Stages S2 Research Articles

Discussion of “Discharge Coefficients for Baffle-Sluice Gates” by P. K. Mishra, Wernher Brevis, and Cornelia Lang

Discussion of “Discharge Coefficients for Baffle-Sluice Gates” by P. K. Mishra, Wernher Brevis, and Cornelia Lang

English

To investigate the role of Peroxidase and its physiological significance under Karnal Bunt (KB) were determined in resistant (HD-29) and susceptible genotype (WH-542) of wheat during different developmental stages. The enzymes were expressed constitutively in both the susceptible and resistant genotype. In gel assay and differential expression analysis of POD was significantly higher (p >0.05) in Sv and S2, than the S1 and S3 stages. in silico analysis of Peroxidase for eg. physico-chemical properties, secondary structural features and phylogenetic classification for comparative analysis. Motif and Domain analysis of Peroxidase by MEME, to be important for the biological functions, and studies of evolution. Our results clearly indicate that the enhanced expression of POD at the WS2 stage, which reinforces its role in stage dependent immunity against Karnal bunt and role of POD metabolism provides genotype and stage dependant structural barrier resistance in wheat against KB.

Dielectric properties of human liver from 10 Hz to 100 MHz: normal liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic fibrosis and liver hemangioma.

The dielectric properties of human liver were determined by characterization of tissue absorption and coupling of electromagnetic energy in the electromagnetic field. In this study the ex-vivo dielectric properties of human hepatocellular carcinoma (well and moderately differentiated), liver hemangioma, hepatic fibrosis (stages S1 and S2), and normal liver tissue were measured and analyzed over the frequency range of 10 Hz to 100 MHz. The dielectric properties over the frequency range can reflect tissue information including biological macromolecules, vesicles, and cellular membrane; these information aids in distinguishing different physiological states and lesions. The ex-vivo conductivity, permittivity, resistivity, as well as the characteristic parameters between the lesions and normal liver were analyzed and their differences were also verified. The data can contribute to developing bioelectric applications for tissue diagnostics and creating more accurate computer models for medical applications.

SLEEP cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) changes from school-age to adolescence in healthy subjects

Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) is a well recognized process underlying sleep instability. CAP organization has been reported in several age-groups, but follow-up data in healthy children or adolescents is scarce. Objective: To assess sequential changes in CAP characteristics from school-age to adolescence in the same group of healthy subjects. We studied a sample of 45 healthy school-age children. All were participants in an ongoing cohort follow-up study since infancy. PSG recordings were performed at 10 years and repeated in adolescence. CAP was visually identified in non- REM sleep stages S1, S2 and SWS, according to international rules. The age of the subjects was 10.3 ± 0.2 and 15.6 ± 0.5 years at the time of the two assessments. CAP number, CAP rate, CAP duration but not CAP time were positively correlated between 10 and 15 years (all p < 0.05). Between-age differences were as follows: an increase in CAP time (145.8 ± 44.0 vs. 183.6 ± 53.7 min., p < 0.0001), CAP rate (41.9 ± 11.6 vs. 47.5 ± 12.0%, p < 0.01), A3 percentage (18.3 ± 9.8 vs. 27.4 ± 10.7, p < 0.0001), A3 index (9.0 ± 5.1 vs. 16.9 ± 8.1, p < 0.0001), and a decrease in A1 percentage (68.2 ± 13.3 vs. 59.7 ± 12.1, p < 0.002). We also found a lengthening of CAP cycles with a shortening of the B phase (both p < 0.03). According to sleep stages, an increase in CAP rate and A1 index was apparent in SWS, whereas A1 index was decreased in S1 and S2 (all p < 0.004). Finally, A3 index resulted higher in all non-REM sleep stages (all p < 0.004). These preliminary data show several changes in CAP parameters between 10 and 15 years. Given that the main modifications with advancing age were an increase in A3 and a reduction in A1 CAP subtypes, they provide support for a reduction in sleep stability towards adolescence in healthy subjects. Financial support: Fondecyt 1110513 and NIH HD33487 grants. (*) CONICYT PhD program fellowship.

