Russian Primorye Research Articles

New Findings Relating to Bone Processing from Chernyatino-2, Primorye

The article provides a detailed account of faunal materials from the Chernyatino-2 settlement in Russian Primorye. For the first time, a large series of bone blanks from a Bohai (698–926 AD) site is described, enabling us to reconstruct bone-processing techniques and types of tools used, expanding our knowledge of bone-working craft of that region. A detailed classification of bone and antler artifacts of domestic manufacture is presented. Certain artifacts are quite unusual. There are items relating to winter movement and hitherto unknown musical instruments, extending our knowledge of medieval Far Eastern musical culture. Also, we detail the species composition and proportion of domestic and wild animals. Predominant families and genera of fish are listed. The findings are discussed with reference to the role of environment in medieval subsistence strategy.

Взаимоотношения России и Китая в сфере гидропользования совместных водных артерий

The Amur River basin covers the territory of four countries – Russia, China, North Korea and Mongolia. But, since North Korea and Mongolia account for a small part, the pressure from the activities of these countries on the water arteries of the Amur basin is insignificant. At the same time, Russia and China cover 98% (54% and 44%, respectively) of the basin area, and the activities of these two states have the greatest impact on the Amur and its tributaries. The article deals with the problems of the different approach of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China in relation to the use of joint reservoirs, which are the border for the two countries – one of the longest in the world. The purpose of the material is to consider the evolution of the use of the Amur River basin by Russia and China, the emerging dangers for one of the largest rivers in the world (9th place), and the interaction of the two countries to reduce the detrimental impact of human activity in this territory. With the beginning of the process of development and industrialization of the Russian Far East (USSR) and the Northeast of China, pressure began on the ecological and hydrological spheres of these regions. This is especially true of the Chinese territory, where from the middle of the 20th century. the population of the population has grown significantly, exceeding 100 million people, and, accordingly, the process of industrialization of the region and the development of agriculture, including the cultivation of rice, which requires significant irrigation work, has significantly increased. The material touches upon the issues of the use of waterways for the extraction of biological resources, navigation, agriculture, bank protection works and the needs of industry, as well as the threat from emergencies at enterprises located in the basin of border rivers. In addition, the issue of preventing economic damage and protecting the ports of the Russian Primorye in the event of a change in the rules for using the Tumannaya (Tumangan) border river, which for the last 17 km before flowing into the Sea of Japan, separates the Russian Federation and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, thus excluding access to sea to Chinese ships from the port of Hunchun.

이해조의 『소학령(巢鶴嶺)』에 나타난 연해주(沿海州)의 심상지리

이 논문은 『소학령』에 나타난 연해주의 심상지리를 고찰한 글이다. 『소학령』에서 연해주는 ‘신개척지’, ‘소학령’, ‘추풍’이라는 세 공간을 통해 재현되었고 이 세공간의 재현에 있어서 『소학령』은 실제 이미지 를 최대한 반영하고자 노력하는 서사전략을 구사하였다. 다만 이 ‘실제 이미지’라는 것은 정치성이 소거된 일상 공간으로서의 연해주였다는 조건부적인 것이었고 그 소거된 정치성을 대체하고 나선 것은 식민 의 논리였다. 따라서 『소학령』에서 연해주는 여전히 식민의 논리가 반복되는 공간이었고 이는 작가 이해조가 연해주라는 공간의 고유한 특징을 무시한 채 자신이 익숙한 식민의 논리 속에서 연해주를 재단하 고 상상하고 있음을 말해준다.

