Russian Partition Research Articles

Problemy polskiego szkolnictwa zaboru pruskiego i rosyjskiego na kartach „Szkoły” 1868-1914

The article discusses the period 1868-1914. At that time in Lvov, a pedagogical magazine entitled Szkoła (“School”) was published, in the columns of which one could find articles dealing with the problems of the Polish educational system in the Prussian and Russian partition zones. They were primarily letters and publications based on information obtained from brochures, newspapers and periodicals issued in the Grand Duchy of Poznan and the Kingdom of Poland. The news concerning Polish education published in Szkoła were non systematic and did not appear in cycles. Nevertheless, they possessed largely informative value for the readers of the periodical. They depicted the struggle to preserve the Polish language in schools, the questions connected with educating at an elementary and secondary level. Some papers provided information about schools for apprentices and schools of rural economics for girls. Galician autonomy created opportunities for freedom of expression on various topics. Owing to this, the journalists printing their articles in Szkoła openly denounced the abuses of Germans and Russians, criticised Germanization and Russification.

Wątek kształcenia dziewcząt w reformach szkolnych od czasów Komisji Edukacji Narodowej do II wojny światowej

Girls’ education as an element of school reforms from the Commission of National Education up to WWIIAt the end of the 18th century and during the partitions, the education of young females constituted a separate educational track. At elementary level, young females had access to regular schools. At secondary level, private and monastic schools dominated. The government’s first interference with the education of young females was, perhaps, the attempt by the Commission of National Education to establish the permanent supervision of certain female schools (under legislation from 1775). The laws regarding education in each partition were not commensurate with the growing educational aspirations of women and the general socio-economic conditions. The Russian Partition was characterised by the dual existence of Polish private schools and governmental schools focused on the Russification of young Polish females. In Galicia, the most controversial issue was the creation of female secondary schools, the ompletion of which would enable a young woman to pursue university studies. Only during the Second Polish Republic did female education achieve equality before the law.

O rozwoju semantycznym socjolektalnej amby

The article deals with the presence of the word amba in the Polish language. Apparently, in contemporary Polish the noun functions in numerous new meanings. Referring to contemporary tendencies and phenomena, the author proves that word amba, of jargon origin, was spread and became a tool of communication between social and ethnic groups. The lexeme amba was well-known in the 19th century, but only became a fashionable word in its final years. The author discusses two paths of the word’s development: „Russian”, associated with Russian partition of Poland, which comprised a few of its regions including Mazowsze (amba is a word borrowed from Russian criminal dialects and Polish argot or jargon is an intermediary); and „German”, connected with the linguistic situation in the Prussian partition (various meanings of word amba are the result of neo-semantization of German loanwords). Today’s semantics of the word depends on the source of the loan, since the word was present both in the Russian and German languages.

Niemieckie ślady w reportażach Melchiora Wańkowicza z tomu „Anoda i katoda”. Reportaże z części „Kraj lat dziecinnych” w perspektywie leksykalnej

The subject of the study is German traces in Melchior Wańkowicz’s reportages published in the “Anoda i katoda” [“The Anode and Cathode”] series, in the part titled “Kraj lat dziecinnych” [The Land of Childhood]. This paper presents the vocabulary of German origin and Polish vocabulary referring to Germany and discusses common words and proper names, mostly of German origin, including quotations and lexis more or less assimilated in the Polish language. Appellatives are classified into parts of speech. The prevailing group of proper names comprises surnames, divided into two groups: German surnames and Polonised surnames. Another issue discussed in this article refers to the ways in which the presented vocabulary underwent Polonisation. Additionally, an interesting question is why the author, born in the Russian partition territory, uses so many words related to Germany. Wańkowicz refers to history, which justifies lexical items of German provenance, e.g. Ober-Ost. The presence of numerous surnames of German origin may result from Wańkowicz’s memories, e.g. Gebethner and Wolff are publishers of his story for children, and the surname Einstein is referred to in relation to Warsaw. As for the presence of appellatives, they were probably well-assimilated and frequently used, since most of them are not distinguished in any way in the text by the author. Some of the above-quoted Germanisms (appellatives and proper names) were Polonised in terms of vowels and consonants and through the application of Polish word-forming suffixes.

