Russian Province Research Articles

"ДЕЛО ГЕЙНРИХА": ИЗ ИСТОРИИ САТИРИЧЕСКОЙ ПЕЧАТИ, ЦЕНЗУРЫ И СУДЕБНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ В ГОДЫ ПЕРВОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ 1905–1907 ГГ. ЧАСТЬ 1. ИЗДАТЕЛЬСКАЯ И ЦЕНЗУРНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ЖУРНАЛА "КАРАНДАШ"

Using the example of the publication history of the “Karandash” magazine in the Saratov province (1906), the article considers the historical circumstances of the functioning of the satirical press in the administrative and legal space of the Russian province during the period of the first revolution. The paper analyzes the structure and content features of the satirical magazine, the publication of which was subordinated to the tasks of radical political agitation. Based on the newly identified, previously unpublished archival files from three collections of the State Archives of the Saratov Region, the vicissitudes of the “Heinrich case” (i. e., the trials that took place in 1907–1909 against K.E. Heinrich, the publisher of the “Karandash” magazine) were reconstructed. The text of the article includes a commented publication of the fragments of the archival documents (the official correspondence of the press inspector, the prosecutor of the Saratov Judicial Chamber, of the Saratov governor; the judicial procedural materials of the Saratov Judicial Chamber). The records from the “Heinrich case” show the characteristic phenomena and the processes in the Russian society and the government institutions of the early 20th century: the clash of different systems of political and legal values; inconsistency between the government agencies, the censorship and the judicial system; a combination of lenient and acquittal court sentences with harsh administrative penalties; the general ineffectiveness of the administrative and legal measures against radical political agitation in the country

Вице-губернатор в системе управленческой элиты степных областей ЗападноСибирского и Степного генерал-губернаторств во второй половине XIX–начале XX века

The article analyzes the position of Vice-governor in the system of administrative elite of Akmola, Semipalatinsk and Semirechensk regions of the Russian Empire. Using the normative-legal base of local institutions of these regions, the «formal» position of officials in this position in the general structure of administrative power is characterized. Management in steppe regions is characterized by remoteness of territories from the center of decision-making, high share of nomadic population, marginal position. In this regard, the peculiarities of the position of Vice-governors in the steppe regions and in the interior of Russia are revealed. One of the important features of the service of these officials is the combination of military and civil power in the steppe regions and the lack of a clear division of responsibilities between the elements of the administrative elite. For the socio-cultural characterization of the composition of the Vice-governor corps we used the form lists and personal files of officials kept in the archives: the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region, the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These data are published for the first time. The article concludes with a socio-cultural portrait of a typical Vice-governor of a steppe region, an analysis of the typical career trajectories of the official and a comparison of the scope of authority with similar officials from internal Russian provinces.

Places of memory and memorial culture of the Russian province in the 19th – early 20th centuries: historiography and sources

Places of memory and memorial culture of the Russian province in the 19th – early 20th centuries: historiography and sources

Получение российского гражданства подданными неприятельских стран в годы Первой мировой войны 1914-1918 гг.: этничность или лояльность

The article examines the conditions and features of the naturalization process in Russia of "enemy aliens" during the First World War. In Russian and foreign historiography since the 1990s, this issue has not been closely considered. The authors mainly pay attention to the mass expulsions of enemy subjects to remote provinces from front-line areas, accusations of the latter of espionage in favor of the enemy, restrictions on rights. The researchers conclude that the dominance of ethnic and religious criteria for admission to citizenship of the Russian Empire: the presence of Slavic origin or belonging to the Christian faith for citizens of the Ottoman Empire. Such conclusions are mainly based on an analysis of the laws and orders of the military and civilian authorities of the first months of the war. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the process of granting citizenship not only on the basis of an analysis of the normative acts of the beginning of the war, but also documents of the subsequent period, which reflected the change in the positions of the ruling elite on the issue of Russian citizenship. The article uses petitions from "enemy foreigners", documents of the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Internal Affairs to assess the course of discussion of petitions and the reasons for making positive or negative decisions. These are documents of the Russian State Historical Archive, the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Central State Historical Archive in St. Petersburg. The analysis of the documents of the Fund of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (RGIA) based on the results of consideration of the petitions of enemy subjects allowed us to conclude about the number of positive decisions and provide new statistical data on the number of enemy subjects who received Russian citizenship in 1914-1915. The mass transfer of interned foreigners to remote Russian provinces created a huge number of problems for state bodies in the center and on the ground. Naturalization of "enemy foreigners" in the empire allowed tokeep valuable specialists at their jobs, to prevent the closure of enterprises owned by "hostile foreigners". The granting of Russian citizenship during the war increasingly depended on subjective factors: the personal support of officials. With the development of military operations, the granting of citizenship increasingly depends not on nationality, but on the loyalty of the Russian Empire confirmed by recommendations.