Export endowments of the educational services market of the Primorsky Territory and strategic ways of its use

Aim. The work aimed to analyze contemporary approaches to the development of the export of educational services, as well as the practice of managing this process in the Russian Primorye, as well as to substantiate the concept of its state support at the regional level.Tasks. The work was performed to generalize theoretical ideas about modern models of export of educational services and analyze the concepts adopted in Russia, as well as programs for its development in the mid-term; to identify and systematize trends and problems in the development of exports of higher education services in the Primorsky Territory over the past ten years to citizens of the border provinces of the People’s Republic of China (PRC); develop a conceptual model of state support for the export of educational services at the regional level and a model of the strategic directions of this process at the university level.Methods. The tasks were solved within the framework of the accepted research hypothesis, using the methods of systemic, structural, and functional analysis in a strict logical sequence, with the use of a large array of theoretical and factual data.Results. The stable dynamics of the development of export of higher education services to the PRC in the pre-pandemic period was determined. The authors substantiate the problem of managing this process at the macro and micro levels, with increased competition in the markets of international educational services. A conceptual model of state support for the export of educational services is proposed.Conclusion. The studies conducted and the results obtained serve as an organizational and methodological basis for the implementation of a more effective policy for the development of the export of educational services in the Russian regions bordering the PRC.

Поздний палеолит Приморского региона после последнего оледенения

Paleolithic sites in the Russian Primorye appeared not earlier than 18,000 cal. BP. In the territories to the south and southwest, there are a large number of sites with microblade industries dating back to the time before the beginning of LGM. The largest number of dated sites falls at the beginning of LGM (24,000-20,000 cal. BP). Researchers suggest that after 20,000 and up to 15,000 cal. BP, due to the changes in climate, there was an outflow of population from the Korean Peninsula and from northeast China. In Korea, the most prominent representatives of the post-glacial lithic industries are the Hopyeong-dong, Hahwagye-ri, Songdu-ri, and Gigok sites, in northeast China—Datong and Yuafang. The industrial complexes of these sites are characterized by wedge-shaped microcores, end scrapers, burins, punctures, drills, leaf-shaped bifaces, arrowheads, and retouched microblades. In the Russian Primorye, the closest parallels to these complexes are found in the collections of the Ustinovka group of sites. The materials of the early sites, Suvorovo 4, Ustinovka 5, 7 (18,000-16,000 cal. BP) demonstrate direct parallels with the industries of the Hopeyong-dong and Hahwagye-ri sites (25,000-19,000 cal. BP). Later Paleolithic complexes, Suvorovo 3, Ustinovka 6, Ilistaya 1, and Gorbatka 3, are similar to the industries of the Korean Songduri and Gigok sites, and the Chinese Datong and Yuafang sites. Due to the cold period, mobility of ancient man increases rapidly, he actively began to develop coastal areas freed from the sea. Along the coastal strip, there were migrations to the neighboring territories of the Russian Primorye. This process was repeated and was active in both directions.

New records of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Russian Primorye and notes on some Chinese species

New records of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Russian Primorye and notes on some Chinese species

Ceramic art of Russian Primorye

The goal of this work is determination of the development stages of ceramic art in Russian Primorye, as well as their specificity. It is established that the history of ceramic art of this region alongside its current stage are insufficiently studied. The evolution of ceramic art of Primorye is viewed in the context of its manufacture and production. The author examines the role of the three major factories – Vladivostok Porcelain Factory, Artemovsk Porcelain Factory, and Spassky Plant in development of ceramic art of Russian Primorye. The  two main development stages of ceramic art in Primorye are determines. The first one includes the activity of porcelain factories in Vladivostok and Artem, as well as pottery plant in Spassk-Dalny, which resulted in the inflow of certified specialists in the area of decorative-applied arts and formation of a unique style of the regional ceramic art. The second one includes the forms of existence of ceramic art in Primorye after closing the factories and creation of private workshops that developed the ceramic branch of decorative-applied art, namely souvenirs, use of pottery and porcelain objects in landscape and interior design, as well as involvement of ceramics in inclusive education.  

Lagrangian Analysis of Transport Pathways of Subtropical Water to the Primorye Coast

Lagrangian calculations based on satellite altimetry data (1993–2015) statistically demonstrated the existence of stable transport pathways of subtropical waters to the southern coasts of Russian Primorye through the subarctic front of the Sea of Japan. This transport is mainly provided by a peculiar mesoscale circulation north of the front as eddy streets, which facilitate the formation of Lagrangian intrusions of warm water penetrating further northward. The transport of warm waters in recent decades could be one of the factors responsible for the prolonged warm autumns observed in Primorye since the 1990s and explains the penetration of thermophilic fishes and other tropical and subtropical marine organisms and animals to the Primorye coasts.

