Russian Province Research Articles

РАСКРЫТИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ВЛИЯНИЯ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ МОСКВЫ И ЗАМОСКОВНОГО КРАЯ НА УСАДЕБНОЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО КУРСКОГО КРАЯ 1-Й ПОЛОВИНЫ XVIII В.: ИСТОЧНИКИ И ОБЪЕКТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

For the first time, comprehensive surveys of urban and suburban estates of the Kursk Territory are carried out. 18th century (measurements, photo fixation, natural sketches), archival and printed sources are identified that resurrect images of lost noble and merchant estates, and a general analysis of the topic under study is carried out. An important result of the study is the disclosure of the peculiarities of the influence of the architecture of Moscow and the Zamoskovskiy Territory on other regions of the country (on the example of the Kursk Territory), which opens up new pages of the multifaceted culture, architecture and construction of the Russian province. Introduction into scientific circulation of specific architectural monuments of the Zamoskovskiy and Kursk regions of a given period, their in-depth study can be used in scientific literature, lecture courses and design and security documentation. The publication was made as part of the theme according to the Plan of the FNI RAASN and the Ministry of Construction of Russia for 2022.

“There is Nothing There.” Dmitrii Danilov’s Travel Writing and the Lure of the Russian Provinces

Drawing on Michel de Certeau’s seminal study The Practice of Everyday Life, the author argues that Dmitrii Danilov’s travel writing (Twenty Cities, 2007-2009) reimagines Russia’s symbolic geography by destabilizing the traditional opposition centre – periphery. Rather than depicting the provincial world as either an absurd and horrid world, or as a repository of “true Russianness”, Danilov provides a “decentred” perspective on the provinces that asserts the uniqueness of each city he visits. The novel Description of a City (2012), however, resurrects the more traditional view of the provinces as a world of boredom and cultural lack. To analyse this development the article looks at the central figure of the sluggish traveller-narrator, the employment of “camera-eye narration” and other, mainly linguistic, devices that reaffirm the notion of the provincial city’s “namelessness” as one of its most defining characteristics.

SOME ISSUES ON NATIONAL IDENTITY OF GEORGIAN MUSLIMS

The southern region of Georgia, historical Meskheti which according to tradition was primary converted in Christianity even in the 1st century AD was occupied by Ottomans since 16th century AD. Only the territories of present Samtskhe-Javakheti and Ajara, approximatelyone third of ancient Messkheti are parts of modern state of Georgia being a part of the Russian Empire since 1829 and 1878 in sequence.It is interesting the different results, which occurred after the entire process. The Muslim inhabitants of Samtskhe-Javakheti, unlike of Ajarians, could not keep up the national consciousness and as of today it admits itself like ethnic Turks. There are some important reasons among which we should emphasize Ottoman ruling traditions and characteristics of Georgian political and cultural life in the 19th century. The case is that Samtskhe in the middle ages was the active political player unlike Ajara. It was one of the initiator of decentralization and because of this significantly the main victim of Ottoman occupation. In 16th-19th centuries Ottomans established their governance institutions definitely in this region and islamization, like to administrative centers in the Balkans, most profoundly is noticed there. On the other hand, in the 1830s when Samtskhe-Javakheti entered to Russian province inhabited by eastern Georgians, upper intellectual strata was in the process of formation. The tradition that prevented Muslims from perception of being Georgians, was still strong. Only later, in the 1870s Muslim population of Samtskhe-Javakheti were promulgated as Georgians by the request of Georgian society. It was late though, however such policies justified in newly joined Ajara. To say shortly, geographical conditions, faulty infrastructure and advanced ideas appeared in the second half of the 19th century in Georgia contributed to preservation of inhabitants of Ajara within the framework of the Georgian national identity.

Informal economy of the Russian province. Resource sources and household craft practices

Informal economy of the Russian province. Resource sources and household craft practices

"НЕ СЛЕДУЕТ МЕШАТЬ ЛЮДЯМ СХОДИТЬ С УМА": МЕДИКО-СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ И ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ ДИСКУРСЫ В ПОВЕСТЯХ А.П. ЧЕХОВА "ПАЛАТА № 6" И "ЧЕРНЫЙ МОНАХ"

The focus of our attention is Chekhov’s attitude to the institute of psychiatry as а part of Russian social system at the end of the 19th century. “Ward No. 6” is an invaluable material on the history of social medicine, comparable with the few documentary evidence of zemstvo (the county) doctors about the state of psychiatry in the Russian province of the late nineteenth century. The story “The Black Monk” draws increasing attention to the discussion around the topic of genius and madness, which received a new impetus in the fin de siècle era.

