Safe Extraction Research Articles

Evaluation of medium and applicability of corn steep waste for biogenic cyanide production by Bacillus megaterium for sustainable gold recovery

Bio-cyanidation, a viable alternative of hazardous cyanide, is a promising approach for effective and relatively safe extraction of gold. For the first time, corn steep, a waste of corn processing plants is used as an effective medium ingredient for the production of Bio-CN to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendlier approach for gold recovery. In this study, effect of medium ingredients on bacteria growth and cyanide production by Bacillus megaterium (B. megaterium) is explored and medium is optimized for maximum gold recovery from a sulfidic gold ore. Optimization step for gold leaching suggested a maximum recovery of about 45% using 12.49 g/L tryptone, 5.36 g/L yeast extract, 2.46 g/L NaCl, and 10.13 g/L glycine after 7 days, comparable to the previous reported studies with sulfidic ore. Kinetics study showed that the leaching is relatively slow, controlled by mixed of diffusion and chemical reaction, and no significant improvement in the recovery can be achieved after 5 days. Corn steep could successfully replace tryptone and produce high concentration of ca. 120 mg/L Bio-CN. The optimum condition at which tryptone was replaced with 5 g/L corn steep waste resulted in more economic and sustainable process for gold recovery.

Modeling the Mechanical Behavior of Methane Hydrate-Bearing Sand Using the Equivalent Granular Void Ratio

For the safe extraction of methane from hydrate reservoirs, modeling the mechanical behavior of the methane hydrate-bearing soil properly is crucial in order to enable designers to analysis hydrate-dissociation-induced geotechnical failures. Hydrate morphology is one of major factors affecting the mechanical behavior of soil containing hydrate. This paper presents a new constitutive model for methane hydrate-bearing sand (MHBS) using the equivalent granular void ratio as a state variable, which can quantify the effects of the pore-filling and load-bearing hydrate morphology under a unifying framework. The proposed model is a combination of generalized plasticity and an elastic damage model so as to take into account the observed frictional and bonding aspects of MHBS, respectively. By using the concept of state-dependent dilatancy, the equivalent granular void ratio is formulated and adopted in the generalized plasticity model. In addition, a nonlinear damage function is implemented to elucidate the degradation of hydrate bonds with respect to shearing. Compared with the basic generalized plasticity model for host sand, only three additional parameters are required to capture key mechanical behaviors of MHBS. By comparing the triaxial test results of MHBS synthesized from a range of host sands with a predicted behavior by the proposed model, it is demonstrated that the new model can satisfactorily capture the stress–strain and volumetric behavior of MHBS under different hydrate saturations, confining pressures, and void ratios.

Numerical study of in situ acoustic emission monitoring for small-scale hydraulic fracturing

Abstract Reservoir monitoring is necessary to achieve safe hydrocarbon extraction. It requires monitoring small acoustic emission (AE) events, assisting in determining the exact location, extension and direction of potential damage as early as possible. However, microcracks cannot be detected by the microseismic monitoring networks due to the limitations of frequency range and sensitivity. In contrast, the in situ AE monitoring system extends the detection range to higher frequencies and can detect very small deformation processes with high resolution and sensitivity. It provides detailed insights into ongoing deformation processes. However, the receivers of an in situ AE monitoring system need to be very close to hydraulic fracturing experiments due to the fast decay of high-frequency signals. In this work, by constructing four in situ AE monitoring models, the imaging effects of the interferometric imaging method for three different kHz-level frequency sources at different distances and orientations relative to the monitoring well are investigated. The numerical results show that: the higher the source frequency, the higher the imaging resolution; when the vertical orientation coverage of the source by the monitoring system is incomplete, the closer the source to the borehole axis, the worse the imaging resolution and location accuracy; when the vertical orientation coverage of the source by the monitoring system is complete, the imaging resolution and location accuracy are both improved, especially when the vertical azimuthal coverage angle is large. The integrity of the orientation coverage of the source by the monitoring system plays a critical role in improving source location accuracy.

Analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables purchased from local markets of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh based on QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatography

The study was conducted to analyze organophosphorus pesticide residues in two common vegetables (cauliflower and eggplant) collected from five local markets of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. The collected samples were carried to the Pesticide Analytical Laboratory, Entomology Division of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur on the same sampling day. The collected samples were analyzed using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction technique and Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD). In total, 60 vegetable samples were analyzed in this study. Out of 30 analyzed samples of cauliflower, 5 samples (17% of the total number of samples) contained residues of dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and quinalphos, where 3 samples contained residues above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Among the 30 analyzed samples of eggplant, 5 samples (17% of the total number of samples) contained residues of chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, and dimethoate, where only one sample contained residues above MRL. This study reflects the actual scenario of pesticide residues remain in cauliflower and eggplant collected from local markets of Mymensingh district, which will help the consumer to be aware of their health and safety. Thus, continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables should be strengthened. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2022, 6 (1), 10-17

Pesticide contamination in cauliflower and related health risk assessment in Gurugram, India

Imprudent use of pesticides in agriculture has resulted in increased concentrations of pesticides in food. Consumption of pesticide-contaminated vegetables can cause many chronic and acute health problems for consumers. Vegetables are an important part of the human diet as they are a source of vitamins and minerals. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is a frequently consumed vegetable in India and has high nutritional value. In the present study, cauliflower was scanned for organochlorines, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and some other classes of pesticides. The pesticides were extracted from the vegetable using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction techniques, and the extracts were analysed on Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). All samples were contaminated with pesticide residues. The pesticides detected in the samples were aldrin (0.018 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (0.02 - 0.04 mg/kg), cypermethrin (0.03 mg/kg), deltamethrin (0.018 - 0.04 mg/kg), malathion (0.02 mg/kg), o,p-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (0.02mg/kg), and phorate (0.02 - 0.03 mg/kg). Cauliflower samples collected from Manesar showed the presence of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Concentrations of chlorpyrifos were above the maximum residue limits recommended by the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 2004. The health risk index was highest for aldrin (0.08) and lowest for malathion (2.67·10-5).

Targeted and non-targeted analysis of pesticides and aflatoxins in baby foods by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry

In this study, 21 pesticides and 4 aflatoxins were monitored in baby food marketed in Brazil, applying ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method combined with dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up was applied and primary secondary amine (PSA), octadecylsilane (C18) and C18 with silica coated with zirconium dioxide (Z-Sep+) were used during the clean-up stage. Suitable performance criteria, set by the SANTE/2020/12830 guidelines, were achieved, and therefore, all targeted analytes were successfully validated. The method was applied to the analysis of 50 baby food samples. Cypermethrin was detected at 10.3 μg kg−1 (above maximum residue level (MRL) established by the European Union (EU)). Furthermore, suspect screening analysis was performed for reliable identification of contaminants not included in this study such as other pesticides, mycotoxins, hormones, veterinary drugs and their metabolites. Finally 10 pesticides and one metabolite were detected, demonstrating the suitability of the proposed approach.

PO-687-06 A CASE OF DIFFICULT LEADLESS PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION DUE TO PACEMAKER DELIVERY SYSTEM FAILURE