Gentry Culture and Lifestyle in the 18th-Century Russian Provinces

Gentry Culture and Lifestyle in the 18th-Century Russian Provinces

История музыкальной культуры дореволюционной Кяхты в новой книге М. А. Белокрыса

The monograph of M.A. Belokrys “Music life of provincial Russian town as phenomenon of cultural heritage (Eastern Siberia, Kyakhta, XVIII - early XX century)” has been reviewed (Omsk, OmSU Publisher, 2023, 200 p.). It's pointed out that in edition mentioned above the author could widely represent the set of methods and approaches that are appropriate for historic and cultural literature and these ones are used while working on stated issue. The musical life of prerevolution Kyakhta has been seen in various forms and aspects (from home musical education, singing choirs, amateur orchestra till touring-concert activity of coming musicians, musical clubs and other cultural and educational associations). The correlation between economic development of Kyakhta and its condition of musical life has been made. General and particular features in generation and development of musical culture of Kyakhta in comparison with other urban settlements of Eastern Siberia in prerevolution period have been found out.

"Grandmother's Holy Day": Christmas in Provincial Russia of the 1950s – 1960s

"Grandmother's Holy Day": Christmas in Provincial Russia of the 1950s – 1960s

Small towns in Russia as a comfortable living space: myth vs reality (based on the Vologda region)

The comfort of the urban environment is one of the key factors influencing the quality of life for the population. A particular focus is placed on examining small towns (with a population of up to 50,000 people) from the perspective of their suitability for local community living. In order to comprehensively study the issue of a comfortable urban environment in the Russian provinces, the dynamics of the urban environment quality index in a number of cities in the Vologda Region were analysed, and survey materials from local residents (n = 1400) were also utilised. It is argued that sociological diagnostics complements and reveals statistical information on problem areas in urban development, allowing for the development of a unified approach to overcoming these issues, taking into account the opinions of the residents themselves. The study concluded that over the past five years, the development of small towns in the region has shown a positive trend, with an increase in the urban environment quality index being observed. However, based on the data for 2022, only 4 out of 13 small towns (Veliky Ustyug, Kharovsk, Totma, Sokol) can be considered as having a favourable urban environment. According to statistical data, the most problematic areas of the urban environment in small areas are social and recreational infrastructure and public business infrastructure. According to the opinions of residents, the quality of medical and educational services and housing availability are also significant issues. More positively, the environmental situation is evaluated in cities (as indicated by the index indicators and local residents’ judgments), as well as the level of safety and crime rates. Despite the presence of problematic areas in the development of small towns and their lag in terms of living comfort, the overall attitude of the local community toward theirplace of residence is positive, with a willingness to take responsibility for the city’s development. The results obtained serve as a basis for the policy of preserving and developing small areas, addressing social contradictions, and establishing promising directions for creating a comfortable living environment in these areas, taking into account the opinions and participation of the local community in these processes.

Practices of Spiritual and Moral Asceticism in the Russian Province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: Using the Example of the Activities of M.M. Kiseleva

Practices of Spiritual and Moral Asceticism in the Russian Province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: Using the Example of the Activities of M.M. Kiseleva

Intergenerational dynamics of migrants' family memory: global trends and Russian specifics

The article is devoted to the analysis of intergenerational features of the transformation of the migrants’ family memory in the context of global trends in five Russian regions. Using transnational and praxeological approaches, the authors examined the migrants’ family memory as a configuration of narratives and practices, including the memory of both the country of origin and the commemorative practices of the host society. Based on the biographical method of Fritz Schütze, the authors identified and analyzed the curves of family narratives of the first, 1.5 and second generations of migrants. The article concluded that family commemorations continue to play an important role in constructing the identity of migrant communities in the Russian provinces. The main difference between the Russian case and global trends in the transformation of migrants’ family memory is the dominance of first-generation migrants influencing family commemorations. It was concluded that “parallel” communities of memory between migrants and the host society are preserved. With regard to migrants, this was expressed in their openness only to the Russian language, while their attitude towards Russian traditions and festive culture was neutral. Turning to the generational features of the transmission and reproduction of family memory revealed an increase in differences between the first and second generations. Based on the three most common ways of relating to the family past in the second generation (reluctance to adopt, uncritical perception of traditions, co-production of common meaning), potential conflict zones were identified in intergenerational relationships regarding shared family memories.

