Russian Studies Research Articles

Evolution of the Syrian Peace Process and the Position of the “Key” States Regarding the Syria’s Return to the Arab Fold

Introduction: The Syrian conflict remains one of the most acute unresolved conflicts of our time. Its internationalization, the active intervention of foreign states, especially the United States and Turkey in the dynamics of the conflict and their military presence on Syrian territory, remain obstacles to the settlement. However, the spring of 2023 was marked by a number of political events in the Middle East, which allow us to take a fresh look at the prospects for the Syrian peace process. Against the backdrop of increasing Israeli strikes against Syria, a serious strengthening of Iran's position and cross-border se­curity threats spreading from Syria in the face of de­teriorating socio-economic indicators in Syria due to Western sanctions, the leading Arab countries began to reconsider their relations with earlier rejected by them President B. Assad and started negotiations on the "return" of Syria to the Arab family. Materials and methods: Russian and foreign studies on the Syrian peace process, news sources of the world media were used as materials for writing the article. The methodological base was made up of discourse analysis and a comparative analysis of the approaches of the largest regional powers to the issue of resolving the Syrian conflict. Research results: The admission of Syria to the League of Arab States, the opening of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Oman in Syria allow us to conclude that the peace process is now in the hands of the countries of the Middle East region. The peace process also no longer consists of negotiations between the regional countries involved in the conflict and the Syrian government solely over the political structure of Syria, but rather consists of negotiations on the conditions for the legitimization of the Syrian au­thorities. Discussion and conclusion: At the same time, the role of Russia in the peace process is to organize negotiations between Syria and a number of the most authoritative Middle Eastern states: Turkey and Iran, in order to find acceptable conditions for the normalization and withdrawal of their troops from the territory of Syria in exchange for guarantees of their security and maintaining a certain balance of their interests in Syria and the Middle East region as a whole. The existing joint foreign policy interests in other regions of Russia with Turkey and Iran built interdependence relations and gave Moscow certain levers of influence on them in the Syrian negotiation process, which makes it an influential participant in the settlement of the conflict.

Social identities and consolidation practices of the modern youth: the experience of Russian and foreign studies

The article is based on the synthesis of research advances of Russian and foreign authors covering the issues of young people’s self-identification and the practices of their association. This interest is caused by the project implemented in the Samara region «Youth Identity and consolidation practice: regional aspect». The article uses the research results of foreign scientists, which discuss the issues of digital, ethnic-racial, religious identities, as well as the identities of poor youth in the context of establishing the consumer culture values. The results of the All-Russian project «Z Generation Eventivity» (2018) on the childhood eventivity, directed by S.N. Mayorova-Shcheglova, are significant. The research results on the issue under study, obtained in the Samara region, are important. These studies are on the social and medical volunteering, the importance of the activities of folk performance teams for preserving and developing the Russian culture. It was found that the identity problems in foreign studies are mainly placed in the context of consolidation practices of various minorities, socially vulnerable, discriminated youth groups. Russian studies have another approach: the self-identification issues are considered as related to various activities of the young people, their participation in various prosocial groups. We consider the second approach to be more productive in the Russian conditions.

Rhythmic and syntactic structure of means to create material world image in V. Nabokov’s novel «Машенька» and its English translation «Mary»

The present article attempts to analyze the rhythmic and syntactic structure of the original fragments involved in creating the image of the pension in V. Nabokov’s novel «Машенька» and its English version «Mary». The relevance of the research stems from the fact that despite the abundance of works devoted to the study of artistic image and individual writers’ style, they do not cover all possible aspects of analysis. In particular, there exist practically no contrastive studies revealing specific means to create material world image on the rhythmic and syntactic level based on the works written by bilingual authors. In addition, Russian and foreign philology lack studies devoted to considering the peculiarities of rhythmic and syntactic analysis of V. Nabokov’s literary works. The aim of the present article is to analyze the rhythmic as well as syntactic structure of the original fragments, creating the image of the pension as part of the material world in V. Nabokov’s novel «Машенька» and its English version «Mary». The objectives of the study include identifying the characteristics of the rhythmic as well as syntactic structure of the fragments in question to define the extent to which the translator manages to convey the features of the original structure. The following research methods are used: the method of slicing and splicing, structural-functional method, descriptive method and comparative method. In conclusion it should be emphasized that rhythmic and syntactic structure of the analyzed fragments is characterized by both extended and non-extended sentences, compound sentences with conjunctive, subordinate and non-conjunctive links, parenthetical insertions, homogeneous sentence members and adverbial participial phrases. The rhythm of the fragments in question varies from monotonous to gradual and alternating. To conclude, the results suggest that rhythmic and syntactic features of the original are not always taken into account by the translator, which is explained by the differences in the syntactic structure of the Russian and English languages.