The Micra leadless pacing system (Medtronic) is an effective alternative to transvenous pacemaker in selected patients and can be safely implanted in > 99% cases. The tether in the delivery system serves as an important connection between the device and the delivery catheter, allowing multiple recaptures to be performed. Failure of the delivery system resulting in inability to deploy is extremely rare. We describe a case of difficult Micra implantation due to leadless pacemaker delivery system failure. N/A An 88-year-old male with complete heart block post transfemoral aortic valve replacement underwent placement of single chamber leadless pacemaker placement (Micra) using standard techniques. Under local anesthesia, access was obtained in the right femoral vein using ultrasound guidance and a 23 French long sheath was inserted and advanced into the right atrium under fluoroscopy. A Micra leadless pacing system was introduced and placed under fluoroscopic visualization into the right ventricular septum. Gentle manual tension on the tether demonstrated good contact with the myocardium. The tether was cut but significant resistance was felt when attempting to remove it. Despite multiple attempts the tether could not be safely removed, and it was decided to extract the Micra system. Unfortunately, despite multiple attempts by applying significant tension on the tether, the delivery catheter would not align with the pacing capsule for safe extraction. At this time it was decided to remove the delivery system leaving the pacing capsule with the tether in place. A 0 Vicryl suture was placed and using a double knot it was secured on a 035 wire and the suture was pulled through a large curve steerable Agilis sheath. Next, the Vicryl and the tether were knotted together and Agilis sheath was advanced to provide additional support and avoid trauma to any internal structure during extraction. Using Agilis as a rail, the Micra was extracted. Gross visual inspection revealed no clear knot on the tether. After the extraction, a new Micra system was placed using standard techniques. It is important to be aware of failure of the components of the leadless pacemaker delivery system and the techniques to safely extract it.

Green analytical methodologies to determine personal care products in solid environmental matrices: Soils, sediments, sludge and biota ˗ A review

• Overview of green sample preparation for personal care products in environmental solids. • Fragrance allergens, UV filters, musks and preservatives are considered. • Among the developments highlights the combination of advanced techniques and microextraction. • Miniaturization and microextraction techniques for PCPs in solids are key trends. Personal care products (PCPs) are contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) and their analysis in complex matrices such as solid environmental samples imply a challenge. The aim of this review article is to provide a 10-years overview and present update on extraction methods to determine different PCPs families including fragrance allergens, synthetic musks, preservatives, ultraviolet (UV) filters, plasticizers and siloxanes in soils, sediments, sludge and biota. The most relevant applications and green approaches on advanced extraction procedures such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) or quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged & safe extraction (QuEChERS) will be addressed. The latest trends in microextraction techniques and the hybridization between different techniques will be also presented.

Simultaneous determination of dimethoate and its metabolite omethoate in curry leaf using LC-MS/MS and risk assessment.

This study presents the method development, validation, and simultaneous determination of dimethoate and its metabolite omethoate in curry leaf. Samples were extracted following modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction protocol and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification in the matrix was 0.005μgg-1 for dimethoate and omethoate. Extraction using acetonitrile recorded the average recoveries in the range of 82.25 to 112.97% for dimethoate and 85.57 to 107.22% for omethoate at 0.005, 0.025 and 0.050μgg-1 fortification levels and relative standard deviation less than 5%. Similarly, the relative standard deviation values for intraday (Repeatability) and interday (Reproducibility) tests were less than 15%. Dissipation kinetics of dimethoate 30% emulsifiable concentrate at 200 and 400ga.ih-1 recorded initial deposits of 5.20 and 10.05μgg-1 and 0.33 and 0.48μgg-1 for dimethoate and omethoate, respectively, and half-life of 3.07 and 3.34days. The estimated hazard index value found more than one at a day after dimethoate application. It is not safe for consumer health to use curry leaves in the initial days after application.

Cytotoxic Effect of Cypermethrin and Neem Extract on Human Lymphocytes

There is a need to increase our agricultural production of food grains and other crops to feed a continuously increasing population. To achieve this food security, use of insecticides/pesticides has become necessary. Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used for control of pests of cereals, fruits, vegetables and cotton etc. but it has several toxic effects on human beings. Apart from being neurotoxic, it has harmful effects on lymphocytes also. Neem is also a potent insecticide of herbal and indigenous origin. In this investigation the cytotoxicity of cypermethrin (dissolved in DMSO) and aqueous extract of neem leaves to human lymphocytes was studied by MTT assay. It was found that after an exposure of two hours to LC50 concentration of cypermethrin viability of lymphocytes fell to 87.83%; however at lower concentration the viability fell further because of the increase in the DMSO concentration, proving the toxicity of DMSO. Treatment of lymphocytes with 45% of neem extract increased the viability by 196% but at lower concentrations lesser increase was noted due to the increase in concentration of PBS. Thus apart from being a safe insecticide neem extract can be used to promote viability and proliferation of cells of animal origin also.

