Rutin Equivalents Research Articles

Phytochemical characterization of the ethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga rhizome for anti-oxidant activities by HPTLC and GCMS

BackgroundThe rhizome of Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) was collected from Meghalaya, India, and its ethanolic extract was obtained by freeze-drying or lyophilization process, which was then assessed for its in vitro anti-oxidant activity and phytochemical characterization using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS).ResultsIn vitro anti-oxidant activity analysis shows an inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 1.824 mg/mL and 0.307 mg/mL for, α, α-diphenyl-ρ-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, respectively. Total polyphenol content (TPC) of 23.55 ± 0.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight of extract and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 100 ± 1.414 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g dry weight of extract were found. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis shows the best separation of bands at different retention factor (Rf) values, when employing the solvent system 2-butanol/1-propanol/water in the ratio of 3:1:1 (v/v/v). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis confirms the presence and identification of various phytocompounds, with ethyl p-methoxycinnamate identified as the major active compound.ConclusionFreeze-dried ethanolic extract of K. galanga (rhizome) possesses anti-oxidant activity. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate is present as the major bioactive component (about 94.87% of the total area composition), and since it has very important and diverse medicinal properties, a freeze-drying process (lyophilization) can be utilized for its isolation and extraction.

A Descriptive Chemical Composition of Concentrated Bud Macerates through an Optimized SPE-HPLC-UV-MS2 Method-Application to Alnus glutinosa, Ribes nigrum, Rosa canina, Rosmarinus officinalis and Tilia tomentosa.

Concentrated bud macerates (CBMs) are obtained from meristematic tissues such as buds and young shoots by maceration in a solvent composed of glycerin, water and ethanol (1/1/1/, v/v). Their traditional utilization in gemmotherapy has gained interest in the past years, and the knowledge of their chemical characterization can provide commercial arguments, particularly to secure their quality control. Therefore, an optimized method for phytochemical analysis including glycerol removal by a preliminary solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by compound identification using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-violet and tandem mass detectors (HPLC-UV-MS2) was developed. This method was applied on 5 CBMs obtained from Alnus glutinosa, Ribes nigrum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosa canina and Tilia tomentosa in order to determinate their chemical composition. Their antioxidant effects were also investigated by radical scavenging activity assays (DPPH and ORAC). Glycerol removal improved the resolution of HPLC chemical profiles and allowed us to perform TLC antioxidant screening. Our approach permitted the identification of 57 compounds distributed in eight major classes, three of them being common to all macerates including nucleosides, phenolic acids and glycosylated flavonoids. Quantification of the later class as a rutin equivalent (RE) showed a great disparity between Rosa canina macerate (809 mg RE/L), and the other ones (from 175 to 470 mg RE/L). DPPH and ORAC assays confirmed the great activity of Rosa canina (4857 and 6479 μmol TE/g of dry matter, respectively). Finally, phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of CBMs strengthened their phytomedicinal interest in the gemmotherapy field.

Assessment of antioxidant potential in seed extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and phytochemical profiling by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry system

The present study has been carried out with the seed extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Parijat) and evaluates its antioxidant potential and profiling the phytochemical constituents by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antioxidant potential of the seed extracts was measured by four different in vitro assay like 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation inhibition potential (LPIP) assay. The total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated. The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of seeds showed potential DPPH free radical scavenging activity (EC50 129.49±3.55µg/ml), superoxide anion radical (EC50 969.94±8.03µg/ml) and LPIP (EC50 452.43±5.07 µg/ml) activities. The total phenol content was maximum in aqueous extract (AQE) which was 201.00±0.20 µg/mg gallic acid equivalent. The EAE was rich with total flavonoid and it was found to be 34.50±0.40 µg/mg rutin equivalent. The EAE was subjected for phytochemical-profiling using GC-MS system. The presence of different phytoconstituents supports the medicinal value of the seeds. The results suggest that EAE constitutes a promising new source of novel compounds. Further, it can be used for isolation and purification of specific compounds which have good antioxidant activities and possess useful biological activities.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Date palm (Phoenix Dactylifera)

