones with excellent efficiency and short reaction time. This one-pot reaction with 2-aminobenzonitrile, ammonium hydroxide or glycine and benzaldehydes is a clean and safe route for the environment at room temperature. Mild reaction conditions, green environment, excellent performance, simple method and reduction of environmental consequences are the advantages of the present method. The structures of many synthesized 2-aryl-quinazolin-4(1H)-one compounds were confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR and FTIR spectral data and elemental analysis.

Планирование безопасных маршрутов безэкипажных судов на основе методов искусственного интеллекта

The article considers the problem of improving safety and efficiency of navigation of unmanned vessels. In the unmanned navigation, one of the most important tasks is planning a safe route, which consists in determining the shortest path in the shortest possible time and describing the motion of a marine vessel. The object of this study is the safe route of an unmanned vessel. There is given a review of the research literature on solving the problem of planning the route of sea and river mobile objects. The subject of the study is intelligent decision-making methods for safe route planning for unmanned navigation. The purpose of this article is to improve the safety of unmanned navigation by optimizing the route in the presence of one or more obstacles in the area of movement of an unmanned vessel that have 
 a negative impact on the trajectory of movement. To achieve this goal, the task of local route planning was set and solved by the method of intelligent decision-making based on Biologically Inspired Neural Network (BINN). Methods of artificial intelligence and mathematical modeling were used to solve the problem. The results of the proposed method for solving the problem of planning a local route for an unmanned vessel confirm its ability of the vessel to avoid the local minima points. The simulation results show that the planned local route for unmanned navigation allows solving the problem of avoiding collisions with obstacles in real time, where the obstacles have only local effects. As part of further research, the described method is planned to be used for developing an information decision-making system for a movement control of an unmanned vessel.

Search for optimal shipping routes in the Arctic seas

A method for choosing optimal shipping routes and determining the conditions under which the Northern Sea Route can be used year-round is developed in the paper. The topic and purpose of the study are directly related to the tasks, the implementation of which is provided by the Development Plan of the Northern Sea Route, approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on August 1, 2022, confirmed by the financing program for the development and implementation of the digital board of the Northern Sea Route, approved by the Government in mid-January, 2023. The assessment of the current state of the network of shipping routes, navigation, hydrographic and hydro meteorological support, as well as the structure and composition of the Arctic icebreaker and transport fleet is given. The main factors affecting the implementation of the year-round navigation program in the eastern sector of the Arctic include severe ice conditions, unreliable forecasts of the ice situation, the lack of a sufficient number of icebreakers and transport vessels capable of overcoming thick ice fields in the Arctic shallow waters. Based on the results of the review of existing methods for determining safe and cost-effective shipping routes, the basic requirements for methods of choosing optimal routes in the waters of the Arctic seas have been developed. Using the method of multi-criteria evaluation of alternative routes according to a variety of safety criteria depending on the navigation period and the method of transport vessels navigation in ice is justified. A list of information necessary for implementation of the developed multi-criteria method for finding optimal routes and a list of the main stages of its implementation have been compiled. The results of testing the method of comparative evaluation of alternative routes using a set of simulation models are presented. Recommendations on the use of the developed method are given. The main directions of further research are determined.

Balancing Security and Energy-Efficiency in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks Using EHDSORP