«Жанр как память культуры»: очерк А.М. Горького о Гарине Михайловском и Тейтеле

The author of the article relies on the formula of M.M. Bakhtin: Genre is the memory of. Genre memory is one of the most important representatives of culture influencing society. The structure of the genre captures and conveys the values and horizons of culture. In this methodological context, a specific essay by A.M. Gorky, written back in the 1930s, however, which had a retrospective, and at the same time, relevant character to this day. The essay by the already famous writer and architect of Soviet culture is dedicated to two representatives of the Samara intelligentsia. In their circle, the novice journalist Maxim Gorky was back in 1895-1896. “Doublethink”, “double meaning”, “externality” permeate the content of the essay, the heroes of which were Gorky's pre-revolutionary acquaintances: engineer and writer N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky, as well as lawyer Ya.L. Teitel. While still a novice writer, Gorky communicated with them when he lived briefly in Samara and worked in Samara Newspaper. Gorky presents his old acquaintances as people of high culture and professionalism. He compares them with the most outstanding figures of world culture: the righteous and the founders of new socio-cultural institutions. An essay dedicated to old acquaintances from Samara was written in 1925, and subsequently placed in Volume 17 of Gorky's. This volume was published only in 1952. The belief of the “Soviet classic No. 1” in a culture capable of transforming the people played a significant role in his worldview. According to the author of the article, all the activities of A.M. Gorky of the late period.He created unique cultural projects, including the academic edition of World Literature, the Life of Remarkable People series popular to this day, the Children's Literature publishing house, and the creation of creative Unions of writers, composers, and artists. In the same row is the concept of a relatively small essay dedicated to Garin-Mikhailovsky and Teitel. It is typical of the later writings and cultural projects of the writer. The meaning and structure of this essay (representing two intelligent people of the Russian province) resembles a hologram - a tiny fragment that reflects the general understanding of the role of culture by a mature writer and a global builder of culture.

Феномен развития профессионального образования в малом провинциальном городе России в конце XIX – начале XX века (на примере г. Череповца Новгородской губернии)

The article examines the image of a small provincial Russian town in terms of the development of its vocational education institutions at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. The aim of the study is to form a concept of the relationship between the activities of professional educational institutions and the progressive development of urban areas of pre-revolutionary Russia. The study refers to the history of the Alexandrovsky Technical School and the Cherepovets Women's Vocational School to explain the criteria for the intensive development of Cherepovets in Novgorod region and to justify the high level of urban culture development. Methods used include systemic, geocultural, historical, and cultural ones. The important historical role of the activity of mayor I.A. Milyutin, who initiated the key reforms in Cherepovets, is emphasized. The novelty of the investigation is in using rare archival documents, formulating and proving the author's hypothesis, and taking a comprehensive look at the problem of socio-cultural development of a small provincial town in pre-revolutionary Russia, with Cherepovets as an example. The relevance of this historical research of a regional nature is undeniable today, as it allows for combining the facts of the past with the present, helps to realize the continuity of events in urban life and highlight key national processes along with local and regional ones for a better overview of further development prospects. In the difficult socio-economic realities of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, the development of an educational commercial vocational education for all castes and both sexes with the possibility of compensating for tuition fees by trustees is rare, demonstrating the success of the economy and culture of a particular provincial city. The authors analyze curricula on the basis of local history sources, consider various everyday aspects of the organization of vocational education in Cherepovets, and demonstrate the challenges they had to cope with. The educational institutions under study were successful before the historical turn of 1917. At the end of the study, the hypothesis of the relationship between the development of vocational education institutions and the urban environment is substantiated. The culture of professional labor of Cherepovets has become one of the strongest traditions of a small town in the Novgorod province which later transformed into the industrial center of the Vologda region.