Multiresidue screening of pesticides in Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

In this study, an efficient screening method based on a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was established for the determination of 90 pesticides residues in Panax Ginseng. The accuracy of the method was then verified by analyzing the false positive rate and the screening detection limit in Ginseng. The results revealed that the screening detection limit of 33 of 90 pesticide residues were 0.01 mg·kg-1 , 22 species were 0.05mg·kg-1 , 11 species were 0.10mg·kg-1 , 8 species were 0.20 mg·kg-1 , and another 16 species were greater than 0.20 mg·kg-1 . A total of 73 pesticides were ultimately suitable to be practically applied for rapid analysis of pesticide residues in Ginseng. Finally, the established method was used to analyze the pesticide residues in 35 Ginseng samples available on the market. And the residual of dimethomorph, azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, and pyraclostrobin was relatively severe in Ginseng samples. This work expanded the range of pesticides detected and provided a rapid, effective method for pesticides screening in Ginseng.

Quick Polar Pesticides (QuPPe): Learning from and Expanding on the Work of Others

In January, Steve Lehotay from the U.S. Department of Agriculture provided an update on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method, originally developed for multiresidue pesticide analysis. Like any method, QuEChERS had some deficiencies, which were addressed with the new QuEChERSER (adding “efficient” and “robust” to the acronym) mega-method. Meanwhile, the European Union (EU) Reference Laboratories developed a new method for the multiresidue analysis of highly polar pesticides, called the quick polar pesticides (QuPPe) method. This month, we take a look at QuPPe, comparing and contrasting it with QuEChERS and noting how we can learn from previously developed methods as we strive for improvements.

Improvement of Intensive In-Seam Gas Drainage Technology at Kirova Mine in Kuznetsk Coal Basin

One of the ways to resolve the “green energy-economic development” dilemma, in which the coal industry is situated, is by the improvement of technologies and the integrated use of extracted resources, including methane gas as a clean energy source. Using the example of the Kirova mine, located in Kuznetsk coal basin—one of the ecologically unfavorable coal mining regions of Russia—this article discusses an integrated technology for the extraction of coalbed methane (ECBM), which makes it possible to reduce greenhouse gas (methane) emissions and improve the safety and intensity of coal mining. The Kirova mine, with its 3 Mt production in 2019, is one of the coal mining leaders in Russia. The available mining equipment has the potential to significantly increase the output; however, gas is a limiting factor to this. The customary approaches to coal seam degassing have already been petered out. The miners and mine science are facing a challenge to validate and test an alternative technology to ensure effective in-seam gas drainage prior to vigorous mining. This article gives an account of the improvement track record of the in-seam gas drainage technology used to pre-treat coal seams for intensive and safe extraction. This technology suggests, at the first stage, hydraulic loosening of the target coal seam through wells drilled from the surface (SSHL), then hydraulic fracturing (HF) of the coal seam through the boreholes drilled from underground development headings, followed by methane extraction from the high-permeability coal-gas reservoir created through standard in-seam gas drainage underground wells. Results are presented in this paper of field testing of the improved SSHL technique. Findings are presented on the effective parameters of the HF technology. Methodological recommendations are offered for selecting viable in-seam gas drainage technology.

Meat grinder hand injury; case report.

Introduction and importanceMeat grinder injury to the hand is not a common case but can cause a wide spectrum of injuries that are difficult to treat. Management of meat grinder hand injuries is complex and should be based on a clear understanding of principles of wound management, fracture fixation, and soft-tissue reconstruction. To our knowledge, here we reported the first case of meat grinder hand injury faced by a practicing surgeon in an underdeveloped country (Somalia) with a Successful outcome.Case presentationA 2-year-old boy had his right hand trapped in a meat grinder. The middle and ring fingers were severely crushed at the metacarpophalangeal joint. Under general anesthesia, all digits were reconstructed.Clinical discussionMeat grinder hand injuries can result in a wide range of injuries, from simple fractures to amputations. Safe extraction of the hand is considered the most important determinant of outcomes. Preoperative antibiotics, wound irrigation, and microsurgical techniques are used in the treatment.ConclusionAlthough treating meat grinder hand injuries is challenging, careful extraction of the hand with a metal cutting circular saw will not only prevent secondary damage but will also save time.

