Russian Studies Research Articles

How Did the Meaning of an Institution Get Distorted?

We advocate a return of the term "instituciya" (institution) into active parlance of Russian social studies. Contemporary economists stick exclusively to the term "institut". The term "instituciya" is totally absent from university economics textbooks. We show that the meaning of "instituciya" is different from "institut". The founders of institutional economic tradition in the United States did say "institution", for which the proper Russian equivalent is "instituciya" rather than "institut". John Commons pointed out that all economic theories draw a distinction between activity (e.g., "production") and the objects created by that activity (e.g., "product"). Thus, institution is designated as collective action in control of individual action, whereas institutes are the products of that control. In Russia, the term "institute" locked in as the only name for both substances. Rare attempts to distinguish between them were rejected by the research community, mostly by disregard. We look at the common points against the reintroduction of the term "instituciya". They illustrate a path dependence, the inertia of mental models, and, importantly, a bias meant to protect personal and collective interests. We argue that the absence of one of the two key terms may hamper our understanding of the writings of John Commons, Gustav Schmoller and other great scholars; it creates a confusion. There is no need to replace mechanically one term by another because they complement each other and make a tandem. The recovery of the concept and term "instituciya" in Russian-language research papers would help focusing on culture-specific socio-economic practices of a particular community. It would facilitate the use of qualitative research methods and also cut down scholastic discussions unrelated to empirical material.

15th Congress of the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature in Saint Petersburg: <i>Russian Language and Literature in the Changing World</i>

This September saw hundreds of delegates come to Saint Petersburg to participate in the Congress on Russian Language and Literature in the Changing World organized by the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (IATRLL). The Congress gathered participants from 63 countries, from Armenia, Serbia, and Hungary to Kenya, China, Mexico, and Peru. This vast geography is no wonder: the Congress has been held for decades, with experts in the fields of linguistics and literature, interpreters, translators, and teachers gathering every five years to discuss Russian literature studies and key issues of the Russian language functioning and teaching. The first Congress was held in Moscow and over the years it was hosted by Warsaw, Bratislava, Shanghai, Astana, etc. On September 13, 2023 (declared the Year of the Russian language as the language of Interethnic communication by the Council of the CIS Heads of State), its 15th jubilee conference opening took place in the Hermitage. V. V. Putin, A. D. Beglov, S. V. Lavrov, V. A. Sadovnichiy, Ye. A. Primakov, V. A. Nikonov, and other officials greeted the participants. Russian cosmonauts send their greetings from the International Space Station, in their video they acknowledged the Russian language to be the language of friendship and cooperation of international space programs. In his speech, IATRILL President V. I. Tolstoy stressed the importance or promoting the Russian language. The plenary session included reports by N. M. Kropachev (The Russian Language as the Official Language of Russia), T. V. Chernigovskaya (Language and Brain in the 21st Century), Ye. G. Vodolazkin (Petersburg. Reality of the Myth). The next day there were thirteen thematic sessions and panel discussions held. N. D. Afanasyeva, M. V. Belyakov, and N. Yu. Yarygina from MGIMO University presented their reports on teaching the Russian language to foreigners. Participants of the Congress enjoyed an immersive social program that included visits to the best Russian museums. They also had a unique opportunity to see an exhibition dedicated to the distinguished Russian linguist V. G. Kostomarov with his unique pictures, documents, and personal items brought from Moscow museums. The President of the Indian Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature Charanjit Singh and the Head of the Russian Language Department of the Dakar University in Senegal Manetu Ndiaye addressed the Congress at the closing Ceremony in the Tauride Palace. The next Congress is to take place in 2027 in China.