Analysis of Russian and foreign research on rabbits feeding (review)

Rabbit farming being a well-developed and highly profi table area of livestock farming is one of the indicators of the state of economic development of the country. In Russia despite the fact that 78,5 % of rabbit meat is produced on household farms industrial rabbit breeding is gaining momentum. The basis of any area of animal husbandry is the organization of feeding, since feeding costs account for 60–70 % of the cost of production, and more than 90 % of animal diseases are associated with errors in their feeding. At the end of 2020 rabbit meat production in Russia amounted to 19,6 thousand tons. Total for the period 2016–2020 rabbit meat production increased by 8 %. Scientists from different countries pay special attention to studying the nutritional and energy needs of replacement young animals, pregnant and lactating doe rabbits, since the reproduction process and the volume of production depend on them. The results of scientifi c research on feeding doe rabbits during the reproductive period with complete granulated feed with diff erent ratios of nutrients and energy have been analyzed in the review. The authors note that the content of digestible energy and protein in the diets used to feed pregnant doe rabbits in Russian and foreign studies are the same, while the fiber content differs significantly. Since researchers around the world are concerned about the same problems of optimizing the feeding of doe rabbits, a joint discussion of research results especially by scientists belonging to different scientific schools opens up new horizons for achieving purposes and practical use of the new knowledge obtained.

Russian literature in teaching Russian as a foreign language

The promotion of the Russian language in the world is one of the main goals of the modern Russian education strategy. An important part of this problem is teaching Russian to foreigners in Russian universities. The current problem of modern Russian studies is the search for the most effective forms, methods and means of Russian language learning. Teaching Russian to foreigners should be built on an interdisciplinary basis. The most important component of teaching Russian to foreign students is literature. Turning to it, foreigners get acquainted with the history, culture and traditions of Russia from different eras. Russian literature is very popular in different countries. The works of Russian writers are studied in schools and universities in China.The article presents the authorial method of teaching the Russian language to Chinese bachelors and masters based on a graphical and symbolic analysis of Russian literature. Our methodology uses the practice-oriented traditions of semiotics, mnemonics and ergonomics. When studying Ivan Turgenev’s story “Bezhin Meadow”, we focus on the features of its analysis in the Chinese audience. This lesson is preceded by a historical-literary and cultural commentary of the teacher who uses various multimedia tools. An integral part of our methodology is the creation of an adapted educational text with marked stresses, vocabulary work and various types of retelling, grammar tasks and a graphic drawing of the analyzed text. With this approach to the educational process, foreign students develop visual memory, better understand Russian grammar and improve oral coherent speech, which contributes to a deeper and more meaningful interest in the Russian language. The use of modern technologies, while working on a literary text, helps foreign students to better understand the national flavor of Russian literature. The study has led to the need to implement new approaches to teaching the Russian language to Chinese students at the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov.

Comparative Studies of Russian and European Welfare Polities

The authors provide a scholarly conspectus of comparative studies involving Russian, EU8 and EU15 Welfare Polities. They elaborate the notion of the ‘welfare polity’ and its potential for enhancing comparative studies of welfare institutions, policies and practices. This is accompanied by an overview of trends in comparative studies involving Russian, EU8 and EU15 countries, along with a consideration of how comparative research involving these states can be strengthened. Gaps in the literature and evidence base, including systematic cross-national and temporal data on the design and implementation of social policies and social protection, are highlighted. A shared concern was found with the growth of division and exclusion exacerbated by global economic factors and by state-level policy shifts, a trend especially notable in Russian studies. Fruitful pointers for future research and international collaboration are indicated and the need for further comparative efforts emphasised at a challenging time for geopolitical relations.