Background: The Phoenix dactylifera Linn. is a most common plant usually known as date palm, belonging to the family Arecaceae. It is native to North Africa, South- West Asia and is considered as an oldest plant. The date palm is well known for its traditional as well as medicinal value. The active phytoconstituents reported in the fruits are alkaloids, Phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, and also its fruits are rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and proteins. From the existing literature survey Phoenix dactylifera is reported for number of pharmacological activities like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, antifungal and antibacterial activity. Aims & Objectives: The objective of study is to analysis Phytochemical Organic and Inorganic analysis & Quantitative screening (Total flavonoids and Total phenols) of Date palm Materials and Methods: Extract of date palm were scrutinized for phytochemical organic and inorganic analysis as well as quantification of Total Phenols and Total flavonoids with spectrophotometer.. Results: High concentration of phenols and flavonoids were observed in date palm fruit, phenols 25.61mg of GA/g equivalent, flavonoids 3.07mg/g of Rutin equivalent. Conclusions: In phytochemical screening like carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, protein and amino acids, glycosides, were appreciated, In organic analysis sodium, iron, sulphate were appreciated, in quantification High concentration of phenols and flavonoids were observed.

Evaluation of the bioaccessibility of peanut skin polyphenols and their potential use for food enrichment

Polyphenols obtained from agricultural and industrial residues are also considered as remarkable sources of natural antioxidants to replace synthetic ingredients. In this study, the contents of total polyphenols (TP) and total flavonoids (TF), antioxidant capacity (AC) and in-vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols (as gastric and intestinal stages) of the extract from peanut skin using water were investigated. Additionally, the potential use of peanut skin extract in noodle production was researched in order to add functionality to noodle, which is a widely consumed product. The results showed that 71.67 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry matter (DM) of TP, 123.11 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g DM of TF and 66267.46 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/100g DM of AC were found in peanut skin. After the gastric and intestinal stages, the TP content and AC of the skin extract were found to be lower than the initial (before digestion) value. It was determined that polyphenols were more stable in gastric conditions than in the small intestine. The addition of the skin extract (0.4%) to the noodle dough increased the TP and AC of the final product compared to the noodle without the skin extract (control). It was observed that the stability of the polyphenols from the noodle sample was higher in gastric stage than intestinal one. The addition of peanut skin extract to the noodle dough increased the bioaccessibility of the polyphenols. Therefore, this study showed that peanut skin, as an important source of polyphenols, may be useful for food enrichment.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori potential, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity of Xylopia sericea A. St.-Hil. (Annonaceae) leaves

Background: Xylopia sericea A. St.-Hil. (Annonaceae), a Brazilian pepper, popularly known as “pindaíba,” has ethnopharmacological relevance as a useful remedy for gastric disorders; however, few reports are available in the literature to explain its therapeutic effects. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of X. sericea leaf ethanol extract (EE) on Helicobacter pylori (HP) growth, cytokine production, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity in human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS). Study design: Using a cell model system (murine macrophage LPS-stimulated) and in vitro assays, EE bioactivity, with regard to antioxidant capacity, inhibition of cytokine production, and urease inhibition, was assessed. The EE chemical profile was obtained using chromatography and biomarker quantification. Methods: Antioxidant and urease assays were performed using colorimetric methods, H. pylori growth was evaluated using the minimal inhibitory concentration assay, cytokine production was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT method, EE chromatographic profile was obtained using HPLC-DAD-UV analysis, and biomarker quantification was obtained using calibration curves. Results: Our findings demonstrated that EE has an antioxidant capacity similar to that of gallic acid in the hypochlorous acid inhibition assay (EC50 = 61.09 µg/ml) and higher activity (p <0.05) in the superoxide radical assay (EC50 = 25.56 µg/ml) compared to the same antioxidant standard. In RAW 264.7 LPS stimulated cells, EE (100 µg/ml) inhibited the production of NO (76%) and IL-6 (85%) but did not reduce TNF-α and superoxide levels at all tested concentrations (6.25 to 100 µg/ml). EE demonstrated urease enzyme inhibition similar to boric acid, the standard inhibitor, and inhibited H. pylori non-resistant strain growth at 512 µg/mL. EE did not reduce the AGS cell viability at the tested concentrations (6.25 to 100 µg/ml). The EE flavonoid content was 198.50 µg of rutin equivalents in each mg of extract, and the HPLC analyses showed four majoritarian components as quercetin glycosides. Conclusions: This study partially explains the role of X. sericea in defense mechanisms associated with gastric diseases, and provides support for further research on the potential of X. sericea in gastric disease treatments.