Proteomic analysis of the testa from developing soybean seeds

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv Jack) seed development was separated into nine defined stages (S1 to S9). Testa (seed coats) were removed from developing seeds at stages S2, 4, 6, 8, and 9, and subjected to shotgun proteomic profiling. For each stage "total proteins" were isolated from 150 mg dry weight of seed coat using a phenol-based method, then reduced, alkylated, and digested with trypsin. The tryptic peptides were separated using a C18-reversed phase matrix, then analyzed using an LTQ Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Spectra were searched against the Phytozome G. max DB using the Sorcerer 2 IDA Sequest-based search algorithm. Identities were verified using Scaffold 3. A total of 306 (S2), 328 (S4), 273 (S6), 193 (S8), and 272 (S9) proteins were identified in three out of three biological replicates, and sorted into 11 functional groups: Primary Metabolism, Secondary Metabolism, Cellular Structure, Stress Responses, Nucleic Acid metabolism, Protein Synthesis, Protein Folding, Protein Targeting, Hormones and Signaling, Seed Storage Proteins, and Proteins of Unknown Function. In selected instances, individual seed coat proteins were quantified by spectral counting. The number of proteins involved in intermediary metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, protein folding and degradation are discussed as they relate to seed coat function. Most previous analyses of seed coats have either targeted individual enzymes or used the results from high-throughput transcript profiling to infer biological function. Because there is seldom a linear correlation between transcript and protein levels, we have undertaken a shotgun proteomics-based description of soybean (G. max (L.) Merr. cv Jack) seed coats, as a function of development, in order to bridge this gap and to establish the baseline for a more comprehensive understanding of seed biology.

ABA may promote or delay peach fruit ripening through modulation of ripening- and hormone-related gene expression depending on the developmental stage

Peach (Prunus persica laevis L. Batsch) was chosen as a model to further clarify the physiological role of ABA during fruit ripening. To this aim, branches bearing one fruit at mid-S3, S3/S4 and S4 stages of fruit development and characterized by a different ripening index (I(AD)), as revealed by a non-destructive device called a DA-meter, were treated with ABA (0.02mM) for 1 and 5 days. Exogenously applied ABA interfered with the progression of ripening leading to less ripe or riper fruit depending on the physiological stage. To better understand the molecular basis of ABA interference with ripening, the time-course changes in the expression of ethylene-, cell wall-, and auxin-related genes as well as other genes (NCED, PIP, LOX, AOS and SOT) was evaluated in the fruit mesocarp. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that in mid-S3 fruit transcript levels of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling (ACS1, ACO1, ETR2, ERF2), cell wall softening-related (PG, PMEI, EXP1, EXP2) and auxin biosynthesis, conjugation, transport and perception (TRPB, IGPS, Aux/IAA, GH3, PIN1 and TIR1) genes were substantially down-regulated on day 5 indicating a ripening delay. On the contrary, in more advanced stages (S3/S4 and S4) the same genes were early (day 1) up-regulated suggesting an acceleration of ripening. Transcript profiling of other ripening-related genes revealed changes that were in accord with a ripening delay (mid-S3) or acceleration (S3/S4 and S4). Thus, in peach fruit, ABA appears to modulate ripening through interference not only with ethylene and cell wall but also with auxin-related genes.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND ACCUMULATION OF CALCIUM IN DIFFERENT TISSUES, DEVELOPING SPIKES AND SEEDS OF FINGER MILLET GENOTYPES

□ Total calcium (Ca) content in different tissues, developing spikes (S1, S2, S3 and S4 stages), and distribution sites in seeds of five finger millet genotypes, which were differed in total calcium content, were analyzed. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) revealed stage-dependent quantitative changes in calcium accumulation from low to high during different stages of developing spikes and also in different tissues and grains. Results of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed differential distributions of the calcium in seed components viz. seed coat, aleurone layer and endosperm. Highest calcium content was observed in aleurone layer followed by seed coat while lowest calcium was found in endosperm of all genotypes. Major differences were found amongst genotypes with regard to the calcium distribution in seed components. The differential regulation of transport machinery might be responsible for differential calcium ion delivery and spatial distribution in the seed. A clear understanding of differential accumulation, spatial distribution and the variation of calcium within finger millet genotypes/seeds could be exploited for breeding for their bio-fortification and development of calcium rich functional foods.