Финансово-экономические перспективы социализации детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра

Nowadays there is a growing gap between the relatively deep development of the medical and social, pedagogical, psychological aspects of the socialization of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and slurring when understanding the socio-economic side of the problem. Because of this, a significant part of children with such a diagnosis do not receive the necessary assistance in socialization and entering adulthood are unable to work. The number of children with autism spectrum disorder is steadily growing all over the world including Russia. Overcoming this gap will open up the opportunity not to lose a significant number of labor resources that fall out due to insufficient rationality and expediency of financial, economic and organizational support for the processes of social adaptation of children diagnosed with ASD. Based on the study of modern Russian and foreign studies conditions and circumstances have been identified that directly or indirectly set the direction and priorities in the formation of the socio-economic basis for the socialization of a child with autistic disorder. The ways and means of formation and rational use of the socio-economic base providing the solution of these problems are substantiated. The article dwells on the peculiarities of the financial and economic situation of households where family members are forced to bear additional costs for the development of their “special” child, devote more time and effort to him/her than ordinary children, that has a negative impact on the work of adult family members. The integration of the problems described is presented, the reasons are summarized and systematized, options for overcoming the problem are proposed and justified.

Patriotism of Generations in Modern russian society

The article deals with various aspects of Russian studies of patriotism within the framework of the theory of generations. The subject of the analysis was the patriotic values and attitudes of Russian citizens in the context and conditions of the reorganization and restructuring of the world order. Based on the sociological research data, the author comes to the conclusion about the high level of political consolidation of the Russian society and significant differences between generations in the content of patriotism. The prospects for further research of patriotism in Russian society are connected with the application of a complex methodology that reveals not only values and attitudes, but also frames, motivation, and models of behaviour in extraordinary conditions.

The place of the digital «ecumene» in the system of teaching the Russian language to foreigners at neFU

The article analyzes new trends in the development of modern Russian studies related to the search by methodologists for effective forms and means of teaching the Russian language to foreigners. The ways and techniques of developing modern scientific thinking for the practical study of the Russian language by foreigners are explored; attention is drawn to the creation of a new vector of methods for teaching the Russian language to foreigners, associated with the democratization of language norms; talks about the role of digital technologies in philological education and new directions of disciplinary science – digital humanities and its sections such as “corpus technologies in philology”, “big data in philology”, “corpus linguistics”, “national corpus of the Russian language”; the role of literature in the system of teaching the Russian language to foreigners using end-to-end digital technologies is pointed out, the ideas of creating a new teaching model related to the education of a citizen of the world, a bearer of ethnic consciousness and mentality are considered, the idea of the pedagogical value of cybertext as a new type of educational text is put forward. The article reveals the concept of “digital ecumene” in relation to the methodology of teaching RFL at NEFU, indicates its role and place in the system of teaching Russian to foreigners; the author’s method of teaching Russian to foreigners is shown using practice-oriented traditions of semiotics, mnemonics, ergonomics, in the system of graphic-semiotic analysis of a work of art. The use of this methodology will help make the educational process more intensive, will contribute to the activation of cognitive and mental activity, the formation of an understanding of professional competencies, and the expansion and deepening of students’ information culture.

ПАСХАЛЬНОСТЬ КАК СМЫСЛООБРАЗУЮЩАЯ КАТЕГОРИЯ В ПОВЕСТИ А. П. ЧЕХОВА «В ОВРАГЕ»

We consider the category of “paschality”, introduced into Russian literature studies by Ivan Esaulov, in Anton Chekhov’s tale “In the Ravine”. In Russia, Easter is celebrated more solemnly than Christmas. According to I. Esaulov, this makes people give greater importance to life in Heaven and makes them ready to suffer and die in order to receive it. We recognize that the category of “paschality” can be fruitful for literature studies and, in particular, for the interpretation of Chekhov’s tale. Yet, we propose to amend it. We disagree with I. Esaulov’s opinion that giving a key importance to Easter distinguishes Russian Orthodoxy from the Christian West. But, first and foremost, we think that the paschal spirituality of the New Testament should not be juxtaposed neither to the Pascha (Passover, Exodus) of the Hebrew Bible, nor to the crucial role the New Testament gives to the Christmas mystery of the Incarnation. Instead, the paschal mystery should rather be seen as the continuation and fulfillment of both. This kind of “paschality” complements the social criticism of the tale “In the Ravine” and gives it a deeper sense. The horror described in “In the Ravine”, which reaches its culmination in the little child’s murder, is both exacerbated and softened by allusions to Christ’s birth and to Our Lady. Besides, due to references to the salvation of little Moses and the newborn Jesus, even ex negativo the tale alludes to Lipa’s and her fellow workers’ future salvation and liberation.