Ufa ladies’ fashion (formation of provincial fashion industry in post-reform Russia)

The process of formation of one of the branches of commercial and industrial activity – the fashion industry, which included the sale and production of goods for women in the Russian province in the 1860s–1880s – is considered. The subject of study is gender history, raising the status of a woman who becomes an independent owner or manager of a business. In the post-reform period, the rapid development of trade in women’s goods began for representatives of the "middle" and "upper" classes of Ufa, the capital of a separate province that emerged in 1865. Due to the transport isolation of the region, only during the summer navigation period the river shipping company operated, the delivery of "fashionable" goods from the capitals and abroad through Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan sharply increased the cost of products. Therefore, an independent system for the production of women’s clothing, hats, shoes and even jewelry is being developed in Ufa. It was practically the only purely female business in the city, covering about a third to a quarter of all establishments. Either the owners or managers who actually managed the business were women. Initially, the fashion industry of Ufa as an entertainment for wealthy officials and merchants who dreamed of breaking out of everyday life, quickly transformed into a serious business, acquiring the features of small-scale production with a considerable number of employees. Women’s entrepreneurship in the fashion industry was distinguished by a higher socio-cultural level; noblewomen (officials) and merchant women made up 2/3 of the owners of establishments, while the production of men’s clothing and shoes was dominated by the bourgeoisie. This situation persisted for about 30 years, until the railroad arrived in Ufa in 1888. The influx of cheaper imports has dramatically changed the situation.
 For citation: Rodnov M.I. Ufa ladies’ fashion (formation of provincial fashion industry in post-reform Russia). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023. vol.13, no.4, pp.49–68. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-4.49-68 (In Russian)

Genesis of veterinary medicine and veterinary statistics in the northern Russian provinces in the late 19th - early 20th centuries

Genesis of veterinary medicine and veterinary statistics in the northern Russian provinces in the late 19th - early 20th centuries

Paintings of the Refectory of the Annunciation Church in the Village of Knyazhevo in the Artistic Culture of the Bezhetsky Region

In recent decades there has been a reassessment of 19th century church culture. Consideration of the outstanding monuments of mural painting allows us to draw a conclusion about the outstanding character of the art of the Russian province. The relevance of the study of murals is connected with the total destruction of rural churches. The painting of the refectory in 1893 in the Annunciation Church in the village of Knyazhevo organically fits into the artistic context and continues the tradition of church monumental painting of the Bezhetsky region. On the example of the main cycle of subjects based on “The Beatitudes” the engravings-samples from the Bible by Christoph Weigel (1695) and compositions from various churches of Bezhetsky district are considered. Although engravings played a significant role, they did not hinder the independent development of art. The article analyses various variants of reproduction of graphic prototypes in mural painting. An assumption is made that local masters had a hitherto unknown prototype based on Weigel’s engravings. Archaic prototypes were organically combined with more modern ones, both Russian and foreign. Eclecticism stylistics, professionalism of masters and a powerful local school allowed combining different directions into a single whole. Paintings were created in accordance with the forms of architecture. Ornamental design helped to organically arrange compositions on walls and vaults. The artistic culture of the Bezhetsky region proved to be so stable that it allowed to recycle recognisable prototypes and demonstrate a wide range of pictorial means for many decades until the end of the 19th century. For the first time, the author’s diagram of the mural arrangement of the refectory is published.

Images of trust and distrust in financial institutions in the language and speech culture of the population of the Russian province (case study of Lipetsk region)

This paper is focused on the ways of expressing trust and distrust in financial institutions represented in the language and speech culture of the population of the Lipetsk region. Based on 55 semi-structured interviews of three generations (centennials, millennials, elder generations) living in rural and urban settlements, issues of understanding and interpretation of financial institutions, features of trust, positive and negative experiences of interaction with various financial institutions were analyzed. The use of the constructivism made it possible to interpret trust as an internal component of the practices of an agent involved in the current financial situation. The study showed that in regions with an average standard of living, an average level of financial culture and the dominance of a conservative model of financial behaviour, the difference between generations is less noticeable against the backdrop of a significant difference between residents of rural and urban settlements. The analysis of interviews with three generations of residents of the region showed that the conservative model of financial behaviour continues to be reproduced in the speech culture of the informants, where banks and insurance organizations remain the most trustworthy. The images of financial institutions, represented in the language of the interviews, revealed a high level of resentment associated with the experience of past events (the collapse of the USSR, privatization). The content analysis revealed the image of the state as a “collector of payments”, and to a lesser extent, a “helper” supporting a person in his relationship with financial institutions.