Miasta zdegradowane w województwie łódzkim w końcu I dekady XXI wieku

Miasta zdegradowane są ważnym składnikiem wiejskiej sieci osadniczej. Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka miejscowości położonych w obecnych granicach województwa łódzkiego, które utraciły status miasta, a także odpowiedź na pytanie, czy są na tym terenie jednostki osadnicze mające realne szanse na uzyskanie w niedalekiej przyszłości tego statusu. Zbiór miejscowości omówiony w artykule obejmuje wszystkie byłe miasta, które zostały zdegradowane przed 2010 r. Badania pokazały, że na obszarze województwa łódzkiego jest ich relatywnie dużo (aż 73), co jest konsekwencją dekretu carskiego, pozbawiającego w II połowie XIX w. praw miejskich wielu ówczesnych miast w granicach zaboru rosyjskiego.

Działalność Henryka Leliwy-Roycewicza w zakresie wojskowości, sportu i organizacji jeździectwa w Polsce

Henryk Roycewicz was not a well-known figure. His name would be difficult to find on the pages of textbooks for the history of Poland, he was also not included in the most popular encyclopedias. Who was he then? A Pole coming from a family with patriotic traditions, but born in times of persecution in the Russian partition. A soldier of the First World War, a cavalryman of the Second Republic, an athlete, an almost perfect rider, an Olympic medalist, a riding coach. Roycewicz was also a soldier of the September Campaign, then the Home Army, an activist of the underground, and finally a Warsaw insurgent – commander of the “Kilinski” Battalion. For the last two “offenses” he paid a high price – accusations of treason, sentence and a six-year stay in the Stalinist prison. After his release and rehabilitation, he returned to horse riding and remained faithful to it almost until the end of his life. Although he died more than a quarter of a century ago, he still lives in the memories of the older generation of riders, and above all his comrades-in-arms, their families, war veterans, for whom he has become a legend during his lifetime. The aim of the article was to present an outstanding figure of a soldier-patriot, sportsman-Olympian, sports activist.

Niepodległość kosztuje. Początki podatku dochodowego w II Rzeczypospolitej

For the reborn country in 1918, obtaining adequate revenues was necessary to maintain independence, particularly in relation to the cost of rebuilding the country’s military. The basic issue here was determining the shape of taxation imposed on the citizens. Income tax distinguished itself among other direct taxes as, hitherto, it was unknown in the territories of the former Russian partition, i.e. in the largest part of the country. The controversy it created was not aroused by the fact of introducing the new tax (it was widely supported by political elites) but rather by the solutions adopted regarding the application of tax thresholds and exemptions; serving to clearly illustrate the problems and dilemmas associated with creating an economic and social policy in the new Poland.

Polish School Motherland in the Northeastern Borderlands of the Second Republic of Poland

One of the socio-educational organizations operating from the end of the 19th century in the Kingdom of Poland was the Polish School Motherland (Polska Macierz Szkolna, hereinafter: PMS). Initially illegal, work focused the attention of activists on the issues of teaching in Polish, which was addressed to various age groups of listeners. In 1916, the first Statute of the Motherland was developed, which presented the goals and directions of work and in which the promotion of and support for education in the Christian and national spirit constituted the main determinant of activity. During the First World War, PMS turned its interest to the Northeastern Borderlands. When assessing the state of Polish education in these lands, it was obvious to take appropriate measures in the area of the former Russian Partition. However, the issue of nationality of these lands has not yet been resolved. After 1918, PMS tried to organize appropriate educational institutions, but it should be emphasized that Warsaw activists encountered a number of difficulties which resulted, among others, from ignorance of the peculiarities of these lands. Finally, in September 1919, the Polish School Motherland of Eastern Lands was established and started developing intensive work in the field of organizing: daycare centers, public schools and secondary schools (few), courses for illiterate adults, libraries and reading rooms. The Motherland was also active in the field of material help for those in need.