ON THE ONTOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AUDIOVISUAL TEXTS

The article focuses on epistemological issues of studying audiovisual texts. Audiovisual text is considered as a type of semiotically heterogeneous messages intended for visual and auditory perception. Moreover, audiovisual texts containing a verbal component, which can be presented both in aural (auditory) and graphic (visual) forms, can serve as a subject of linguistic inquiry. The study reveals a high degree of variability in the terminological nomination of the investigated object, which is common in Russian studies of texts of a semiotically syncretic nature. Starting from the analysis of the origin and denotative load of terms proposed at different periods in Russian and international literature to describe semiotically heterogeneous artifacts, as well as observations of the structure and functioning of audiovisual content of various types, formats and genres, some characteristics that can be considered as ontological properties of audiovisual texts were identified. Such properties might include polymodality, multichannel and polycode nature and, in some cases, multimedia as well. An informational and semiotic matrix of the archetypal audiovisual text is suggested, based on the concepts of sensory (perceptual) modalities, information conveying channels and the code nature of components interplaying in the meaning-making within audiovisual works.

State Language: Debatable Research Questions

The purpose of the article is to analyze the study of topical problems of the study of the state language. Particular attention is paid to various approaches to understanding the phenomenon of the state language (functional style, a variety of the modern national literary language, the legal status of the national language). The correlation of the concepts “state language” / “national language” / “state language of the republic” / “official language”, etc. is shown. The transformation of the legal statuses of the Russian language and other languages of the peoples of Russia (in connection with the transformations of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century) is noted. A generalized description of aspects of the study of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, as well as the state languages of the republics, is given. Attention is focused on the novelties of the legislation. The prospects for interdisciplinary research of the state language are outlined. The methodology of Russian studies, sociolinguistics, legal linguistics is applied.

Наш «неправильный» правящий класс: чего от него ждать?

The article presents an analysis of the double problem that arises in the study of the contemporary Russian ruling class: one aspect of this problem is related to an adequate theoretical description of this class, and the other aspect concerns its self-positioning. The author considers the main paradigms of theoretical understanding of the nature of this class — as bourgeoisie, as bureaucracy, and as nomenklatura. The article demonstrates that, regardless of the adequacy of the description of Russia’s ruling class within the paradigms of bourgeoisie and bureaucracy, in the current situation the class prefers to position itself as the heir to the Soviet nomenklatura. Such a positioning endows the Russian ruling class with a much greater historical subjectivity than it could claim if it positioned itself as bourgeoisie or bureaucracy. The catch, however, is that in reality the Soviet nomenklatura possessed a very limited historical subjectivity and needed an external “editor” (regulator). The modern Russian ruling class has inherited this trait, which caused a number of difficulties that it experienced in the ideological and axiological spheres. Therefore, one should not expect global world-building projects from this class. The maximum that it can offer to other citizens is to increase their share of rent in the form of social payments, a Far Eastern hectare, and salaries to members of the special military operation. Taking populist steps, manifested in the refusal to show off their success, could become another component of the strategy of rapprochement with ordinary citizens. An “ideology” that is being formed around such a strategy will become a design of a new social contract. Today one can only guess what such contract will be about.

A familiar stranger (about the conjunction libo (English or) in modern Russian)