PARTICIPATION OF PEASANTS OF THE SIMBIRSK VOLGA REGION IN REVOLUTIONARY AND TERRORIST ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTIONARY PARTY (1905–1907)

In the second half of the XIX century, revolutionary terrorism emerged in the territory of the Russian Empire. This particular kind of socio-political violence was promoted in those years by some populist groups that worked primarily in Moscow and St. Petersburg, for example, the Ishutin circle, which consisted mainly of students. One of its participants, a former student D. Karakozov, shot at the Russian Emperor Alexander II 155 years ago in April 1866 in St. Petersburg. The most famous “revolutionary terrorists” of Russia were members of the largest Russian opposition political organization of the XIX century, “Narodnaya Volya”, most of whom were, as one used to say then, raznochinets. Revolutionary terrorism in the empire reached its peak in the first years of the XX century (1902–1907), when it became part of the strategy and tactics of a number of opposition political parties and organizations of neo-populist orientation. They acted both in the national regions of the country (Little Russia, Transcaucasia) and in Russian capitals and regions. First of all, this has to do with the All-Russian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs). At the same time, in the territory of the Russian provinces in the era of brutal revolutionary terrorism in the country, not only the Socialist revolutionaries had their revolutionary-terrorist (combat) formations. So, during this period, terrorist units were created by the SR Maximalists who left the party during the First Russian Revolution and contributed to the ideological and organizational split of the Social Revolutionaries. In the same years, various anarchist structures had combat organizations. Having become a significant phenomenon of the socio-political life of a huge country, terrorism drew representatives of different social groups of the population into its practice. What was the role of the peasantry in the Socialist-Revolutionary terror? The author gives examples where the peasants of the Simbirsk Volga region took part in carrying out terrorist attacks. The researcher concludes that Russian peasants were among the active participants in combat units, which is clearly seen in the examples of combat structures of Simbirsk provincial organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, in the ranks of which, for example, in rural areas, there were combat squads consisting mainly of peasants.

Population Dynamics of the Village of Chumay in the XIX – Early XX Centuries

The article deals with the population dynamics of the village of Chumay in the XIX – early XX centuries. The main research objective was to study statistical data and identify the causes and conditions that had a decisive impact on the demographic situation in Chumay during the period under review. The study was based on a critical analysis of published and unpublished historical sources. The reliability of the data was checked by comparing the arithmetic mean values. The analysis involved the number of houses and farms, the total number of residents, and their distribution by class, religion, and gender. The resettlement policy of the state and the associated natural growth proved to be the main factor that affected the population of Chumay. The population growth was associated with the permanent placement of exiles in Chumay. Voluntary immigrants from the inner provinces of Russia did not have a significant impact on the local demography. The paper also introduces the average population of the Chumay household in the XIX – early XX centuries.

Urban estates in Astrakhan of the late XVIII – early XX centuries: typological aspect

The subject of this research is the typological groups of urban estates in Astrakhan of the late XVIII – early XX centuries. The object is the peculiarities of urban estates in Russia of that time. The goal lies in studying the urban estates in Astrakhan of the late XVIII – early XX centuries from the perspective of their classification. The article touches upon the question of phenomenology of the Russian estate, the architecture and typology of urban estates in the Russian province, as well as the architecture of urban estates in Astrakhan. The research employs the general scientific method (analysis of the historical and logical), historical-architectural approach, and art history techniques for studying estates in urban environment and photographic evidence. The author also attracts historical references, archival and other documents on the topic. The theoretical framework is comprised of the works of M. B. Mikhaylova and E. I. Kirichenko on the estate construction in Russian cities; T. V. Vavilonskaya and G. G. Nugmanova on the classification of urban estates. The scientific novelty lies in outlining the typological groups of urban estates of Astrakhan from the perspective of their architectural and artistic characteristics, as well as social rank of the lords. It is established that the urban estates of Astrakhan are divided into wealthy estates of the merchants that are an artistic phenomena in the architectural image of the city; prosperous and middle-class of the merchants and officials oriented towards eclectic architecture; wooden estates of modest merchants and philistines that carry certain artistic value. The practical importance of this research consists in contribution to the creation of the holistic picture of the development of Astrakhan architecture.