Perception and preservation of national heritage in historically conditioned regions

The aim of the article is to present an author’s proposal to distinguish regions based on the analysis of historical borders (from the last 400 years, mainly the borders crossing Poland in the 19th and the 20th century) and to verify the hypothesis that those historical borders diversify our country in the sphere of perception and preservation of national heritage and in relation to the analysed social indicators. The study contains statistical data on the perception and preservation of national heritage generalised for the elaborated historically conditioned regions from the cyclic, multidimensional Social Cohesion Survey conducted by Statistics Poland in 2015. In addition, data on monuments of the National Heritage Board of Poland and population data based on National Official Register of the Territorial Division of the Country (TERYT) were also taken into account. The largest differences in relation to the country’s average values of the analysed indicators occurred in the western and northern territories of Poland, the Śląskie voivodship area in Poland before the World War II, as well as Galicia and the eastern part of Russian partition within the present borders of Poland — east of the Vistula, Narew and Pisa rivers.

Gminy karaimskie XIX wieku jako dziedzictwo Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów

W ciągu ostatnich dwóch dekad badania karaimoznawcze nabrały wyraźnego rozmachu. Zaczęły ukazywać się wyspecjalizowane czasopisma naukowe pt. Karaite Archives oraz Almanach Karaimski, zostały wydane niektóre dokumenty karaimskie, ukazały się również ważne monografie, jak np. publikacja Stefana Gąsiorowskiego pt. Karaimi w Koronie i na Litwie w XV−XVIII wieku (Kraków - Budapeszt 2008). Ponadto regularnie ukazuje się kwartalnik karaimski Awazymyz, na którego łamach zamieszczane są artykuły poświęcone historii. Znaczna część prac zajmuje się XIX wiekiem, kiedy to w społeczności karaimskiej doszło do istotnych zmian. Ważny był w owym okresie np. fakt, iż gminy karaimskie na Litwie (z których najliczniejsza znajdowała się Trokach) oraz na Wołyniu (główną była ta w Łucku), wraz z wejściem w skład zaboru rosyjskiego, mogły nawiązać intensywniejsze kontakty z tradycyjnymi gminami karaimskimi na Krymie i w innych częściach Rosji. Odwrotnie zaś karaimska społeczność w Haliczu), po przyłączeniu do Austrii, została odizolowana od swych współplemieńców. W karaimskich gminach w zaborze rosyjskim nastąpiło również stosunkowo szybkie połączenie tożsamości wspólnoty religijnej wyznającej karaimizm z identyfikacją grupy etnicznej, którą obecnie nazywamy Karaimami. W gminie w Haliczu natomiast, dzięki wspomnianej izolacji, karaimska tożsamość religijna została na długo zachowana przy jednoczesnym przyjmowaniu polskiej tożsamości narodowej. Wspomnienia dawnych swobód Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów pozostały potem przez długi czas w pamięci ludności karaimskiej. W zaborze rosyjskim jeszcze długo wielu Karaimów używało także języka polskiego, dopiero w połowie XIX wieku częściej używano języka rosyjskiego. W Galicji przeciwnie, w drugiej połowie tego stulecia język polski się jeszcze upowszechnił. Kolejną istotną zmianą tożsamości karaimskiej w XIX wieku było jeszcze wyraźniejsze oddalanie od judaizmu, a zbliżenie do tożsamości tureckiej. Na zmiany te wpływ miała działalność kilku znanych postaci karaimskiego pochodzenia, z których jedną z najważniejszych był Abraham Firkowicz.

The musical theater in Kraków and Lviv around 1900: Social functions and cultural meanings

At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Kraków was a flourishing city, both economically and artistically. During the period of Galician autonomy, Kraków was granted significantly greater political freedom than other Polish cities located in the Prussian or Russian partitions. For this reason it became an important center for cultivating national tradition. Lviv, as the capital of the Crownland of Galicia and Lodomeria, was one of the most important centers of scholarship, education, and culture in this region. The city was a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multilingual conglomerate of Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, and Ruthenians. Lviv’s significance as an operatic center grew from the time when the German theater was closed in 1872 and a permanent Polish stage was created. This was a decisive moment for the development of the national opera, and Lviv became the main rival to Warsaw. The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the functioning of musical theater in Kraków and in Lviv, the two musical centers of Galicia. These cities were closely linked by institutional, artistic, cultural, and social bonds. In the artistic life a crucial part was played by the directors of the two city theaters, Tadeusz Pawlikowski and Ludwik Heller. Both made important contributions to the development of the opera.