Automobile networks have been the focus of growing amounts of research from scholarly community and organization as a method to improve traffic safety and provide drivers and passengers with real-time data. Beyond that, however, what is driving the expansion of VANETs is the need for a safe and secure network in moving vehicles. Ad hoc vehicular networks are made up of intelligent, on-the-road cars that can exchange data with one other and with permanent roadside infrastructure. In order to provide an energy-efficient and secure routing for ad-hoc sensor networks, a balancing security-based energy-aware routing leveraging the hybrid Fuzzy logic technique with dove swarm optimization-based routing (HFLDSOR) protocol is proposed in this study. The sensor nodes in this balancing security-based energy-aware routing are first set up in the ad hoc network. The clustering is carried out using an estimate of the distance between each node, and the cluster head (CH) is chosen using a fuzzy logic method. After the selection of the CH, the distance between each node, the quantity of energy left, and the number of neighbours for each node are evaluated as fuzzy logic criterion. In order to choose the best routing route for secured communication, the trustworthy nodes are forwarded. Balancing security-based hybrid vehicles that use less energy The optimum paths to the target are chosen using fuzzy logic method with dove swarm optimization-based routing (SE- HFLDSOR) protocol approach based on the parameters such as distance delay and energy objective function. Consequently, the SE- HFLDSOR protocol was used for safe and energy-efficient routing. The suggested model outperforms the comparable current procedures, according to the assessment performed using the MATLAB simulation tool. Hence, the SE- HFLDSOR protocol was appropriate for real-time applications.

Organizing memories for generalization in complementary learning systems

Memorization and generalization are complementary cognitive processes that jointly promote adaptive behavior. For example, animals should memorize safe routes to specific water sources and generalize from these memories to discover environmental features that predict new ones. These functions depend on systems consolidation mechanisms that construct neocortical memory traces from hippocampal precursors, but why systems consolidation only applies to a subset of hippocampal memories is unclear. Here we introduce a new neural network formalization of systems consolidation that reveals an overlooked tension—unregulated neocortical memory transfer can cause overfitting and harm generalization in an unpredictable world. We resolve this tension by postulating that memories only consolidate when it aids generalization. This framework accounts for partial hippocampal–cortical memory transfer and provides a normative principle for reconceptualizing numerous observations in the field. Generalization-optimized systems consolidation thus provides new insight into how adaptive behavior benefits from complementary learning systems specialized for memorization and generalization.

Research on path planning of autonomous vehicle based on RRT algorithm of Q-learning and obstacle distribution

PurposeThe goal of this research is to develop a dynamic step path planning algorithm based on the rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm that combines Q-learning with the Gaussian distribution of obstacles. A route for autonomous vehicles may be swiftly created using this algorithm.Design/methodology/approachThe path planning issue is divided into three key steps by the authors. First, the tree expansion is sped up by the dynamic step size using a combination of Q-learning and the Gaussian distribution of obstacles. The invalid nodes are then removed from the initially created pathways using bidirectional pruning. B-splines are then employed to smooth the predicted pathways.FindingsThe algorithm is validated using simulations on straight and curved highways, respectively. The results show that the approach can provide a smooth, safe route that complies with vehicle motion laws.Originality/valueAn improved RRT algorithm based on Q-learning and obstacle Gaussian distribution (QGD-RRT) is proposed for the path planning of self-driving vehicles. Unlike previous methods, the authors use Q-learning to steer the tree's development direction. After that, the step size is dynamically altered following the density of the obstacle distribution to produce the initial path rapidly and cut down on planning time even further. In the aim to provide a smooth and secure path that complies with the vehicle kinematic and dynamical restrictions, the path is lastly optimized using an enhanced bidirectional pruning technique.

How could students be safe during flood and tsunami events?

Reduction of the impact of natural hazards and enhancement of the resilience of population involves access to straightforward information about safe and non-safe areas during the occurrence of a natural phenomenon. The present study focusses on the drainage basin of the Xerias River, at northeastern Peloponnese, Greece, an area highly prone to flooding, while tsunami inundation has also been documented. Firstly, the hazard assessment of the study area to the two phenomena was evaluated by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Geographical Information System along with geological, geomorphological, and meteorological data. A sensitivity analysis was used to calculate the uncertainties of both produced geohazard maps, while validation procedure was carried out to determine their accuracy. This study focused on the settlements that host primary and secondary schools to identify safe locations, as well as safe routes from schools to these locations. To this end, the hazard maps were used as input that estimated and divided the settlements into safe and non-safe areas concerning flooding and tsunami inundation. Then, safe locations and routes were defined for the evacuation of the population in case of occurrence of these two natural hazards and incorporated all aforementioned information into an open access application. Regarding flood hazard, the most prone areas are distributed at the northern part of the study area. The analysis for the hazard to tsunami inundation indicated that the most susceptible area is a narrow coastal zone across the city of Corinth. The proposed method appears to be quite accurate, and both geohazard maps is of excellent quality, according to the uncertainty analysis and validation findings. Τhe northern part of city of Corinth along with the nearby schools is threatened by both geohazards. The recommended safe locations for flood hazard are distant from the northern part of the city, while the recognized safe areas for tsunami hazard are not close to the coast. The schools of Athikia and Chiliomodi are located in non-safe areas regarding flooding and authorities should ensure the construction of flood shelter near schools. In the settlements of Solomos and Examilia, the school buildings are located in safe areas regarding flooding. This study highlights the importance of scientific analysis in safe location and route planning, brings together science and society, and provides useful information that can save human lives.