Phenolic profile, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of Capparis spinosa L.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the phytochemical compositions and biological activities of ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH) and water extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Capparis spinosa L. As a result of spectrophotometric analyzes, MeOH extract was found to be richer in terms of both phenolics and flavonoids compared to other extracts [81.45 mg GAEs (gallic acid equivalent)/g and 36.57 mg RE (rutin equivalent)s/g, respectively], while chromatographic analyzes showed that the extract in question contains a significant amount of hepseridin (72927.48 µg/g), quercetin (1335.88 µg/g), hyperoside (1227.73 µg/g), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (924.08 µg/g). Phosphomolybdenum, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Power (CUPRAC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) reducing and ferrous ion chelating activity tests resulted in superiority of MeOH extract [371.0, 44.93, 56.46, 91.77, 52.61 mg TEs (trolox equivalent)/g and 14.85 mg EDTAEs/g, respectively]. On the other hand, EtOAc extract exhibited higher activity than other extracts in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity tests [3.29, 2.12 mg GALAEs (galanthamine equivalent)/g, 541.01 and 1584.20 mg ACEs (acarbose equivalent)/g, respectively]. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test resulted in the superiority of MeOH extract [41.90 mg KAEs (kojic acid equivalent)/g]. A strong correlation was determined between the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts and their antioxidant activities.

Comparative study of biological activities of different extracts of root and whole plant materials of Ajuga bracteosa from Bhimber Azad Kashmir Pakistan

Ajuga bracteosa is native to Himalayan region, Afghanistan, China and Malaysia. People of northern areas of Pakistan call it ‘korri booti’ as it has bitter taste. Ajuga bracteosa is ethnically used against malarial fever, diabetes, cancer, and sore throat. The theme of present work was to appraise the biological significance of Ajuga bracteosa through in vitro studies. n-Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts of root and whole plant materials were obtained via maceration. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents was done. The antioxidant potency was judged by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radical scavenging assays. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed by agar disc diffusion method. Phytochemical review confirmed the existence of flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, carbohydrates, and glycosides. Total flavonoid and total phenolic contents were shown as rutin and gallic acid equivalents respectively. Root extracts gave more significant results of DPPH and ABTS potential (100 % and 92 % respectively) as compared to whole plant extracts (90 % and 75 % respectively). A. bracteosa is a plentiful source of polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic compounds are thought as natural antioxidants because of their ability of hydrogen atom donation and presence as stable radical intermediates preventing further creation of free radicals in the body. Root extracts showed greater resistance against pathogens as compared to extracts of whole plant material. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant activity; Medicinal plants; Phytochemical screening http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100135

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Sargassum wightii

Introduction: Antioxidants of natural sources for the treatment of many ailments have taken priority since the last decades. Recently, researches have been focused on marine algae as they are the largest reservoir of bioactive compounds. Hence, the objective of this study was to explore the in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Sargassum wightii. Methods: The total phenolics, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid (AA) contents were evaluated informs of gallic acid equivalent (GAE), rutin equivalent (RUE), and AA equivalent, respectively. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were isolated. The antioxidant activities were explored using2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), hydroxyl radical scavenging, and ferric reducing power assays. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assayed using nitric oxide radical scavenging, inhibition of protein denaturation, and antiproteinase activities. Results: We observed significant changes in DPPH scavenging activity with both methanolicSargassum extract (MSE) and aqueous Sargassum extract (ASE) [IC50: 511.15 µg/mL and 927.05µg/mL, respectively]. Methanolic extract showed a greater SOD scavenging activity [IC50: 369.56µg/mL] and hydroxyl radical scavenging potential [IC50: 668.93 µg/mL] than that of ASE [SOD,IC50: 923.94 µg/mL; hydroxyl ion, IC50: 953.57 µg/mL]. In the Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, MSE and ASE exhibited absorbance of 0.93±0.12 and 0.59±0.08, respectively, at 1200 µg/mL each. Both methanol and ASEs showed NO– scavenging activity having IC50 in order, AA(96.46 µg/mL) &lt;MSE (963.50 µg/mL) &lt;ASE (1974.88 µg/mL). However, the protein denaturation inhibition and antiproteinase activity of both these extracts at 1000 µg/mL were similar. Conclusion: Sargassum wightii has promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and could be a potential candidate for drug development targeting oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory diseases.