Mediatization of Orthodoxy as a Research Field

The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of the mediatization of Orthodoxy. The mediatization of Orthodoxy is a new and relevant process that requires a revision of methodology and research tools in the humanities, namely in religious studies. Despite the ongoing revision of methodology and change of research focus, the mediatization of Orthodoxy remains a little-studied phenomenon with new trends emerging and the volume of research material is constantly increasing. Whilst more works on the topic are being published, as yet, they have not been systematized and clustered. This study is devoted to filling that gap. The aim of the article is to systematize Russian and foreign studies of the niche of mediatized Orthodoxy, which has formed over the past three decades. The study solves several problems: 1) to identify relevant works and define the current academic thought on theoretical conceptualization of the mediatization of religion; 2) to propose the author’s classification of thematic areas of research on the mediatization of Russian Orthodoxy, substantiate the potential and limitations of such classification; 3) to identify main directions of the interpretation of the process of the mediatization based on the description of the dynamics of the process; 4) specify commonalities and differences in the description of the stages and substantial components of the mediatization of Orthodoxy from the perspective of the existing approaches; 5) to investigate the research field of the mediatization of Orthodoxy using examples of mediatized Orthodox practices. The material used for the study was theoretical and empirical research, by both domestic and foreign authors, devoted to the mediatization of Orthodoxy and were created over the past fifteen years, starting with the appearance of the first work on the topic of digital Orthodoxy in 2009. The research methods included secondary analysis which resulted in the author’s classification of approaches to the interpretation of the mediatization of Orthodoxy; thematic and conceptual analysis, which enabled an attempt to give original theoretical and conceptual understanding of the process of mediatization of Orthodoxy, and to substantiate the identified stages of this process and its components. The author concludes that an independent Orthodox media niche formed fifteen years ago which now sees a quantitative and qualitative increase in the number of publications devoted to the mediatization of Orthodoxy. Research of the phenomenon comprises macro and micro levels: theoretical conceptualization of the process and local mediatization of communicative practices of dioceses, catechists and preachers, respectively. Including research into the study of mediatization of Orthodoxy and the new media, and the study of the mediatization of Orthodox conservatism. The dramatic development of the theory of mediatization of religion demonstrates the inconsistency of the dominant concept of secularization and requires further research.

(анти)колоніальні стратегії художнього мислення Євгена гребінки В поемІ «богдан»

(анти)колоніальні стратегії художнього мислення Євгена гребінки В поемІ «богдан»

Phenotype of a modern patient with valvular heart diseases: literature review

In modern conditions, valvular heart diseases (VHD) are one of the most common pathologies among cardiovascular diseases with a dynamic change in the phenotype of patients. An increase in the prevalence of VHD is currently observed due to the active implementation of diagnostic methods in cardiology. Geographical differences in the genesis of the development of valvular heart defects are noted, and the portrait of patients also changes as a result of aging and the addition of comorbid pathology. The purpose of the literature review was to present current trends in changing phenotype of patients with VHD, to study current data on the epidemiology of valve pathology, the contribution of various cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidity of patients on the course of the disease. Current data on the number of surgical interventions performed for VHD based on Russian, European, American, Australian and other studies, data on patient survival and mortality, as well as differences in these indicators in age groups of different countries are presented. The review will be useful for doctors to understand the modern portrait of a patient with VHD, trends in cardiovascular risk factors that influence the course of the disease and prognosis in patients with VHD.

Занятость в неформальном секторе экономики в северных регионах России

This article explores employment in the informal sector across Russian northern regions and studies factors that affect the employment rate in this sector. The research aims to examine various facets of this subject, encompassing the role of informal employment in job creation. Drawing on data from international organizations, domestic research, and statistics, the study reveals the significant role played by the informal sector in the country's economy. Utilizing a production approach, the article analyzes the structure of informal employment in the northern regions of Russia and identifies three groups of factors influencing employment rates. For these three groups, indicators were chosen that formed the basis for the analysis of employment trends in the informal sector. Using official statistics for 2005-2022 while considering the comparability of data collection and processing methods, the study assesses the level of informal employment in northern regions and studies how it is influenced by the economic factors under question. Despite a high Gross Regional Product (GRP) per capita, the study reveals that existing institutions do not contribute to the population settling in the North. The article highlights variations in informal employment rates. It underscores the importance of stimulating sector formalization, improving the quality of life in the North, and supporting economic growth. The study's results can inform regional policies addressing employment and social services.

To the Question of Correlation between the Categories of Evidentiality and Epistemological Modality

The article deals with the problem of interconnection and interaction of such linguistic phenomena as the categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality. In the article descriptive and comparative methods of the analysis are used. The categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality are intensively studied by
 Russian and foreign scientists. One of the first definitions of evidentiality belongs to a famous scientist R. Jakobson. Many Russian and foreign scientists study peculiarities of functioning of these categories in different languages, the forms of their presentation. There are many strategies of investigating the problem of correlation of the categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality and we came to the conclusion that these categories are so closely connected with each other that
 they shouldn’t be studied as separate linguistic phenomena.