Safe Route Carpooling to Avoid Accident Locations and Small-Scale Proof of Concept in Japan

Carpooling, a transportation service that encourages employees to pick up and drop off co workers while driving to and from work, has the potential to decrease the number of private cars used to commute, eases commuter traffic congestion, and reduce CO <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{2}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> emissions. Despite this potential situation of severe traffic congestion in Japan, little work has gone into developing carpooling specifically for commuting with co-workers scenarios. To build a carpooling system that accommodates Japanese unique culture and regulations, receptivity, safety, and profitability would be essential success factors. A carpooling problem (CPP) is proposed in this article with a focus on safety to discover a safe route for each driver that picks up and drops off co-workers and drives to and from their workspace while avoiding high accident-frequency locations. The CPP defines the subsets of employees sharing each car and the routes the drivers should take to optimize and minimize the total distance. Accident location data define the risk and driving competence determined by the classification of driver’s license and grade of automobile insurance; then, a driver’s optimal route minimizes risk while decreasing the total distance sought in deriving the CPP. The effectiveness of the proposed CPP was demonstrated by an experiment using actual accident data. This article also reports the small-scale proof-of-concept (PoC) study conducted to verify the efficacy of the proposed CPP and highlight issues with its practical application. Ten employees with five drivers and five co-workers commuted via carpooling for two weeks using a mobile application with the CPP developed independently. Through the questionnaire survey conducted after the PoC, we validated the need for carpooling. We also identified some challenges: safe map navigation, incentives for the driver, and adaptation to Japanese culture when the carpooling system is in practical use.

Children’s and parents’ perceptions on safe routes to schools: a mixed-methods study investigating factors influencing active school travel

ABSTRACT The proportion of children walking or riding to school is dwindling in Australia, while pedestrian injuries are among children’s leading causes of death. A mixed-methods survey was conducted on children and parents of two schools in Australia to understand travel behaviours and attitudes towards active transport to school (ATS). Results showed that road safety perceptions predicted ATS, unlike distance to school and stranger danger. The design of the routes to school was found to be crucial in facilitating ATS, to address the fear of road danger. Practical implications include the need for more controlled pedestrian crossings and protected bike paths.

The consequences of Sudan’s armed conflict on public health: a closer look at the devastating impact

The consequences of Sudan’s armed conflict on public health: a closer look at the devastating impact

Synthetic Training Data for Semantic Segmentation of the Environment from UAV Perspective

Autonomous unmanned aircraft need a good semantic understanding of their surroundings to plan safe routes or to find safe landing sites, for example, by means of a semantic segmentation of an image stream. Currently, Neural Networks often give state-of-the-art results on semantic segmentation tasks but need a huge amount of diverse training data to achieve these results. In aviation, this amount of data is hard to acquire but the usage of synthetic data from game engines could solve this problem. However, related work, e.g., in the automotive sector, shows a performance drop when applying these models to real images. In this work, the usage of synthetic training data for semantic segmentation of the environment from a UAV perspective is investigated. A real image dataset from a UAV perspective is stylistically replicated in a game engine and images are extracted to train a Neural Network. The evaluation is carried out on real images and shows that training on synthetic images alone is not sufficient but that when fine-tuning the model, they can reduce the amount of real data needed for training significantly. This research shows that synthetic images may be a promising direction to bring Neural Networks for environment perception into aerospace applications.