Adverse effects of viewing the hand on tactile-spatial selection between fingers depend on finger posture

Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is known to rapidly adapt to task demands and to intermodal information (e.g. from vision). Here, we show that also intramodal information (i.e. posture) can affect tactile attentional selection processes and the intermodal effects of vision on those processes at S1 stages of processing. We manipulated the spatial separation between adjacent fingers, that is, thumb and index finger where close, far apart, or touching. Participants directed their attention to either the index finger or thumb to detect infrequent tactile targets at that location while either they saw their fingers or these were covered from view. In line with the previous results, we found that attentional selection affected early somatosensory processing (P45, N80) when fingers were near and this attention effect was abolished when fingers were viewed. When fingers were far or touching, attentional modulations appeared reliably only from the P100, and furthermore, enhanced tactile-spatial selection was found when touching fingers were viewed. Taken together, these results show for the first time a profound effect of finger posture on attentional selection between fingers and its modulations by vision at early cortical stages of processing. They suggest that the adverse effects of vision on tactile attention are not driven by a conflict between the selected information in vision (two fingers) and touch (one finger) and imply that external spatial information (i.e. finger posture) rapidly affects the organisation of primary somatosensory finger representations and that this further affects vision and tactile-spatial selection effects on S1.

Morphological and physiological changes of female tropical eels, Anguilla celebesensis and Anguilla marmorata, in relation to downstream migration

The morphological and physiological characteristics of migrating and non-migrating female tropical eels, Anguilla celebesensis and Anguilla marmorata were examined in relation to their downstream migration on central Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. Migrating eels (64 A. celebesensis and 37 A. marmorata) were obtained from weirs set near the outlet area of Poso Lake and non-migrating eels (21 A. celebesensis and 21 A. marmorata) were sampled by set-lines and eel pots in Poso Lake, its inlet rivers, and in the La River system during February 2009 to October 2010. In both species, values of eye index, pectoral-fin length index, gonado-somatic index (I(G)), hepato-somatic index, swimbladder-somatic index and cardio-somatic index of migrating eels were significantly higher than those of non-migrating eels and the gut-somatic index values of the migrating eels were significantly lower than that of non-migrating eels. When silvering stages of eels were classified by the silvering index for Anguilla japonica, in A. celebesensis, all non-migrating eels were Y1 stage and the migrating eels consisted of Y2, S1 and S2 stages eels. In A. marmorata, the non-migrating eels consisted of Y1 and Y2 eels, and the migrating eels consisted of Y2 and S1 eels, but there were no S2 eels. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) of morphological and physiological variables suggested that these characteristics changed drastically between the Y1 and Y2 stages in A. celebesensis, while A. marmorata showed a gradual change with silvering, which differs from the temperate species A. japonica. The mean ±S.D. I(G) value of migrating A. celebesensis (6.9 ± 1.8, 3.3-11.4) was very high and that of A. marmorata (3.1 ± 0.8, 1.8-5.7) was comparatively low. The very different rates of maturation that were found between these two species provide support for the hypothesis that the reproductive characteristics of silver eels can reflect their migration scale.

B1 versus B2 Dukes stage rectal cancer: prospective evaluation of 87 patients in a single institution and quest for re-evaluation of the current protocol.