Особенности управления рисками совместного предпринимательства в освоении земельных ресурсов российского Приморья

Особенности управления рисками совместного предпринимательства в освоении земельных ресурсов российского Приморья

ОБЪЕКТИВНЫЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ УСИЛЕНИЯ РОЛИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ МИГРАЦИИ В СБАЛАНСИРОВАННОСТИ РЫНКА ТРУДА РОССИЙСКОГО ПРИМОРЬЯ

The paper presents the results of the study of the tendency to use international migration to provide the sustainability of Russian Primorye labor market. Stable out-migration from Far Eastern regions for the last 25 years, first, skilled staff and young people, is followed by the significant deterioration both of quantitative and qualitative parameters of regional demographic potential. Current situation aggravates the problem of staffing of numerous enterprises created within new state policy in mining and smelting, petrochemical, mechanical-engineering, fishing-industry, and agricultural complexes. According to the predictive estimate, as early as in the years ahead, only in Primorsky Territory, putting into operation of these enterprises will require the recruitment of about fifteen thousands of skilled staff and factory workers. It is the authors’ opinion that this necessity can be satisfied in the case of substantial decrease of out-migration of the native economically active population and the effective use of possibilities of development of cross-border cooperation of Russian Primorye with neighbor countries, and first with PRK. Nevertheless, this cooperation has both positive and negative results associated mainly with the inadequacy of migration policy carried out on federal and regional levels, which not always considers special aspects of the development of labor and productive potential of Russian Far Eastern regions and the existing transport and external-economic infrastructure. The aim of this paper is to identify main prerequisites and possibilities of use of international labor migration to balance Russian Primorye labor market. To achieve target goal, the authors used the method of the system and comparative economic analysis.

Composition, age, and tectonic position of granitoids of the Shmakovka complex

The geological, geochemical, and geochronological data on the granitiods of the Shmakovka massif, which represents a petrotype of the synonymous complex (southern Russian Primorye), show that the granitoid intrusions of the Shmakovka Complex play a “coupling” role, occurring in different blocks of the Khanka composite terrane. The geochemical and isotopic features of the granitoids indicate that their formation resulted from melting of a “mixed,” substantially metapelite, source similar to the most intensely metamorphosed rocks of the Khanka massif. According to U–Pb measurements, the granitoids are 490 ± 1 Ma old. The analysis of the distribution of Early Paleozoic I-, S-, and A-type granitoids in southern Primorye reveals that Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician endogenic events marked the amalgamation of Precambrian–Early Paleozoic blocks and the eventual formation of the Bureya–Jiamusi superterrane (Bureya–Khanka orogenic belt).

Some limitations in the use of the mitochondrial DNA cytb gene as a molecular marker for phylogenetic and population-genetic studies by the example of the Apodemus genus

The interpretation of a signal produced by the mtDNA cytb gene as a molecular marker in phylogenetic and population-genetic research can be complicated by the cumulative influence of parallel mutations, i.e., by the entropy of nucleotide sequences that impede differentiation among the effects of the hybridization, natural polymorphisms, and artifacts imposed by pseudo-genes. We analyzed possible limitations in the use of the mtDNA cytb gene as a molecular marker by the example of the Apodemus genus. For this purpose, the entropy of nucleotide sequences was calculated and the probable tracts of gene conversion were sought in samples of various Apodemus species from Tibet, Korea, the southern part of the Russian Primorye, and Western Europe. Many haplotypes were identified as containing tracts of gene conversion. A high level of nucleotide sequence variability was found in species from the Tibetian Plateau, particularly, in A. draco, presumably due to the influence exercised by the low-effective size of populations on the rate of point mutation accumulation and also the role of cytochrome b in the adaptation to unfavorable environment. The effects of hypervariability in the cytb nucleotide sequences of some samplings resulting in the entropy growth, imitating gene conversion when compared to other species of the genus were analyzed. Furthermore, the examples of possible pseudo-gene interference among the published cytb sequences are provided. It is suggested that the strategy in the use of the mtDNA cytb gene in population genetics and phylogenetics should be adapted to the degree of gene variability. The emphasis is placed on the necessity of close control over sequencing data at all stages of their analysis.

Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite loci in the wrinkled frog.

The wrinkled frog, Rana rugosa, is a species complex that inhabits plains and mountains near freshwater bodies throughout East Asia, encompassing China, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Primorye region. Although extensive efforts are required to estimate cryptic diversity in the R. rugosa complex, no specifically designed microsatellite loci are available. Here, novel and polymorphic microsatellites were isolated based on the construction of a microsatellite-enriched library and characterized using R. rugosa specimens collected on the Korean Peninsula. A total of 72 primer sets were designed from approximately 400 positive clones, and 22 were validated as being reliably amplified and polymorphic. Overall, high genetic variability was observed (mean number of alleles per locus = 22.23; mean observed and expected heterozygosities = 0.770 and 0.816, respectively) from a total of 60 individuals sampled from two geographically isolated localities. In the two sites analyzed, an extremely low level of relatedness was inferred from the estimation of pairwise relatedness, and no evidence of a genetic bottleneck was detected. The two sites showed a high level of genetic differentiation, suggesting a clear signature of isolation following colonization. With high statistical power in parentage and sibship exclusion, these microsatellite loci will be suitable for the identification of cryptic diversity and population structure as well as the recognition of individuals in social interaction and captive breeding practice.

Understanding the origin of the Bohai state in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

The state of Bohai (on Korean reading – Parhae, 발해) existed in what is modern Russian Primorye region (Приморский край/Maritime Region), North Korea and Northeastern China, from the late seventh to the early tenth centuries AD. It played an important role in the history of the area as a major regional power for over two centuries. Recently, the history of Bohai has begun to attract scholarly interest. However, North Korean studies of Bohai remain basically almost unknown in the Western world. In this article, I present the history of Bohai studies in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). In this article, I analyze not only North Korean studies of Bohai but also the opinions of the Korean scholars on the subject. They are rather specific for North Koreans who have unique access to the archaeological and historical materials on Bohai but are also subjected to unusually severe political pressures. The history of Bohai has now become an object of active political games which are related to territorial claims based on alleged archaeological and historical material. This situation increases the general interest in Bohai but also makes honest and unbiased research more difficult.

Some limitations in the use of the mitochondrial DNA cytb gene as a molecular marker for phylogenetic and population genetic studies by the example of the Apodemus genus

The interpretation of a signal sent by the mtDNA c ytb gene as a molecular marker in phylogenetic and population genetic research can be complicated by cumulative influence of parallel mutations, i.e., the entropy of nucleotide sequences. Such a phenomenon impedes differentiation among the effects of hybridization, natural polymorphisms, and artifacts imposed by pseudogenes. We analyzed possible limitations in the use of the mtDNA cytb gene as a molecular marker by the example of the Apodemus genus. For this purpose, the entropy of nucleotide sequences was calculated, and probable tracts of gene conversion were sought in samples of various Apodemus species from Tibet, Korea, south of Russian Primorye, and Western Europe. Many haplotypes were identified as containing tracts of gene conversion. The high level of nucleotide sequence variability was found in species from Tibet, particularly, in A. draco, presumably due to the influence of low effective sizes of populations on the speed of point mutation accumulation and also cytochrome b role in the adaptation to unfavorable environment. The effects of hypervariability in cytb nucleotide sequences of some samplings resulting in entropy growth imitating gene conversion when compared to other species of the genus were analyzed. Examples of possible pseudogene interference among published cytb sequences are provided. It is suggested that the strategy in the use of the mtDNA cytb gene in population genetics and phylogenetics should be adapted to the degree of the gene variability. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of close control over sequencing data.