The article provides a multidimensional characterisation of the conjunction libo (English or). The research is relevant due to the lack of a systematic and complete description of this conjunction in Russian studies. Nevertheless, it is an important means of expressing disjunctive relations. Libo was usually studied together with other disjunctive conjunctions, as well as in comparison with the conjunction ili (English or) although it is the second most frequent disjunctive conjunction. The research is based on the monographic method of studying function words used by the Far Eastern Syntactic School. Each such word is under scrutiny and can be considered as an organising unit of the surrounding syntactic context. The article analyses the constructional properties of the conjunction libo related to the morphological-syntactic characteristics of the word forms it connects. Moreover, the study focuses on the actual syntactic properties dependent on the peculiarities of the syntactic environment around this conjunction (such as generic words, particles, word order, intonation, etc). The research demonstrates that this conjunction is oriented to showing real options, therefore, in general, it cannot express alternative-suppositional and explanatory relations. The article characterises the pragma-stylistic properties of libo. It has been established that, like the conjunction ili, libo is stylistically neutral. Its differenfrom ili is primarily semantic although pragmatic factors are also relevant. The etymology of libo is explained. It is associated with the adjectival word form lyubo with which the conjunction retains a prototypical connection. As a result, the alternatives libo coordinates emphasise not only the different, but also the opposite. Based on the findings of the study, the key conclusion is that there is an ontologically opposed pair of conjunctions libo and ili in modern Russian. They reflect the speaker’s urge to present alternatives as compatible or incompatible.

Comparative analysis of models predicting the risks of early poor outcome of deceased-donor liver transplantation: a retrospective single-center study

Rationale. The risk of early graft loss determines the specifics and plan of anesthesiological assistance, intensive therapy, and overall the feasibility of liver transplantation. Various prognostic models and criteria have become widespread abroad; however, Russian transplant centers have not yet validated them.Objective. To evaluate the applicability and accuracy of the most common models predicting the risks of early adverse outcomes in liver transplantation from deceased donors.Material and methods. A retrospective single-center study included data on 131 liver transplantations from deceased donors performed between May 2012 and January 2023. For each observation, DRI, SOFT, D-MELD, BAR, MEAF, L-GrAFT, and EASE indices were calculated, and compliance with an early allograft dysfunction criteria was verified. Depending on the possibility of calculating the indicators and their values relative to known cutoff points, the study groups were formed, and 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month graft survival rates were calculated. The forecast was compared with the actual outcomes, and sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, and C-index were calculated.Results. When assessing the risk of 1- and 3-month graft loss, models using only preoperative parameters demonstrated relatively low prognostic significance: DRI (F1-score: 0.16; C-index: 0.54), SOFT (F1-score: 0.42; C-index: 0.64), D-MELD (F1-score: 0.30; C-index: 0.58), and BAR (F1-score: 0.23; C-index: 0.57). Postoperative indices of MEAF (F1- score: 0.44; C-index: 0.74) and L-GrAFT (F1-score: 0.32; C-index: 0.65) were applicable in 96%, those of ABC (F1-score: 0.29; C-index: 0.71) in 91%, and EASE (F1-score: 0.26; C-index: 0.80) in 89% of cases. The relative risk of 30-days graft loss in case of EAD was 5.2 (95% CI: 3.4-8.1; p<0.0001), F1-score: 0.64, and C-index: 0.84. Using locally established cutoff values for SOFT (11 points) and L-GrAFT (-0.87) scores increased their prognostic significance: F1-score: 0.46 and 0.63, C-index: 0.69 and 0.87, respectively.Conclusion. The analyzed models can be used to assess the risks of early liver graft loss; however, their prognostic significance is not high. Developing a new model in a multicenter Russian study, as well as searching for new objective methods to assess the state of the donor liver are promising directions for future work.

Criminal risks of medical robots turnover

Objective: to identify criminal risks inherent in a medical robot, taking into account its hardware-technological (technological and digital) features, and to construct, based on this analysis, the author’s classification of criminal risks and models of criminal-legal protection of public relations arising in the medical robots’ turnover.Methods: the article uses general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, classification) and specific scientific methods of cognition, and the logical-legal method.Results: The security vulnerability of medical robots causes serious concern in manufacturers, programmers and those interacting with the robots in the healthcare industry. In medical institutions, robots interact closely with children, the elderly and the disabled, and it may not be clear to the patient whether the robot is working properly or being attacked. Any harm caused by a surgical robot as a result of unauthorized access (or other illegal actions) can undermine the public’s faith in medicine and in the healthcare system as a whole. Threats to the safety of medical robots can have further negative consequences for themselves, as such facts of unlawful influence can lead to robots breaking down or harming other nearby equipment that is the property of the healthcare institution, and worse – the life and health of patients or medical workers. In this regard, the paper identifies criminal risks and threats inherent in medical robots, and formulates measures to improve criminal legislation aimed at countering crimes arising against the legal turnover of medical robots (Article 2352 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).Scientific novelty: at the moment there are few Russian studies devoted to the legal regulation and protection of medical robots. Basically, such researches are done by medical scientists. However, in the Russian Federation, there are practically no special theoretical-legal studies, including those devoted to the study of criminal law issues of the protection of these legal relations, which confirms the relevance and significance of our research.Practical significance: the provisions and conclusions of the article can be used to further improve criminal legislation, and also lay the foundation for further research in criminal law science.