Current protocols indicate surgery as single modality of therapy for B1 stage rectal cancer and surgery with adjuvant therapy for B2 stage. The aim of our study was to analyze the five-year survival rate for patients with surgically treated B1 and B2 rectal cancer and to assess the impact of adjuvant therapy on overall survival. Our epidemiological clinical study was based on a prospective analysis of 87 cases of B1 (n=32) and B2 (n=55) rectal cancers operated between 2000 and 2003. Survival evaluation was done through a prospective cohort followup study. There were 33 female and 54 males with a median age of 60 years (IQR 39-74). Tumor location was low rectum for 23 patients (26.4%), medium rectum for 30 patients (34.5%) and high rectum at 34 patients (37.9%). We performed Miles operation in 42 cases, Dixon resection in 26 cases and Hartmann operation in 18 patients. There was no difference in the number and type of postoperative complications between groups. There were no local recurrences in the B1 stage group but 7 cases (12.7%) in the B2 stage group. Distant metastases were recorded in 8 patients (25%) in the B1 group and 2 patients (3.6%) in the B2 group. The survival rate at 5 years (S5) was better for the B2 stage S5=69.9% than B1 stage S5=53.5% (p=0.001). Patients with B1 stage rectal cancer might benefit from adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy.

Expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes vis-à-vis rutin content variation in different growth stages of Fagopyrum species

Buckwheat is one of the field crops with the highest concentration of rutin, an important flavonoid of medicinal value. Two species of buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum, are the major sources of rutin. Seeds of latter contain 40–50× higher rutin compared to the former. The physiological and molecular bases of rutin content variation between Fagopyrum species are not known. The current study investigated the differences in rutin content in seeds and in other tissues and growth stages of two Fagopyrum species, and also correlated those differences with the expression of flavonoid pathway genes. The analysis of rutin content dynamics at different growth stages, S1–S9 (from seed germination to mature seed formation) of Fagopyrum species revealed that rutin content was higher during seedling stages of F. tataricum (3.5 to 4.6-fold) compared to F. esculentum and then increased exponentially from stages S3 to S6 (different leaf maturing stages and inflorescence) of F. esculentum, whereas it fluctuated in F. tataricum. The rutin content was highest in the inflorescence stage (S6) of both species, with a relatively higher biosynthesis and accumulation during post-flowering stages of F. tataricum compared to F. esculentum. The expression of flavonoid pathway genes, through qRT-PCR, in different growth stages vis-à-vis rutin content variation showed differential expression for four genes, PAL, CHS, CHI and FLS with the amounts of transcripts relatively higher in F. tataricum compared to F. esculentum, thereby, correlating these genes with the biosynthesis and accumulation of rutin. The expression of PAL was highest, 7.69 and 8.96-fold in Stages 2 (seedling stage) and 9 (fully developed seeds) of F. tataricum compared to F. esculentum, respectively. The expression of the CHS gene correlated with the rutin content because it was highest in the flowers (S6) and fully developed seeds (S9) of both Fagopyrum species, with relatively higher transcript amounts (2.13 and 3.19-fold, respectively) in F. tataricum (IC-329457) compared to F. esculentum (IC-540858). This study provides useful information on molecular and physiological dynamics of rutin biosynthesis and accumulation in Fagopyrum species and the correlation of expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes with the rutin content can be useful in planning for genetic improvement.

EFFECTS OF RIPENING STAGE AND ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS ON STORED POSTHARVEST CAMU-CAMU (MYRCIARIA DUBIA MCVAUGH) FRUITS