In vitroantidiabetic, antioxidant activities and chemical composition ofAjuga parvifloraBenth. shoot

Introduction: Ajuga parviflora Benth. (Lamiaceae) is an herbaceous plant that possesses ethnomedicinal values and is well known for its folkloric management of diabetes. This study was aimed to provide an experimental justification for its traditional antidiabetic use. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of A. parviflora shoot was quantified for its total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) spectroscopy were also used for their chemical nature. Additionally, the extract was evaluated for its inhibitory potential against key enzymes linked with hyperglycemia by in vitro means. Subsequently, for estimation of the antioxidant capacities 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activities were determined.Results: GC-MS analysis revealed numerous biologically active phytoconstituents including brassicasterol, phytol, and palmitic acid. The presence of different active functional groups such as alcohol, nitrile, amine, alkyl halide, alkene, and alkane was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The extract showed a significant (P≤ 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition for α-amylase enzyme (132.38±1.18 μg/mL), α-glucosidase enzyme (22.66±0.11 μg/mL), DPPH radical (103.03±1.59 μg/mL), ABTS radical (140.10±3.40 μg/mL) and H2O2 radical (298.26±4.37 μg/mL). TPC, TFC, and TTC were found 64.06±0.35 mg/g of the gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 45.27±0.58 mg/g of the rutin equivalent (RE), and 127.42±1.82 mg/g of the tannic acid equivalent (TAE), respectively. Conclusion: A. parviflora extract showed significant antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials. Thus, this plant might be served as a novel approach for discovering new and effective drug molecules against hyperglycemia.

Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of Artocarpus Heterophyllus leaf polyphenols with inhibitory action against Alternaria sp. and antioxidant capacity.

The Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts are receiving attention due to their agro-food applications. Then, the simultaneous optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from jackfruit leaf with growth inhibitory action against Alternaria sp. was studied. The effects of power and time on total soluble polyphenols and total flavonoids contents, and antifungal activity were investigated using response surface methodology. Temperature behavior was considered also. Models showed good prediction and successfully validation. Treatment at 840W and 2min allowed the responses maximization (148.75mg galic acid equivalent /g dried weight of total soluble polyphenols, 13.28mg rutin equivalent /g dried weight of total flavonoids, and 39.9% of antifungal activity). Furthermore, high ABTS+ (97%) and DPPH (92%) inhibition was exhibited, as a function of the polyphenol's concentration and composition. Mainly flavonoids with potential antioxidant and antifungal properties were detected. These findings suggest the potentialities of these extracts for Alternaria sp. control during tomato postharvest.

Preparation and aroma analysis of flavonoid-rich ginkgo seeds fermented using rice wine starter

In this work, ginkgo seeds were fermented to improve the quality of ginkgo seeds using solid-state fermentation with rice wine starter, and the parameters of fermentation were investigated based on response surface method. A three-factors, three-levels of Box Behnken Design was successfully applied to optimize the fermentation conditions of ginkgo seeds. Under the optimal fermentation conditions, fermentation temperature 27 °C, inoculum volume 7.6%, and fermentation time 46 h, the total flavonoid content (TFC) of ginkgo seeds reached 0.832 ± 0.062 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g. What's more, soluble protein and starch content decreased, peptide content, quercetin content, and reducing sugar content increased. Aroma components analysis indicated that the aroma composition of ginkgo seeds using rice wine starter could be also increased. The work provided guidance for the use of rice wine starter to ferment food.