The Ethnic Composition of Bohai State on the Archaeological Materials

Setting the Problem: Pohai State (698-926), being situated on the territory of the Russian Primorye, North East of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and North East of China, was created by Tungus-Manchus tribes Sumo Mokhe. Pohai was a poly-ethnic (multinational) state. Tribes Mokhe were the basic population of it. Besides, there lived Koguryo, Paleo-Asian and Chinese residents. Each ethnic community had its own social status that could be determined by archaeological material. For deciding such a task the author worked out methods for determining the structure of archaeological culture. In the Russian archaeology the term “archaeological culture” means a complex of archaeological sites situated on one and the same territory and possessed common indications of material culture (ceramics, artifacts out of metal, necropolis, dwellings, etc.). Structure of Mediaeval Archaeological Cultures: The author proposes to single out three layers in material culture: aboriginal layer contains the information about ethnic belonging; state layer characterizes handcraft production and gives a possibility to determine the state borders; epoch layer gives a possibility to date sites and single out military-trade-economic ties. The aboriginal layer is represented with artifacts being made by residents themselves. They are molded ceramics, traditional decorations, the specificity of dwelling construction, funeral rites, etc. The state layer is represented with handicraft artifacts, mainly, made by alien masters and with technology different from the aboriginal one. For example, ceramics being produced on the potter’s wheel; types of fortifications that were built by special (foreign) masters invited for it, and etc. The epochal-making layer is represented with artifacts that were spread on the very vast territory, for example, girdles (belts) of Turk type, ceramics of Tan dynasty, armament, etc. Three Tasks of the Investigation: According to such methodic principles there were set three tasks: on the archaeological material to single out the ethnic (aboriginal) structure of Pohai state; to determine state signs; to define social status Koguryo residents in Pohai. Analysis of the Material: Ceramics. The analysis of molded ceramics exposes that on Pohai sites there was present only Mokhe type of the vessels. There is no molded Koguryo ceramics there. The analysis of ceramics, being finished off on potter’s wheel, exposes handicraft traditions and the presence of kilns, i.e. potter’s wheel ceramics of Koguryo type were produced there. The analysis of potter’s grey-clay ceramics exposes handicraft traditions of Tan dynasty but the absence of centers of its production. It is indicative of trade relations. Fortifications: The appearance of stone mountain sites in Pohai is connected with fortification traditions. The appearance of valley (plain) square sites is connected with Chinese fortification traditions. Conclusions: So, the basic (aboriginal) population of Pohai was Tungus-Manchus tribes Mokhe. Koguryo residents in Pohai were used as potters—handicrafts men and fortification masters and, may be, warriors. The geography of stone fortresses shows up that they were constructed for defending marine and land roads.

Genetic variability and population structure of endangered Panax ginseng in the Russian Primorye

BackgroundThe natural habitat of wild P. ginseng is currently found only in the Russian Primorye and the populations are extremely exhausted and require restoration. Analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure of an endangered species is a prerequisite for conservation. The present study aims to investigate the patterns and levels of genetic polymorphism and population structures of wild P. ginseng with the AFLP method to (1) estimate the level of genetic diversity in the P. ginseng populations in the Russian Primorsky Krai, (2) calculate the distribution of variability within a population and among populations and (3) examine the genetic relationship between the populations.MethodsGenetic variability and population structure of ten P. ginseng populations were investigated with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The genetic relationships among P. ginseng plants and populations were delineated.ResultsThe mean genetic variability within populations was high. The mean level of polymorphisms was 55.68% at the population level and 99.65% at the species level. The Shannon's index ranged between 0.1602 and 0.3222 with an average of 0.2626 at the population level and 0.3967 at the species level. The analysis of molecular variances (AMOVA) showed a significant population structure in P. ginseng. The partition of genetic diversity with AMOVA suggested that the majority of the genetic variation (64.5%) was within populations of P. ginseng. The inter-population variability was approximately 36% of the total variability. The genetic relationships among P. ginseng plants and populations were reconstructed by Minimum Spanning tree (MS-tree) on the basis of Euclidean distances with ARLEQUIN and NTSYS, respectively. The MS-trees suggest that the southern Uss, Part and Nad populations may have promoted P. ginseng distribution throughout the Russian Primorye.ConclusionThe P. ginseng populations in the Russian Primorye are significant in genetic diversity. The high variability demonstrates that the current genetic resources of P. ginseng populations have not been exposed to depletion.