Camu-camu is an Amazon native fruit raising much interest for its content in ascorbic acid. Since the major regional problems on camu-camu production lie in the lack of ripening fruit uniformity and high temperatures during haulage and storage at the end of the fruit process, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different ripening stages together with different storage periods under defined environments on the conservation ability of camu-camu. Fruits from plants grown in floodplain environment at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil, were collected in two periods of ten days in the commercial harvesting at different ripening stages. After selection, the remaining ones were washed and graded according to their ripening stage and/or epicarp color stage (S), as follows: S1 (25% red-colored); S2 (50% red-colored); S3 (75% red-colored); S4 (100% red-colored); S5 (100% purple red-colored and stored on polystyrene trays). Fruits from the first collection were stored on shelves at room temperature (28°C) and relative humidity (87%) for eight days. Fruits from the second collection were stored under 21°C temperature and 80% relative humidity environmental conditions for eight days as well. Every two days they were assessed to evaluate weight loss and chemical composition. Anthocyanins increased in immature stages and decreased in ripe stages. The ascorbic acid content in camu-camu remained highly stable and constant. Considering the incipient pulp color and wrinkling symptoms of greener fruits, as well as the lighter stains and release of anthocyanins from endocarp from fruits in 100% purple red-colored stage, 100% of fruits in S3 and S4 intermediary stages presented better conservation ability.

Experimental shock metamorphism of the L4 ordinary chondrite Saratov induced by spherical shock waves up to 400 GPa

Abstract– We carried out shock experiments on macroscopic spherical samples of the L4 ordinary chondrite Saratov (natural shock stages S2–S3), using explosively generated spherical shock waves with maximum peak pressures of 400 GPa and shock-induced temperatures >800 °C (up to several thousands °C). The evolution of shock metamorphism within a radius of the spherical samples was investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy, microprobe and magnetic analyses as well as Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Petrographic analyses revealed a shock-induced formation of three different concentric petrographic zones within the shocked samples: zone of total melting (I), zone of partial melting (II), and zone of solid-state shock features (III). We found a progressive pressure-induced oxidation of Fe-Ni metal, whose degree increased with increasing shock peak pressure. The amount of FeO within zone I increased the factor of 1.4 with respect to its amount in the unshocked Saratov sample. This suggests that within zone I about 70 wt% of the initial metallic iron was oxidized, whereas magnetic analyses showed that about 10 wt% of it remained intact. This strongly supports the hypothesis that, in addition to oxidation, a migration of metallic iron from the central heavily shocked zone I toward less shocked peripheral zone took place as well (likely through shock veins where metallic droplets were observed). Magnetic analyses also showed a shock-induced transformation of tetrataenite to taenite within all shocked subsamples, resulting in magnetic softening of these subsamples (decrease in remanent coercivity). These results have important implications for extraterrestrial paleomagnetism suggesting that due to natural impact processes, the buried crustal rocks of heavily cratered solid solar system bodies can have stronger remanent magnetism than the corresponding surface rocks.

Differential Expression of PBF Dof Transcription Factor in Different Tissues of Three Finger Millet Genotypes Differing in Seed Protein Content and Color

Finger millet is one of the most nutritious cereal crops, as it is rich in calcium, minerals, and phosphorus. It also contains high protein, with prolamins being the major seed storage proteins. Genes encoding prolamins are coordinately expressed in developing endosperm wherein they are under spatial and temporal transcription control, involving cis-acting and trans-acting motifs in their promoters and trans-acting transcription factors. The PBF Dof (prolamin-binding factor DNA binding with one finger only) transcription factor can be an important regulator for seed storage protein gene expression. In this study, the spatial distribution of the PBF Dof gene has been investigated in different tissues, including root, stem, and flag leaf during vegetative growth as well as S1, S2, S3, and S4 stages of developing spikes in three finger millet genotypes, including brown (PRM-1), golden (PRM-701), and white (PRM-801) differing in grain protein content and color using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Semi- quantitative and quantitative PCR results revealed that PBF Dof is expressed in all tissues analyzed; however, expression of PBF Dof is relatively higher in developing stages of spikes than in other tissues in all three genotypes. Spatial expression of PBF Dof genes in all tissues analyzed is similar to that reported for wheat PBF genes but in contrast to that of barley and maize PBFs wherein expression is restricted to the endosperm. Moreover, a negative correlation is observed between prolamin content and each of grain yield and grain protein in all three finger millet genotypes. The grain protein content of the white (PRM-801) genotype is highest (9.56%), followed by golden (PRM-701; 9.0%) and brown (PRM-1; 7.5%) genotypes, and it is related to higher expression of PBF Dof in S2, S3, and S4 stages, respectively. This indicates that early induction of seed protein genes in the white genotype provides a longer period for accumulation of seed storage proteins in the endosperm when compared with those in other genotypes.