HPTLC and FTIR Fingerprinting of Olive Leaves Extracts and ATR-FTIR Characterisation of Major Flavonoids and Polyphenolics.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of spontaneous microbial maceration on the release and extraction of the flavonoids and phenolics from olive leaves. Bioprofiling based on thin-layer chromatography effect-directed detection followed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy proved to be a reliable and convenient method for simultaneous comparison of the extracts. Results show that fermentation significantly enhances the extraction of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The polyphenolic content was increased from 6.7 µg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) to 25.5 µg GAE, antioxidants from 10.3 µg GAE to 25.3 µg GAE, and flavonoid content from 42 µg RE (rutin equivalents) to 238 µg RE per 20 µL of extract. Increased antioxidant activity of fermented ethyl acetate extracts was attributed to the higher concentration of extracted flavonoids and phenolic terpenoids, while increased antioxidant activity in fermented ethanol extract was due to increased extraction of flavonoids as extraction of phenolic compounds was not improved. Lactic acid that is released during fermentation and glycine present in the olive leaves form a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) with significantly increased solubility for flavonoids.

A comparative study on physicochemical properties and in vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds in rosehip (Rosa caninaL.) infusions treated by non‐thermal and thermal treatments

The present study aimed to compare the effects of non-thermal techniques with thermal treatment on physicochemical properties, bioaccessibility, and antioxidant capacity of bioactives in rosehip (Rosa canina) infusions. High pressure processing (HPP) at 200, 400, or 600 MPa for 5 and 15 min; pulsed electric field (PEF) with 5, 10, and 15 kJ/kg specific energy intakes at 1 and 3 kV/cm electric field strength; and thermal treatment (TT) at 85°C/10 min were applied. According to the results, processing method had varying effects on the contents of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and bioaccessibility in rosehip infusions. The highest retention of total phenolics (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were achieved by the TT (2278 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g dry weight (dw) and 3728 rutin equivalents (RE)/100 g dw, respectively) and HPP treatment at a pressure of 600 MPa for 15 min (2268 mg GAE/100 g dw and 3695 mg RE/100 g dw, respectively). These findings are in line with the results of antioxidant capacities of the samples. Besides, TT, HPP treatment at 600 MPa/5 min, and PEF treatment at 5 and 15 kJ/kg energy intakes (PEF1 and PEF3) resulted with a higher recovery of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity after gastrointestinal digestion. It can be concluded that HPP and PEF treatments at specific conditions could be used in the processing of infusions and beverages. However, it should be considered that appropriate processing parameters should be selected and optimized for each sample individually, to assure the best nutritional value and quality characteristics. Novelty impact statement Better retention of bioactive compounds after high pressure processing (HPP) treatment at a pressure of 600 MPa for 15 min. A noticeable improvement in the recovery of bioactive content and antioxidant capacity after HPP and pulsed electric field processing. Potential of non-thermal food processing techniques as alternative to conventional thermal treatments in the production of functional foods with enhanced nutritional value.

The effect of different drying methods on nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different drying methods on the nutritional content and antioxidant activity of purslane. Two different purslane samples have been dried using four different methods (sun, vacuum, hot air, and freeze drying). Dried and fresh samples were analyzed for their dry matter, β-carotene content, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, total flavonoid content, total flavonol content, total phenolic content, %DPPH radical scavenge activity, metal chelating activity, and color. The dry matter content of fresh purslane was 3.86%-5.28%. The β-carotene, chlorophyll a and b amounts varied from 61.31 to 67.08 mg/100 g, 103.11 to 138.11 mg/100 g and 56.14 to 62.06 mg/100 g, respectively on dry weight basis. The total flavonoid, total flavonol, and total phenolic contents were 9.61-28.20 mg RE (rutin equivalent)/g DW (dry weight), 3.48-17.27 mg RE/g, and 14.86-17.95 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g DW, respectively. DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 158.19 to 168.22 μg/mL, and metal chelating activity varied between 5.75% and 22.44%. Fresh purslane color values L*, a*, and b* ranged from 33.41 to 35.25, -6.70 to -7.28, and 13.51 to 14.60, respectively. Dry matter content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, β-carotene, flavonoid, flavonol, and color (L*, a*, and b*) values were significantly affected by drying method. Drying methods caused a significant decrease in β-carotene, total flavonoid, total flavonol, and total phenolic contents of purslane. On the other hand, an increase in dry matter, metal chelating, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b have been observed as a result of drying. Considering the variations in the effects of drying methods on the examined parameters and the disadvantages of some drying methods; in addition to the reasonable results obtained by hot air drying. Hot-air drying process could be suggested as a recommendable drying process for purslane.