Арлекинадный гротеск в романе Д. Г. Лоуренса «Мистер Нун»

The aim of the research is to identify the features of harlequinade grotesque in D. H. Lawrence’s novel “Mr. Noon”. The paper briefly outlines the main approaches to the study of this work, analyses the system of images, reveals the content of the “harlequinade grotesque” notion and the grounds for which Lawrence employs it. Allusions to famous English pantomimes of the XVII and XIX centuries are revealed. As a result, a hypothesis that the writer deliberately turned to the composition and imagery of the English pantomime in order to romanticise and dramatise the narrative while enhancing its comic aspect is put forward. In addition, it is found that harlequinade grotesque, the element of which in “Mr. Noon” is the English pantomime, is designed to build a dialogue with the literary and theatrical traditions of the past and act as a tool of authorial irony and self-irony. The scientific originality of the research lies both in the unexplored nature of the novel “Mr. Noon” in Russian literary studies (due to the fact that the novel has not been translated into Russian, none of Russian researchers have yet written about this work) and in the absence of studies devoted to harlequinade grotesque in Lawrence’s writings. This paper is the first to determine the influence of English pantomime on Lawrence and its role in the formation of the author’s grotesque, which is paramount to understanding the author’s intention.

Russia's spatial anxiety and the construction of geographical knowledge

AbstractThis commentary addresses the dimensions of Russia's ‘spatial anxiety’—its inability to come to terms with the territorial delimitations of neighbouring states and, consequently, the preoccupation of mainstream political geography with the study of Russia‐centric territorial representations. Although geographical inquiry contributed substantially to understanding Russian territorial politics, most studies are often reduced to an analysis of the official Russian geographical canon. The purpose of this commentary is to unpack these disciplinary approaches by drawing attention to the local, indigenous and peasant geographies that the statist perspectives have unearthed and utilised, while at the same time accentuating the two assumptions that this project might imply—on the re‐territorialisation of the federation and the decolonisation of Russian area studies.

From Revolutionary Petrograd to Post-revolutionary Emigration

Abstract The article explores the impact of the revolutionary events of 1917 on the personal life and professional work of Georgii (George) Vernadskii, who later became a professor at Yale University and one of the founders of Russian Studies in the USA. The trajectories of Vernadskii’s professional and political activity in 1917–1921 seemed to be on a collision course. Revolutionary events caught him at the beginning of a successful academic career, which was jeopardized by his involvement in politics, an involvement that continued to plague him despite his eventual attempts to “quit politics.” Yet, an analysis of his writings in these years and his later notes about that period indicate that, in Vernadskii’s case, history and politics were deeply interwoven.

Творчество А. Б. Ярославского в период революционных преобразований 1917 г.: от стихотворного фельетона к истокам поэзии биокосмизма

The research aims to identify the features and nature of the evolution of A. B. Yaroslavsky’s poetic works in the conditions of the revolutionary transformations of 1917. The scientific novelty of the research lies in determining the ideological, figurative, stylistic and phonic levels of the structure of A. B. Yaroslavsky’s poems, which has not been done before in Russian literary studies. As a result, it has been proved that in the creative work of A. B. Yaroslavsky, the predominant genre is represented by the poetic feuilleton, where the author raises the issues of life in Vladivostok in 1917 that concern him and the problems of the revolutionary process development. At the same time, by employing the ode genre, it is possible to comprehend the persona’s place in the world from a philosophical standpoint, as well as the mechanisms and ethics of social progress in the poet’s notions. It can be concluded that this very period of A. B. Yaroslavsky’s oeuvre saw the formation of prerequisites for the poetry of biocosmism, in the creation of which the poet would take an active part in the early 1920s.