Simultaneous Quantification of Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, Florfenicol, and Florfenicol Amine in Animal and Aquaculture Products Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

The accumulation of antimicrobial residues in edible animal products and aquaculture products could pose health concerns to unsuspecting consumers. Hence, this study aimed to develop a validated method for simultaneous quantification of chloramphenicol (CAP), thiamphenicol (TAP), florfenicol (FF), and florfenicol amine (FFA) in beef, pork, chicken, shrimp, eel, and flatfish using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Primary-secondary amine (PSA) and MgSO4 were used for sample purification. The analytes were separated on a reversed-phase analytical column. The coefficients of determination for the linear matrix-matched calibration curves were ≥0.9941. Recovery rates ranged between 64.26 and 116.51% for the four analytes with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 18.05%. The calculated limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.005–3.1 and 0.02–10.4 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for monitoring samples obtained from local markets in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The target residues were not detected in any tested matrix. The designed method was versatile, sensitive, and proved suitable for quantifying residues in animal-derived products.

Analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: a case from West Omo and Bench-Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Uncontrolled use of pesticides could result in contamination of air, water, food, and ecosystems. This study aimed to determine pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables collected from selected farmlands of southwest Ethiopia from the end of April 2019 until mid of May 2019. The samples were extracted using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and clean-up method. Quantitative analysis of four organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All the fruit and vegetable samples obtained from all sampling sites were contaminated with one or more pesticide residues. Chloroflurenol-methyl was the most predominantly detected OPPs residue in all crop samples obtained from different sampling sites, with a maximum concentration of 0.402 mg kg−1 in potato samples obtained from the Gurafarda site and a minimum value of 0.049 mg kg−1 in onion samples obtained from the South Bench site. Dibutyl chlorendate was the predominant OCPs in all samples, with the minimum value of 0.498 mg kg−1, which was detected in tomato samples collected from the Jamo site, and the maximum concentration of 1.003 mg kg−1 detected in pineapple samples obtained from the North Bench site. Dimethoate concentrations in tomato samples (0.045–0.084 mg kg−1) were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union (EU) guidelines (0.01 mg kg−1) but were below the MRLs established by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) guidelines (0.5 mg kg−1). Relatively high residue concentrations of dibutyl chlorendate and chloroflurenol-methyl were detected in all the samples obtained from all sampling sites. There is widespread use of pesticides for agriculture by the producers in the study area and there is a need for the regular monitoring of pesticide residues.

Influence of mesiodens on adjacent teeth and the timing of its safe removal.

PurposeTo focus on the effects of the presence of mesiodens on adjacent teeth and to investigate the timing of its safe removal.Materials and MethodsCone-beam computed tomography examinations, obtained at Okayama University Hospital over a three-year period, were inspected. Data were recorded including the number of mesiodens; associated abnormalities; and the relationship with neighboring structures. Depending on multiple factors, the risk of developing complications due to early extraction of a mesiodens was divided into three categories: high, medium, and low risk.ResultsA total of 5,958 cone-beam computed tomography exams were obtained, 460 patients aged 3-85 years were diagnosed with a total of 568 mesiodens, 382 (67.3%) of which were discovered in young patients (age <10 years), and 333 (87.2%) of these were associated with abnormalities. Regarding the risk categories, 11 (1.9%) were considered to be in the high-risk, five (0.9%) in the medium-risk and 552 (97.2%) in the low-risk categories. Moreover, eight out of 11 high-risk mesiodens were extracted and no post-operative complications have been seen.ConclusionAs the results showed that no postoperative complications were seen in all the extracted cases of high-risk mesiodens, this indicates the possibility of safe extraction at an early age which could reduce related future complications.