Occurrence of Sapindopsis (Platanaceae) in the Cretaceous of Eurasia

Three new species of the genus Sapindopsis Fontaine from Central Asia and western Siberia are described: S. neuburgae (Vachr.) Golovn., comb. nov., S. janschinii (Vachr.) Golovn., comb. nov., and S. kryshtofovichii (I. Lebed.) Golovn., comb. nov. Geographical and stratigraphic analyses have shown that the genus evolved in Eurasia from the Middle Albian to the Cenomanian, and was mostly restricted to the subtropics of the Euro-Sinian phytogeographic area from the Middle East to Russian Primorye and northern China. The are no reliable records of Sapindopsis from Europe. The migration of Sapindopsis from North America to Eurasia through the Bering Land Bridge was most probably related to the Early-Middle Albian climatic optimum.

Alaskan-Type Plutons and Ultramafic Lavas in Far East Russia, Northeast China, and Japan

Alaskan-type zoned ultramafic complexes and ultramafic lavas, sills and dikes of Jurassic age occur in the Jurassic accretionary complex (Samarka-Nadanhada zone) of Russian Primorye and adjacent northeast China (Heilongjiang Province). The Alaskan-type complexes include ilmenite-rich pyroxenite and gabbro, and are locally associated with nepheline-bearing rocks and carbonatites. These complexes were intruded into Jurassic chert-shale-sandstone sequences, to which they gave a distinct contact metamorphism. The ultramafic volcanic rocks include massive lava, pillow lava, agglomerate, and tuff. They are dominated by picrite, but also include meimechite, a TiO2-rich ultramafic volcanic rock. The meimechite-picrite association is also known from Japan and Sakhalin, such as in the central Hokkaido-Sakhalin belt (Jurassic), Mikabu belt (Jurassic), Mino belt (Permian), and Mineoka belt (Paleogene), although Alaskan-type complexes are not known in these belts. All these ultramafic volcanic rocks in Far East Russia, northeast China, and Japan are distinctly lower in TiO2/Al2O3, Nb/Y, and Nb/Zr ratios than the meimechite series in northern Siberia, but are clearly higher in these ratios than the Japanese in-situ island-arc picrites, and closely resemble picritic rocks in oceanic islands, especially those with HIMU signatures. Occurrence of the Jurassic ultramafic magmatism over the 2000 km wide area of the East Asian margin, the vast development of Jurassic accretionary complexes in the same area, and the very short time interval between ultramafic magmatism and accretion suggest superplume activity in or near the subduction zone. The Permian, Jurassic, and Paleogene "oceanic meimechites" among Japanese accretionary complexes suggests repeated superplume events through the Phanerozoic.

Ginseng Conservation Program in Russian Primorye:Genetic Structure of Wild and Cultivated Populations

“The Regional complex long-term program of restoration (reintroduction) of Primoryes ginseng population up to 2005” elaborated by Primorye governor administration, Regional Committee of Natural Resources and Russian Academy of Sciences operates in Russian Primorye. The Institute of Biology and Soil Science (IBSS) provides the scientific implementation of the program including the genetic analysis of extant ginseng populations, plant reproduction and off-spring identification. According to our investigations, the genetic resource of P. ginseng in Primorye is represented by three populations of wild-growing ginseng and a few pritate plantations. The results obtained by RAPD allowed concluding that the resource is dispersed among the wild and cultivated ginseng sub-populations in such a way that each of sub-populations studied has to be represented as a stock material to maintain species genetic variability. The allozyme analyses also showed that the small sub-populations of wild ginseng are characterized by unique genetic diversity and, therefore, they all need to be represented in reintroduction centers. Additionally the allozyme analysis discovered that the Blue Mountain and Khasan populations possess the most genetic diversity. So, at least one more reproductive ginseng unit has to be created besides two already existing reintroduction centers representing the Sikhote-Alin and the Blue Mountain populations.