Grass ecosystems in agrolandscapes of the Yeletsky District of the Central Russian Province forest-steppe zone of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

In order to study the spatial distribution of biological and ecological patterns of grass ecosystems, we conducted an agrolandscape-ecological zoning of the territory of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia (CCR) on the basis of the author’s methodology. According to the zoning data, it is established that 75% of the territory of the CCR belongs to the forest-steppe zone. The Central Russian province of the forest-steppe zone covers 67% of the territory of the CCR. Yeletsky district occupies the eastern spurs of the Central Russian upland. The area of the district is 1929.7 thousand hectares. Most of the district (90%) is located in the Lipetsk region, 10% – in the Kursk region. In the past, the watersheds of the district were occupied by meadow steppes and partly oak forests. Currently, more than 80% of the district’s territory is occupied by agricultural land (arable land, pastures, hayfields). The structure of land is dominated by arable land-67% of the total area of the district, pastures occupy 11%, hayfields – 3%, forests – 7%, shrubs – 2%, under water and swamps – 1%, other land – 8%. The grass ecosystems of the meadow steppes preserved along the gullies and slopes are mainly used as natural grasslands (NG) and make up 79% of all NG of the Yelets District. The most common are the downed tipchak pastures on the slopes of different steepness. The yield of these pastures is 8–12 centners per hectare of dry eaten mass.

Orphanages of Zaporizhzhia Province in the Years of Mass Artificial Famine (1921—1923)

The article analyzes the state of orphanages in Zaporizhzhia province during the mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 to explain the dynamics of how they were created and why they were closed, to characterize the attitude of Zaporizhzhia party nomenclature towards the aid for children starving in the orphanages. Statistics on the number of children's shelters and the number of children in them are summarized; on the basis of archival documents the author's tables of calculating the dynamics of movement of a contingent in shelters of Zaporizhzhia province are made; social and living conditions of children who were brought up there are disclosed.The mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 had devastating consequences for the starving provinces of Ukraine: the Bolshevik prodrozkladka exhausted the Ukrainian peasantry, and the famine was especially raging in the southern Ukrainian provinces, where more than 40% of the population were affected. The situation was aggravated by the systematic arrival in Ukraine of children from the Russian provinces, as a result of which the orphanages of the USSR were overcrowded, and the level of their provision with food and industrial goods was characterized by poverty.In 1921–1923, the Bolshevik Communist regime deliberately created a situation in which Ukrainians died en masse from artificial starvation. However, it was noted that the government had claimed responsibility for the crime. This was probably done unknowingly, but the presence of reports describing the poverty of shelters and recording the mass mortality of children suggests that officials were aware of the causes of the famine and its nature, and knew the names of its organizers. However, a caste of communist party nomenclature had already begun to form, which, under the guise of propaganda rhetoric, sought to seize control of food resources and people. In our opinion, the aggravating factor was the fact that Bolshevik officials appointed the management of shelters not on a professional but on a class basis. In Ukraine, the mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 significantly adjusted the juvenile policy of the Soviet system. It became distorted by ideology, corruption and bureaucracy, and children were turned into zombies by communist judgments.

Атрофия разума: Юрьев день Кирилла Серебренникова

The article analyses the figure of the heroine Lubov in Kirill Serebrennikov’s film St George’s Day. The main aim is to show how the town of Yuriev and its residents affect the spiritual change of Lubov. The author examines the consistent rejection of the truth of the mind in favour of the truth of faith in Lubov’s life. The initial multilevel conflict between the opera singer and the town is supposed to be laid out in the Russian attitude to the world, which is based on the verge of two binary paradigms – the West and the East – exemplifying in turn the culture of the mind (reason) and the culture of faith (intuition). The provincial Russian town is correlated with the view of St. Petersburg in V. Toporov’s ‘Petersburg text’ due to its particular and distinguishable influence on outer visitors: the town imposes on Lubov its rules, affecting her present life not only materially but most of all spiritually. Besides, the consecutive analyses allow to draw an analogy between Lubov and Dostoevsky’s meek heroines. Like the ‘humiliated and insulted’ women of the author of Crime and punishment, the former opera singer enters the path of suffering and self-sacrifice to completely abandon her own self.

ГЕРБОВЫЕ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ НА ПОРТРЕТАХ ВОЙСКОВОГО АТАМАНА ДОНСКОГО ВОЙСКА Д.Е. ЕФРЕМОВА И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЮЖНОРОССИЙСКОГО ДВОРЯНСТВА В XVIII ВЕКЕ. ЧАСТЬ 2

The article examines the main heraldic concepts and categories that affect the controversial issues of the topic. Considerable attention is paid to the reasons and conditions for the origin and placement of heraldic and non-heraldic figures on the coat of arms of D.E. Efremov, the nature and content of the heraldic images and their symbolism are considered. The author traces the ideological and heraldic continuity between the family coats of arms of different generations of the Efremovs family, their influence on the formation of region-al noble heraldry. The article analyzes the process of formation of the Don nobility from the first highest awards to individuals to the formation of the ranks and awards of the social corporation of officials through seniority, and its transformation as a result of the policy of Emperor Paul I into the highest estate of the Russian Empire. The article examines the legal framework for the acquisition of the rights and privileges of the hereditary nobility by the Don elders, identifies common and emphasizes different processes from those in the Malorussian and Russian provinces. The article describes new phenomena in the military, political and social life of the Don army in connection with the awards of the ranks of the Russian regular army to the senior officers - this is the restriction of military (ordinary) law and the formation of subordination on the basis of imperial legislation, as well as the creation of a new social hierarchy and military management.