Methodological problems of determining the customs value based on the real economic meaning of transnational companies’ operations

Modern tax systems are characterized with the need for an economically justified and legally correct determination of the tax consequences of operations carried out in the context of the use of complex ambiguous models of contractual relations (business models). Taxation when using such models, as a rule, is accompanied by the need to conduct an analysis aimed at clarifying the essential economically justified reason of either the business model as a whole, or individual elements of the operations carried out, for example, the essence of certain payments made by the taxpayer or in his favor. The results of the preliminary analysis showed that one of the most relevant areas of research in this area is a set of issues related to the methodology for determining the customs value of goods as a basis for calculating customs duties. In some countries, it is one of the components of the tax base for value added tax and excise taxes paid as part of customs payments. At the same time, the study of both Russian and international experience shows the special significance of the scientific development of two directions in this area, namely: formation of methodological approaches to the concept of an actual buyer of goods, the customs value of which is determined; qualification based on the actual economically justified reason of individual payments, including those that are not formally included in the customs value of goods based on the principles formulated by the World Trade Organization. As part of the scientific development of the above questions, the results of which are presented in the article, the following research methods were used: analytical, graphic, generalization and economic modeling.

Dictionary of IT terms as a tool for Russian language studies and linguodidactics in the context of digitalization in education

The authors present a comprehensive description of the main features of a new vocabulary project aimed at expanding and systematizing the methodological competencies of a modern teacher of philology. The relevance of the work is determined both by the object of research itself, which is a corpus of terminological units relevant in the digital pedagogical space, and by the need to fix numerous changes in linguistic/linguopedagogical/philological education determined by the transition to convergent learning. The aim of the research is to characterize the specifics of the dictionary entry structure in this lexicographic resource, to describe the principles and methods of selecting terminological units, to identify ways of their defining and translation. The research material includes Russian terminological systems and their English versions, correlated with pedagogical and lexical phenomena of the Russian language. The following scientific methods and approaches were used: component analysis of dictionary entries, comparative method, functional analysis of English and Russian terminology (if there is a translated version), linguistic-cognitive analysis, data systematization and clustering, qualification data interpretation. The results of the study are as follows: a set of problems related to the constitution and categorization of new terminological units explicating the transformation of the educational paradigm is identified and described; the features of lexicographic definition and presentation of indices are characterized; various ways of defining IT terms in the aspect of foreign language teaching methods are proposed, examples of dictionary entries are given. The perspectives of the study are in further expanding, specifying and systematizing IT terminology in modern language education and creating on this base new lexicographic projects which would intensify teaching in Russian higher education institutions.

LXI скуп слависта Србије: “Славистичка истраживања – између филологије и културологије” (Београд, 2023)

A report on the international conference held on the occasion of several anniversaries: 145 years of the existence of the Department of Slavic Studies of the Faculty of Philology in Belgrade, 175 years since the birth of Platon Kulakovsky, the first Russian language lector and founder of Belgrade University Russian Studies, 75 years since the foundation of the Slavic Society of Serbia and 50 years since the passing of prof. Dr. Radovan Lalić, long-time director of the Department of Slavic Studies and president of the Slavic Society of Serbia (Belgrade, January 12–13, 2023).

Связь раннего образовательного и семейного опыта с академическими результатами детей в младшем школьном возрасте

<p>This article focuses on the issues of low academic results. Research on the role of children’s early educational experiences highlights the important role of kindergartens, socioeconomic status (SES[1]), cultural capital (CC[2]), and other family characteristics for future educational outcomes. The goal of this paper is to investigate the relationship of SES and CC with academic achievement of children in elementary school, using a sample of 5235 students of the first (<em>n</em>=2574) and fourth (<em>n</em>=2661) grades of secondary schools from the Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia. The academic results were measured using the “Start” and “Progress” tests; the information about family and educational experiences was collected using family surveys. The results suggest that children with low academic achievement typically reside in in rural areas and mostly come from families with low SES. The results indicated that in the fourth grade, the academic results of the children who didn´t attend a kindergarten are higher than the results of the children who did. Nevertheless, this result refers only to a sample of fourth graders with medium and high academic achievement, coming from families with high SES and CC. These results contradict the findings from Russian and foreign studies on the role of early educational experiences. Therefore, the results from this study should be interpreted with caution and require additional rigorous examination. [1] Socio-economic status includes such indicators as level of education of parents, place of residence, family wealth, etc. [17; 19]. [2] Cultural capital includes social attitudes, values, knowledge and educational qualifications [10].</p>

