Abstract
This article proposed a hybrid energy-efficient secured quality of service (QoS) based multipath routing protocol. A modified crow search combined with the tunicate swarm butterfly optimisation algorithm (TSBO) with a density-based clustering technique strategy is proposed for the selection of cluster heads after the initial cluster formations. Among all the nodes, the cluster head is selected, and employing the collaborative trust-based approach (CTBA), which employs the trust factor for mobile ad hoc network (MANET) data transmission, a node's authentication is supplied. Finally, to implement the safe routing technique, this article suggested a hybrid multipath routing protocol combining multi-objective grey wolf optimisation (MO-GWO) with a fruit fly algorithm. The NS3 simulator is used to assess the proposed work. The packet delivery ratio metric performs 4% better than the current models. As a result, the suggested approach performs better for the end-to-end delay, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and throughput; it also uses less energy and has a shorter delay. Additionally, single-path nodes with the same energy value have lower throughput than multi-path nodes.
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