Pharmacy in the Russian province (Based on the materials of the Vlasievskaya Pharmacy, XIX - early XX centuries)

In 2022, the Vlasievskaya Pharmacy celebrated its 200th anniversary. In modern Yaroslavl, this is one of the few establishments with such a long history. On its example, one can trace the state of the pharmacy business, which is typical for the Russian provinces. The article analyzes the place and role of the Vlasievskaya pharmacy in the provision of drugs to the population and hospitals of the Yaroslavl province, reveals the regulation and features of its activities, identifies the owners and employees for a 200-year period of history. The article is based on archival documents, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

The Contribution of Merchants to the Formation of the System of Female Education in the Russian Province (Based on the Materials of Vologda Province in the second third of the 19th century)

The Contribution of Merchants to the Formation of the System of Female Education in the Russian Province (Based on the Materials of Vologda Province in the second third of the 19th century)

Prospering despite the adverse terms of emancipation? Accumulation of wealth by peasant farmers in the tsarist Russian province of Livonia, 1853–1913

Prospering despite the adverse terms of emancipation? Accumulation of wealth by peasant farmers in the tsarist Russian province of Livonia, 1853–1913

The Western Provinces of the Russian Empire in the Revolution of 1905-1907: Elements of Regional Uniqueness and Civil War

This article examines the elements of regional identity and civil war in nine western provinces of the Russian Empire during the Revolution of 1905-1907. Unlike the inner Russian provinces, the western provinces were multinational and polyconfessional, despite the fact that Russian nationalists considered them to be native Russian lands. On the territory of the western provinces, mass protest movements took place, combining ethnic, religious and social conflicts, often leading to outbreaks of terrorism. The lands that were part of the Commonwealth in the historical past were perceived as a kind of transit zone between Russia and the Kingdom of Poland (Vistula provinces), and their integration into the Russian Empire was not completed. Numerous revolutionary, anti-revolutionary and counter-revolutionary movements with the participation of many political parties and movements of various kinds had a strong influence on the socio-political development of nine provinces. Attempts by the central and local authorities to suppress conflicts by various methods and the scale of manifestations of violence were inherent in the outskirts of the Empire during the revolution, as a result of which features of originality appeared in the western provinces. In addition, historical parallels can be drawn with regional outbreaks of violence during the French Revolution. The author offers the opportunity to compare the western provinces as the "Black Hundred Vendee" of the period of the revolution of 19051907. on the types of conflicts and the level of violence with the south of France (Midi) of the French Revolution and compare the social, ethnic and religious conflicts of the western provinces of the period of the revolution of 1905-1907. with the events in the Austrian Empire during the revolutionary period of 1848-1849.

Памяти двух выдающихся филологов и антропологов

The article is devoted to prominent Russian philologists E. V. Dushechkina (1941–2020) and A. F. Belousov (1946–2023). Graduates of the University of Tartu, students of Yu. M. Lotman, they belonged to the Tartu-Moscow scientific school, began their scientific and teaching activities in Estonia - at the University of Tartu and the Tallinn Pedagogical Institute. Since 1990, the couple lived and worked in St. Petersburg. E.V. Dushechkina was a professor at St. Petersburg University. A.F. Belousov was a senior researcher at the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and then an assistant professor of children's literature at the St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts. In the scientific work of Dushechkina, the main theme was Russian calendar prose and related cultural phenomena. A.F. Belousov became a pioneer in a number of areas of folklore and cultural anthropology related to modern children's and urban folklore, the culture of the Russian provinces. The author pays tribute to the memory of her mentors and colleagues.

Bibliophilism of the Nobility as an Element of the Cultural Environment of the Central Chernozem Region in the First Half of the 19th Century

Introduction. The article examines the issue of the development of book collecting as a special feature that is formed in the provincial Russian reader in the first half of the XIX century. An important part of the formation of reading culture in the provincial environment was the gradual transition from traditional values to new behavioral and spiritual practices. Materials and methods. An important part of the formation of the reading culture in the provincial environment was the gradual transition from traditional values to new behavioral and spiritual practices. Historical experience shows that in Russia, as in European countries, reading is an attribute of the life of modernized groups of the population. The dominant social structures in established societies, based on ingrained patterns of behavior, were closely associated with oral communication. And only in modernized communities does the need for the printed word appear as a universal source of information transmission. Results. Drawn into the processes of social and economic modernization ofRussia in the XVIII century, the nobility intensively assimilated European culture, including its information transmitter – the works of foreign writers. As a result, by the end of the century, reading becomes an important component of the lifestyle of the upper class. At the same time, the development of foreign literature contributed to the transfer of Western socio-economic and cultural ideas to the Russian soil, catalyzed theprocess of intellectual "Europeanization" of the upper class. Conclusion. The prevalence of Frenchlanguage literature during this period was characteristic of the majority of the nobility and testified to the active involvement of the upper class in the process of "gallomania". The high level of education of the owners allowed them to have rich collections of literature in foreign languages, expanding the horizons of bibliophiles. The main role here was played by the works of French enlighteners, who formed the freethinking views of landowners, educating the ideas of freedom and equality.