Diversity of phenolics including hydroxycinnamic acid amide derivatives, phenolic acids contribute to antioxidant properties of proso millet

Profile of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of proso millets were studied. Twelve phenolic derivatives were identified in the free extract, including N′-caffeoyl-N″-feruloylspermidine, N′, N″-dicaffeoylspermidine and N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin reported for the first time in proso millets. Fifteen phenolic acid derivatives were found in the bound fraction with p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid being the major phenolic acids, as well as four ferulic acid dimers (DFAs) detected for the first time in proso millets. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the soluble and insoluble phenolic fractions varied from 592 to 1510 mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE)/kg dry weight (DW) and 1146–2436 mg FAE/kg DW, respectively. The total flavonoid content (TFC) of the proso millets ranged from 284 to 978 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/kg DW. DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays were applied to determine in vitro antioxidant activities for all the phenolic extracts, and the antioxidant levels were attributed to TPCs. The diverse phenolics contributed to the antioxidant properties of proso millet, which can serve as viable functional food ingredients.

In vitro antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of leaves and stem extracts of Anogeissus pendula Edgew.

Anogeissus pendula Edgew. is commonly used in the conventional Indian medicinal system and is reported to contain phenolic compounds which have antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The goal of our study is to look at the antioxidant function and antibacterial activity of A. pendula leaf and stem extracts. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) were determined using a spectrophotometric technique (TTC). In vitro techniques such as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging tests (H2O2) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used in the study. The disc diffusion technique was used to assess antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was investigated against four bacterial strains. The TTC of leaf and stem methanol extract was considerably higher which ranged from 15.07 ± 0.506 to 38.77 ± 1.253 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /g in leaves and 19.83 ± 0.084 to 28.56 ± 0.437 mg GAE/g in the stem. The content of flavonoid in the leaf and stem methanol extract varied from 12.53 ± 0.603 to 37.28 ± 0.466 mg rutin equivalent (RE) /g in leaves and 10.01 ± 0.177 to 37.28 ± 0.466 mg RE/g in stems. Hydroalcoholic extract of leaf and stem showed the highest tannin content and ranged from 23.73 ± 0.091 to 34.08 ± 0.261 mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE) /g. In order of efficacy (IC50) of the plant extracts, the effective inhibitor was the methanol extract of leaf and stem in the DPPH and H2O2 assay. FRAP value was higher in the hydroalcoholic extract of both leaf and stem. Antimicrobial activity tests revealed that all extracts limit the development of diverse microbial strains such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida and Streptococcus aureus with a mean zone of inhibition ranging from 0 to 15.67 mm. The MIC of A. pendula leaf and stem solvent extracts against bacterial strains ranged from 0.195 to 50 mg/ml. The findings revealed that A. pendula has a variety of phytochemicals with substantial antioxidant and antibacterial properties, confirming its usage in traditional medicine.

Antioxidant Activities of the Aqueous Extracts of Pedalium murex D. Royen EX L. Fruit and Leafy Stem

Aims: The leafy stem and fruit of P.murex have been reported to be used in folk medicine to treat male reproductive system ailments. This study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant potential of the aqueous extracts of P.murex leafy stem and fruit.&#x0D; Methodology: Extracts were prepared by macerating the powder in water. Total phenolics amount were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids were quantified by aluminum chloride method and total tannin content was estimated by hexacyanoferric method. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts were assessed through 2,2´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inhibition assay and lipid peroxidation assay.&#x0D; Results: Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins content were respectively equal to 48.91± 1.67 µg/mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE); 56.01± 0.90 µg/mg Rutin Equivalents (RUE); 16.92± 1.22 µg/mg Tannic Acid Equivalents (TAE) for the leafy stem extract while they were equal to 26.26± 0.54 µg/mg GAE; 47.88± 2.39 µg/mg RUE; 7.94± 0.31 µg/mg TAE for the fruit. The leafy stem extract exhibited a more pronounced DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation activity than the fruit extract.&#x0D; Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leafy stem aqueous extract was significantly more potent than that of the fruit extract. Further studies will find out the extracts pharmacological efficacy and innocuity.