Карьерные стратегии провинциальной молодежи

Based on the materials of empirical sociological research, the article reflects dispositions, factorial models of choice, life strategies in the field of career aspirations of provincial Russian youth. The author’s typology of career orientations of young people is given, which showed the importance of career aspirations in the ranks of value dispositions. The main life choices of young respondents in the field of career decisions are outlined, the importance of the career ladder in labor strategy for a fourth of the respondents is emphasized. The problems in the field of support for career choices in the implementation of state youth policy, discrimination of young people in work, as well as the risks of migration behavior of young people associated with unfulfilled expectations and requests for career strategies are identified. The authors highlight the contradiction associated with the transformation of the views and attitudes of modern young people to assessing the success of career strategies, based on the risk map of Russian youth.

История создания Памирского тракта и его значение для организации систем искусственного орошения в Средней Азии в конце XIX – начале XX в.

Appearing the Pamir Highway made the lands of Central Asia accessible for scientific expeditions. Arid and empty territories could not have been used in agriculture and industry without irrigation, and development of the region depended on this. At the end of the XIX century. Many scientists studied the geographic features and problems of artificial irrigation in the arid territories of Central Asia. In scientific works, they considered the opportunities of improving the land, arranging new systems of artificial irrigation, building dams and hydroelectric power stations. By the middle of the XIX century, the reclamation of agricultural lands was for the first time included in the list of the most important directions of state activities, the first state reclamation law in Russia was adopted. The railway and the communication routes connected with it enabled the development of agriculture and industry in the Turkestan Territory. The region acquired a connection with shopping centers and provinces of Russia, the expansion of markets for products, the growth of cities, the settlement and development of the regions of Central Asia began, and roads were laid there in the late XIX – early XX centuries.

Charity and Patronage in the Russian Province (on the Example of the Tyumen Province of the late 19th early 20th centuries)

Charity and Patronage in the Russian Province (on the Example of the Tyumen Province of the late 19th early 20th centuries)

Water Transport of Khoper. Based on Photographs from the Site “Uryupinsk – the Capital of the Russian Province

Water Transport of Khoper. Based on Photographs from the Site “Uryupinsk – the Capital of the Russian Province

Личностные и средовые факторы жизненного успеха в российской провинции: аккумуляция или конфронтация?

The article actualizes the problem of self-assessment of personal and environmental factors of life success in the Russian province. The authors understand personal factors of success in life as a set of specific or typical characteristics of an individual that make up his human capital. Environmental factors include components of an individual's social capital, his group status, as well as macro-social conditions that have a potential impact on individual life trajectories. Based on the analysis, the authors reveal that the most significant is the combination of origin from a «good» family with sufficient financial and social capital and personal efforts and activity. At the same time, the paper note s that the majority of Russian families do not have sufficient resources for a successful life start of conditional children. Moreover, this gives in many respects the source of the growing importance of personal factors of life success in the mass consciousness, the sociocultural modernization of the Russian province and the gradual loss of the «familistic» character by Russian society.

Icon “The Mother of God Tikhvinskaya With the Tale of its Image” From the Сollection of the Historical Museum

The article is dedicated to the icon “The Mother of God Tikhvinskaya with the Tale of its Image” of the last quarter of the 17th century from the collection of the Historical Museum. It discusses its history, clarifies the literary source, as well as presents the analysis of the iconographic program, compositional features and artistic uniqueness. The work ended up in the museum collection due to global changes in post-revolutionary Russia, which triggered a large-scale movement of cultural properties. The icon originates from the Tikhvin Lands and belongs to the poorly studied culture of the Russian province. Recent research has unveiled a whole set of works linked to the icon painters of the Tikhvin Posad. The icon “The Mother of God Tikhvinskaya with the Tale of its Image” represents a vivid example of the art of Tikhvin masters of the second half of the 17th century.