Case report of trans-renal ablation procedures for a recurrent pheochromocytoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease

Pheochromocytoma is one of recurrent tumors in patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. For patients with bilateral adrenal glands, unilateral adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice; however, for patients with a single adrenal gland, hemiadrenalectomy or tumorectomy can be performed instead of adrenalectomy to preserve adrenal function. Currently, adrenalectomy is recommended even if recurrent pheochromocytomas occur in the residual adrenal tissue. Consequently, adrenal insufficiency cannot be avoided in these patients. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is used as an alternative treatment for preserving adrenal function; however, RFA is difficult to perform when major organs are present in the approaching pathway. The trans-hepatic approach is the only reported safe route to approach a right adrenal tumor to avoid pneumothorax. In this case report, we performed percutaneous RFA and hydrodissection through the left renal parenchyma to treat a recurrent pheochromocytoma in the small residual left adrenal tissue, which is surrounded by several critical organs. Our goal was to show our experience of image-guided trans-renal RFA and hydrodissection in a patient with VHL disease.

Polar class ship accessibility to Arctic seas north of the Bering Strait in a decade of variable sea-ice conditions

Surface atmospheric temperatures over the Arctic Ocean are rising faster than the global average, and sea-ice coverage has declined, making some areas newly accessible to ocean-going ships. Even so, Arctic waters remain hazardous to ships, in part, because of the highly variable nature of sea-ice formation and drift in some areas. In this study, we investigated interannual variability in polar class (PC) ship accessibility in the northern Bering Sea and seas north of the Bering Strait (East Siberian, Chukchi, Beaufort) from February 2012 to February 2022. We used sea-ice charts from the U.S. National Ice Center and calculations of the Risk Index Outcome(RIO)for PC3, PC5, and PC7 ships to characterize spatiotemporal trends in PC ship accessibility during the months of February, June, September, and November over the last 10 to 11 years. We also characterized shipping activity on select days in 2021. Overall, PC ship accessibility during the months of February and June increased over the last decade, especially for PC7 ships. However, areas that became more accessible over time did not support heavy ship traffic, possibly because they were not located on preferred transit routes or because they were surrounded by unnavigable ice, which made them inaccessible in practice. Ship accessibility was highly variable in the northernmost, offshore regions of the study site. During June, PC7 ship accessibility was interannually variable in waters south of the Bering Strait, and ships were active in those regions (most were fishing vessels), indicating potentially hazardous conditions during this time of year. Accessibility was considerably less variable over space and time (months, years) for PC5 (ice capable) ships and for PC3 ships (heavy icebreakers). Information from this study can be used by PC ship operators planning safe and successful shipping routes and by coastal states preparing emergency services to protect the maritime community. As governments and the private sector build out fleets of ice-capable ships, knowledge of interannual variability in ship accessibility will also help planners match PC ship capabilities to mission requirements.

Accident Prevention and Traffic Safety for Sekolah Alam Robbani Bekasi - (KidSafe)

In 2020, the number of traffic accidents from student age was 42,604 people. Meanwhile, there were 26,355 traffic accidents from student age until September this year. Based on gender, the majority of traffic accidents occurred in men. Traffic accidents contribute greatly as one of the causes of death in Indonesia. Traffic accidents have a high fatality rate. Data shows that in one year, 25, 2666 people died due to traffic accidents. Among the victims of traffic accidents are school children. About 95% of the causes of accidents are human error factors. The purpose of this community service is to provide an understanding of good traffic in early childhood. Understanding facilities for pedestrians and cycling lanes. The method provided is by providing material, pictures of traffic signs, and play displays related to traffic signs. Evaluation and results of activities by dividing students into several small groups and this is effective, students are able to explain traffic signs, and good traffic procedures, especially for users of pedestrian facilities and safe cyclist routes.