Influence of Seasonal and Yearly Variation on Phenolic Profiles, Caffeine, and Antioxidant Activities of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) from Azores

This study compares the antioxidant properties (RSADPPH–DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP–ferric reducing activity power, and FIC–ferrous ion-chelating activity), the total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), and catechin profiles, as well as the caffeine content of Azorean Camellia sinensis green tea collected in seasons of two different years. The RSADPPH showed some variation between 2019 and 2020, and presented, in general, better results in 2020 as well as during the summer seasons. The FRAP was also noted to be at its highest in July and August of the two investigated years (6.64 and 6.40 µg/mL in 2019 and 5.85 and 5.46 µg/mL in 2020). According to FIC activity, the August 2019 sample exhibited the highest value (76.18%). The TP varied between 291.14 and 326.93 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dried extract (DE) in 2019 and between 300.25 and 320.58 mg GAE/g DE in 2020. Concerning the TF, the values varied between 51.85 and 67.93 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g DE in 2019 and between 50.27 and 69.57 mg RE/g DE in 2020. Epicatechins derivatives, determined by HPLC, presented higher values in all samples from 2020 compared to 2019, and the same was observed for esterified catechins. The epigallocatechin-3-gallate content was also higher in all samples from 2020 (214.52–240.16 mg/g DE) compared to 2019 (140.91–210.83 mg/g DE). Regarding caffeine content (12.86–20.45 mg/g DE in 2019 and 13.19–29.35 mg/g DE in 2020), the samples from April and June exhibited similar values in both years. In general, green tea samples exhibited better results in 2020 than in 2019, with the exception of FIC activity, while the varied TP and TF contents in certain months reflect the impact of climatic variation on tea quality.

LC-ESI-MS profiling of Potentilla norvegica and evaluation of its biological activities

Potentilla L. species have a long history of use in folk medicine for the management of various human ailments. Despite the tremendous number of studies describing the phytochemical and pharmacological profile of a number of Potentilla species, there is a paucity of scientific data regarding the biological activity of Potentilla norvegica. Thus, the present study endeavored to assess the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and secondary metabolite composition of this plant using LC-ESI-MS-TOF analysis and determined the biological potential of P. norvegica extracts and fractions. Assessment of the antioxidant potential was performed in vitro by using five standard assays (FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS, DPPH, and metal chelation assays). Moreover, the inhibition of selected enzymes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase) was examined. During the study, the following extracts and fractions of aerial parts of P. norvegica were analyzed: water (PN1), 50% MeOH (PN2), MeOH (PN3), Et2O (PN4), EtOAc (PN5), and n-BuOH (PN6). The highest TPC and TFC were found in the PN4 fraction (486.21 ± 14.58 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract and 24.22 ± 0.93 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g extract, respectively), which may be attributed to the highest ABTS, CUPRAC and metal chelation activities of this fraction (with values of 3.01 ± 0.01, 5.90 ± 0.73 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g extract and 20.15 ± 0.11 mg EDTA equivalents (EDTAE)/g extract, respectively). Furthermore, the PN5 fraction was found to be the most effective in the phosphomolybdenum, DPPH and FRAP assays (5.06 ± 0.02, 1.55 ± 0.01 and 5.19 ± 0.12 mmol TE/g extract, respectively). PN2 exhibited the highest inhibitory potential against AChE and BChE (2.58 ± 0.01 and 2.31 ± 0.13 mg galantamine equivalents (GALAE)/g extract, respectively), which is probably related to the more complete fingerprint of the analyzed extract. Tyrosinase was inhibited most potently by the PN1 extract (50.33 ± 1.63 mg kojic acid equivalents (KAE)/g extract). However, all the extracts and fractions exerted mild activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase (the highest values were 2.03 ± 0.02 and 0.30 ± 0.03 mmol acarbose equivalents (ACE)/g extract for PN4 and PN3, respectively). Furthermore, LC-ESI-MS analysis revealed the predominant presence of polyphenolics, with the presence of acacetin indicated in the Potentilla genus for the second time. These observations highlighted the potential applications of P. norvegica as a valuable source of antioxidants, with interesting activities for the development of new treatment strategies against several human diseases in the pharmaceutical sector.