Ecolinguistics, Ecotranslatology, Ecology of Translation: Correlation of Concepts in the Light of Modern Discourse Practice

In today's world, there is a notable shift not only towards the "ecologization" of human consciousness but also within various domains of scientific knowledge, including translation theory and linguistics. Translation studies that incorporate the prefix "eco" necessitate a systematic classification and the establishment of semantic connections among terms. This article seeks to delve into the emergence of an ecological approach to translation within the contexts of both Russian and Chinese translation studies, aiming to elucidate the interrelationships between key concepts that characterize modern trends in translation research across diverse academic traditions. The primary objective of this article is to establish a symbiotic relationship between ecotranslatology, which originated in China, and the ecology of translation, a discipline that has emerged in Russia. Ecotranslatology, as an independent subfield within translation studies, is deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture and currently stands as a thriving area of inquiry in the People's Republic of China. In contrast, the ecology of translation is actively advancing under the purview of Russian linguists, who emphasize that high-quality, harmonious translation encompasses not only cultural congruence but also ecological alignment. This ecological perspective is posited to underpin the development of a translation ecosystem within the broader global ecosystem. Methodologically, this study draws from several dimensions: firstly, it brings together the ideas of international linguists specializing in linguistic ecology and ecolinguistics; secondly, it explores research on cognitive modeling of the translation process in an ecosystem that unites the translator with the socio-natural environment of his habitat. Finally, the study includes the perspective of Chinese scholars based on the classical theory of adaptation and choice in translation. Ultimately, this study highlights the importance of environmental science in understanding the cognitive mechanisms inherent in the translation process.

History of the Study of Traditional Clothing of the Krasnoufim Mari (18th-20th Centuries)

The Krasnoufim Mari is a group of Ural Mari people, whose traditional clothing was marked by bright originality. They attracted the attention of travelers, researchers, local historians, ethnographers, art historians. The costume of the Ural Mari was repeatedly described by researchers of the 18th-19th centuries, and in the 20th-21st centuries it was the object of study of both Russian and Finnish ethnographers of different generations. The earliest evidences about the costume of the Ural Mari left by P.S. Pallas. In the 19th century the clothing of Mari people of Krasnoufimsky uyezd was described by G. Gorodskoy (V.N. Shishonko), S. Som-mier, D.P. Nikolsky. In the twentieth century the costume of this group of Mari ethnos was studied by T.E. Evseviev, S.N. Shitova, T.L. Molotova, as well as by A.O. Heikel and I. Lehtinen. In the 20th centure only one article devoted to the clothing of the Krasnoufim Mari people was published, and in the 21st century a number of richly illustrated articles and editions were published, the chapters of which were devoted to the costume of the Ural Mari people. Some of them are based on the materials collected in the Krasnoufim District of the Sverdlovsk Region. Three main bodies of sources on the topic were grouped by the researchers of the 18th-21st centuries: texts; collections of clothing items; photo-documents. In this article the history of formation of all three groups of sources is considered, as they were interrelated and represented often only different parts of a single research process.

Urban Space and Its Structural Components Study in Russian Historiography

The article examines the historiography of studies devoted to various components of urban space and approaches to its study in Russian historical urban studies. It is noted that in most of the studies on the history of the city, the urban space is considered only partially, from the point of view of a separate aspect, which often does not allow to form a complete picture. The authors trace the formation of modern trends in the study of the city as a historical phenomenon, highlight the main components of the concept of "urban space", the study of which together allows you to make a synthetic description of the city space and trace its changes in the historical perspective, such as natural landscape conditions, development, zoning, culture, as well as the activities of the citizens themselves. Each of these aspects contains a separate layer of characteristics that are significant for understanding urban space. From the point of view of the historical process, the importance of each of these components for the representativeness of research findings is traced. The importance of multidimensional analysis of the city's space to identify patterns of historical development is emphasized. The conclusions reflect the main trends in the study of urban space in different periods.