AUTOMATED SLEEP STAGING TECHNIQUE BASED ON THE EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION ALGORITHM: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

An automatic sleep staging method is proposed to score wakefulness and three nonrapid eye movement (NREM) stages S1, S2 and S3, based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) algorithm. Patients with sleep disorders were tested using this method. Good agreements between manual and automatic staging results were achieved in terms of their Cohen's Kappa value.

Shock melt veins of Tenham chondrite as a possible paleomagnetic recorder: Rock magnetism and high-pressure minerals

Heavily shocked meteorites of shock stages S5 and S6 contain shock-induced melt veins (SMVs). SMVs might have reset the remanence of an asteroidal metamorphism at the time of giant collisions against a chondrite parent body. Here we present micropaleomagnetic and petrologic studies of SMVs in L6S5 Tenham chondrite with ∼500 μm thick black veins enclosing high-pressure minerals such as ringwoodite. Paleomagnetic data show that the high-temperature (HT, 200°C–650°C) and high-coercivity (HC, 20–100 mT) stable components of SMVs formed a cluster even from different portions of SMV, whereas the stable HT component of surrounding host rock showed a scattered orientation under stereonet projection. The host rock HC components form a girdle between the mixing of SMVs and unknown overprints, tracing the magnetic susceptibility foliation. Magnetic force microscopy and backscattered electron images confirmed kamacite and taenite assemblages in iron sulfides as remanence-carrying minerals in SMVs. Hysteresis data of SMVs revealed the presence of single-domain (SD) FeNi metals with Mrs/Ms = ∼0.1 and Hrc/Hc = ∼2, although these parameters are only applicable to magnetite. Because the metastable ringwoodite in SMVs transforms back to olivine at 188°C for 1000 Myr (metamorphism) or at 900°C for 1 h (postshock heating), the preservation of ringwoodite suggests that SMVs have not experienced either thermal condition. The magnetic time-temperature relation for SD FeNi metals suggested that 200°C unblocking temperature corresponds to the storage time of 100 years for kamacite and 4500 Myr for taenite at room temperature. The difference of HT components discards the possibility of postshock heating. Therefore, the SMV's remanence is a characteristic shock-induced thermal remanence that has newly been acquired during hypervelocity collision under a cryptic magnetic field.

Clinical observation of electro-spoon needle for insomnia

To observe the clinical effects of the electro-spoon needle on insomnia. Forty cases of insomnia were treated with the electro-spoon needle, and monitored with polysomnography to compare the difference of sleep pattern before and after treatment. After treatment, the S1 stage of sleep was shorter, whereas, S2, S3, and S4 stages of sleep and rapid eye movement sleep were longer than those before treatment (P<0.05). Meanwhile, there was a significant difference in sleep pattern before and after treatment (P<0.05). Electro-spoon needle can improve the symptoms of insomnia.

In vitro examination of ontogenesis of developing neuronal cells in vagal nuclei in medulla oblongata in newborns.