Fogarty Catheter

Introduction:The extraction of smooth spherical objects is challenging as they are difficult to grasp within the jaws of the forceps and tend to slip distally.Objective:The authors herein have shared their experience with the use of a Fogarty catheter (FC) for safe extraction of smooth and spherical “foreign body (FB) with a hole.”Materials and Methods:Report on pediatric cases (n = 4) of airway “FB with a hole” wherein the FC was used for their extraction. Mean age was 27.5 months (range: 17 months–39 months). The male: female ratio was 3:1. The technique of FB extraction with a FC has been described, including the principle of the technique, indications, and contra-indications, technical problems and troubleshooting.Results:The FB spectrum included a necklace bead (n = 2), nonnecklace bead (n = 1) and a fragmented end-piece of the housing of a ball-pen (n = 1). The locations of the FBs were right main bronchus (n = 1), secondary bronchus on the right (n = 1), and in the left main bronchus (n = 2). Successful removal of FB with use of FC during rigid broncoscopy was possible. The bead had to be rotated in n = 2 patients to align the hole with the FC. Problems associated with threading the hole and disimpaction of the FB have been highlighted. No complications were observed. The advantages and limitation of the technique have been discussed.Conclusions:The use of FC with the described technique offers a safe, effective and reproducible method for removal of airway “FB with a hole” in a controlled environment while minimizing the possibility of iatrogenic injury to the wall of the surrounding airways.

Deep eutectic solvents: The new generation sustainable and safe extraction systems for bioactive compounds in agri food sector: An update

Extraction of functional and bioactive compounds with high volumes, quality, and bioactivity to improve their delivery particularly in food applications has always been a priority in food chemistry. The continuous search for newer, more sophisticated extraction mediums with improved sustainability, extractability, stability, bioactivity, and safety has resulted in the development of deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on the eutectic behavior of various salts. DESs are the mixtures of hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) with complexing agents having safe biological backgrounds and a promising approach for current innovations in green extraction technologies. Research efforts focused on their utilization as economic extraction mediums with relatively higher environmental and health safety have been growing fast. Significant publication count on DES for various food and pharmaceutical applications to overcome the limitations of conventional solvents has been reported in the last decade. Although, limited work has been carried out on the extraction of bioactive compounds from various biological sources yet the persuasive recognition of these extraction systems has fascinated the consideration of the research community for their investigation. This review focuses primarily on addressing the distinctive qualities of DES especially as extraction medium along with the conventional and neoteric extraction techniques for a wide range of bioactive compounds. The review summarizes the-state-of-the-art application of DESs in the extraction of bioactive compounds their classification, preparation, activity, safety concerns, recent trends, and future perspectives for their potential utilization in the food industry. Novelty impact statement DES is new generation solvents and based on the material from which they are derived they can be the safest, cheapest, and most effective extraction systems. Extraction efficiency and recycling of both the bioactive compounds and the solvent are significantly improved by using DES. Overall, the extractability, safety, cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity of the novel DESs need extensive research trials and clinical documentation.

Valorization of Tomato Residues by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Tomato processing leads to the production of considerable amounts of residues, mainly in the form of tomato skins, seeds and vascular tissues, which still contain bioactive molecules of interest for food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. These include carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, tocopherols and sitosterols, among others. Supercritical fluid extraction is well positioned for the valorization of tomato residues prior to disposal, because it remains an environmentally safe extraction process, especially when using carbon dioxide as the solvent. In this article, we provide an extensive literature overview of the research on the supercritical fluid extraction of tomato residues. We start by identifying the most relevant extractables present in tomatoes (e.g., lycopene) and their main bioactivities. Then, the main aspects affecting the extraction performance are covered, starting with the differences between tomato matrixes (e.g., seeds, skins and pulp) and possible pretreatments to enhance extraction (e.g., milling, drying and enzymatic digestion). Finally, the effects of extraction conditions, such as pressure, temperature, cosolvent, flow rate and time, are discussed.