Local communities as а tool for urban conflict resolution

A modern city is a concentration of a whole range of diverse processes and activities, residents with different needs, traditions and beliefs. The city is also an arena of clashing economic, political and social interests. Urban development trends are expressed both in the need for centralized determination of the direction of urban environment, and public demand for greater civic engagement. Accordingly, conflicts cannot be avoided, but it is important not to accept this obvious truth, but to create a tradition of constant thoughtful analysis of ongoing processes, identifying causes and searching for solutions. As awareness of the importance of collective efforts in creating a comfortable urban environment grows, knowledge about the approaches and public technologies used to resolve urban conflicts becomes more in demand. One of the effective tools for resolving urban conflicts are local communities created on sub-municipal territories within the city boundaries. However, the effectiveness of this tool depends on the proper organization of intra-urban communities and provision of legal guarantees for their functioning. This study is carried out using a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach, implying the analysis of urban development and urban environment through the prism of law. The study of Russian and foreign doctrinal sources, along with normative legal acts and materials of judicial and law enforcement practice, allows to form a sufficient picture of the state of urban conflictology and substantiate the role of local communities in their resolution.

Практика дистанционного консультирования очевидцев события диспетчерами экстренных служб по вопросам оказания первой помощи: предложения по совершенствованию нормативно-правовой базы

Summary. The objectives of the study are to examine the international experience in the sphere of normative-legal regulation of the practice of remote counseling of eyewitnesses of an event by first aid emergency dispatchers, to assess the existing legal prerequisites for the introduction of the first aid dispatcher service in our country and to determine the priority directions of improvement of the domestic normative-legal base in order to create conditions for the successful implementation of the practice in the Russian Federation at the federal level. Materials and research methods. A search of scientific literature on the topic of the study in Russian and English by combinations of keywords was performed in 2023. Additional search was carried out in the bibliographic lists of the publications included in the review. The search and analysis of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation was carried out with the help of reference legal systems Garant and ConsultantPlus. Results of the study and their analysis. The authors have formulated and proposed for discussion by the professional community a number of normative proposals aimed at the systematic organization and ensuring the effective implementation of first aid dispatcher service practice in the Russian Federation at the federal level.

Russian Studies on Clouds and Precipitation in 2019–2022

Russian Studies on Clouds and Precipitation in 2019–2022

Cовременные методические подходы к оценке риска здоровью населения от воздействия химических веществ

The methodology for analyzing health risks caused by exposure to chemical pollutants in the environmental has been widely implemented; this creates some new priority challenges to be considered and tackled. The article identifies basic stages in the development of the methodology for assessing health risks caused by environmental pollution in the Russian Federation. Guides on risk analysis as well as some monographs published in Russia describe a strategic role that belongs to health risk analysis in providing sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing of the country population. We have analyzed modern trends in the development of the methodology for assessing public health risks caused by exposure to chemicals that pollute the environment. The article generalizes basic approaches recommended in foreign and Russian studies that are applied to increase quality of research in the field, to reduce uncertainties in calculations, as well as to find new ways of health risk quantification. The number of chemicals registered on the global scale over the last 65 years has been estimated. The article also provides generalized information on computerized and information systems (CIS) and databases (DB) that contain data on parameters of assessing health risks caused by various chemical exposures including leading world systems that allow assessing health harm caused by chemical exposure (calculation of an additional number of adverse health outcomes due to chemical exposure etc.). We have also summarized various reasons for underestimating public health risks and described several methodological approaches employed in research that make it possible to minimize underestimation of health hazards and reduce uncertainties of obtained results. The methodology for assessing health risks caused by harmful chemical pollutants in the environment is a complex systemic process. On the one hand, it involves the necessity to provide the maximum possible profound description of complexity of chemical environmental pollution; on the other hand, it should give a more comprehensive insight into possible nature and consequences of adverse effects produced by identified chemicals directly on the human body and indirectly on significant socioeconomic indicators of the society development. The aim of this study was to identify modern methodological approaches applied to assess public health risks due to chemical exposures and ways to reduce uncertainties of research results.

Russian Studies of Atmospheric Electricity in 2019–2022

This review contains the most significant results of Russian studies in the field of atmospheric electricity in 2019–2022. It is part of the Russian National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciencesto the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS). The report was presented and approved at the XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)2.The review is followed by a list of the main published works on the studies of atmospheric electricity of Russian scientists in 2019–2022.

Russian Studies on Clouds and Precipitation in 2019–2022

Results of Russian studies on cloud physics, precipitation, and weather modification in 2015–2018 are presented based on a survey prepared for the Russian National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences to the 28th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. Results concerning general issues of observation and modeling of clouds and precipitation, including convective clouds, issues of studying microphysical and optical characteristics of clouds, and weather modification are discussed.