The development of neuron cells in vagal nerve nuclei in medulla oblongata was studied in vitro in live newborns and stillborns from different cases. Morphological changes were studied in respiratory nuclei of dorsal motor centre (DMNV) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in medulla oblongata. The material from medulla oblongata was fixated in 10 micro buffered formalin solution. Fixated material was cut in series of 10mu thickness, with starting point from obex in +/- 4 mm thickness. Special histochemical and histoenzymatic methods for central nervous system were used: cresyl echt violet coloring, tolyidin blue, Sevier-Munger modification and Grimelius coloring. In immature newborns (abortions and immature) in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) population stages S1, S2, S3 are dominant. In neuron population in vagal sensory nuclei (NTS) stages S1, S2 are dominant. In more advanced stages of development of newborns (premature), in DMNV stages S3 and S4 are seen and in NTS stages S2 and S3 are dominant. In mature phase of newborns (maturity) in vagal nucleus DMNV stages S5 and S6 are dominant, while in sensory nucleus NTS stages S4 and S5 are dominant. These data suggest that neuron population in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) are more advanced in neuronal maturity in comparison with sensory neuron population of vagal sensory nucleus NTS. This occurrence shows that phylogenetic development of motor complex is more advanced than the sensory one, which is expected to take new information's from the extra uterine life after birth (extra uterine vagal phenotype).

Mineralogy, petrology, and shock history of lunar meteorite Sayh al Uhaymir 300: A crystalline impact‐melt breccia

Abstract— Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 300 comprises a microcrystalline igneous matrix (grain size &lt;10 μm), dominated by plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. Pyroxene geothermometry indicates that the matrix crystallized at ˜1100 °C. The matrix encloses mineral and lithic clasts that record the effects of variable levels of shock. Mineral clasts include plagioclase, low‐ and high‐Ca pyroxene, pigeonite, and olivine. Minor amounts of ilmenite, FeNi metal, chromite, and a silica phase are also present. A variety of lithic clast types are observed, including glassy impact melts, impact‐melt breccias, and metamorphosed impact melts. One clast of granulitic breccia was also noted. A lunar origin for SaU 300 is supported by the composition of the plagioclase (average An95), the high Cr content in olivine, the lack of hydrous phases, and the Fe/Mn ratio of mafic minerals. Both matrix and clasts have been locally overprinted by shock veins and melt pockets. SaU 300 has previously been described as an anorthositic regolith breccia with basaltic components and a granulitic matrix, but we here interpret it to be a polymict crystalline impact‐melt breccia with an olivine‐rich anorthositic norite bulk composition. The varying shock states of the mineral and lithic clasts suggest that they were shocked to between 5–28 GPa (shock stages S1–S2) by impact events in target rocks prior to their inclusion in the matrix. Formation of the igneous matrix requires a minimum shock pressure of 60 GPa (shock stage &gt;S4). The association of maskelynite with melt pockets and shock veins indicates a subsequent, local 28–45 GPa (shock stage S2–S3) excursion, which was probably responsible for lofting the sample from the lunar surface. Subsequent fracturing is attributed to atmospheric entry and probable breakup of the parent meteor.

Sleep architecture at 3500�meters in a sample of Indians

Sleep at high altitude has so far been studied mainly in people in the developed world. The present study aimed to evaluate sleep architecture at 3500 m on eight healthy but unacclimatized Indian lowlanders in order to investigate whether the decrease in the blood saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) and end tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) during their sleep at a high altitude was related to changes in sleep architecture as well as the relationship of periods of apnea with episodes of awakening. The sleep architecture on day 2 of the ascent to 3500 m revealed an increase in the number of awakenings and sleep latency and a decline in sleep efficiency, a decrease in stages S3 and S4 of NREM sleep, an increase in stage S2, no change in REM, no periodic breathing and no acute mountain sickness. The number of position changes, heart rate and apnea counts increased while SpO2 and EtCO2 decreased during sleep at 3500 m. There was a significant negative correlation of mean SpO2 and mean EtCO2 with S1 and S2, a negative correlation of EtCO2 with apnea counts and a negative correlation of mean SpO2 and EtCO2 with the participants’ heart rate, and a positive correlation of apnea counts with heart rate but no relationship between the apnea counts and number of awakenings. The participants’ subjective evaluation of sleep quality was that this was poor. The study revealed that both hypoxia and hypocapnia at 3500 m increased “light” sleep, hypocapnia increased apnea counts but respiratory disturbance did not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to elicit awakening on day 2 of ascent to 3500 m in the Indian lowlander participants.