Protection of Landscape Values of Historical Post Military Objects - Complexes in Spatial, Urban and Architectural Planning of Polish Cities

Within the borders of modern Poland there are numerous barracks units erected at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries by the invaders from Russia, Austria and Prussia. Former barracks are a clear element of the history of the place. Historical complexes have a strong influence on the urban landscape and on building their former and contemporary identity. The analysis of functional and landscape absorption of postmodern complexes allows for their adaptation and modern use without limiting the readability of historical values. For this reason, their landscape should be protected comprehensively within the scope of subsequent exposure scales. The aim of the work is to justify the conditions of comprehensive protection of the fortified landscape of the former barracks of the former Russian partition in the landscape of contemporary Polish cities. The article contains a review of the literature on the protection, supplement and access to fortified buildings from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in contemporary Poland. A review of current research conducted at various academic centres in Poland, concerning the exposition of fortified buildings in the landscape, is presented. Particular attention was paid to the scales and forms of exposition, proposed for the fortifications and barracks. The paper presents justification for the protection of barracks complexes from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in the landscape of Polish cities of the former Russian partition area. Protection of the landscape was proposed in the following scales: superregional, landscape (panorama of the centre), urban (urban structure of the complex in the context of the urban space), architectural and landscape interiors of the complex (WAK) such as alleys, alarm squares, greenery) and detail (view of the building from the outside), interior of the building (characteristic interior spaces, e.g. home chapels, staircases). Taking account of exposures analysis of individual scales should result in appropriate records at all levels of planning documents to protect the fortified landscape of the historic barracks. The article points to the use of greenery as a means to correct barracks exposures and to improve the standard of using historic complexes for new, contemporary functions.

Electoral behaviour in the Kraków metropolitan area: 1993–2011

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to describe changes in support for the four principal political options (‘right’, ‘left’, ‘liberal’, ‘peasant’) available in the Kraków Metropolitan Area (KMA) in parliamentary elections in the period 1993–2011. The electoral behaviour of the residents of the various KMA zones became increasingly similar in the study period. The political ‘distance’ between the northern commuter zone of the KMA (part of the Russian partition in the 19thc.) and the rest of the KMA, decreased significantly. The suburban zone of Kraków also changed over the course of the study period by becoming significantly similar to the city in terms of voting behaviour. This political change was largely due to substantial social and economic changes in the rural parts of the metropolitan area. Urban areas in the KMA were much more stable in their voting patterns and tended to politically resemble one another much more than rural areas. The city of Kraków and the southern part of its commuter zone – part of the Austrian partition in the 19thc. – were characterized by fewer fluctuations in voting behaviour than the two remaining parts of the KMA.

Polski klasyczny liberalizm. O recepcji liberalizmu w polskiej myśli politycznej pierwszej połowy XIX w.

The article presents a reminder and an analysis of the phenomenon of Polish classical liberalism, which is a reception of thoughts of Benjamin Constant de Rebecque. In the so-called Kingdomof Poland, a specific quasi-state organism, founded from the piece of the Russian partition of Polandand created after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Russian Tsar Alexander I gave the Kingdom the constitution, which newly nominated members of parliament demanded to bind. The opposition was mainly headed by the representatives from the provinceof Kalisz(the Kalisians ) under the leadership of Wincenty and Bonaventura Niemojowski. After deposition under house arrest in 1825, Wincenty Niemojowski translated in one volume the basic works of Benjamin Constant, significant from the point of view of the parliamentary struggle, and later armed during the Polish November Uprising 1830-1831. The work contains extensive principle of separation of powers, a very mature concept of freedom, as well as a warranty catalog to public authorities, such as freedom of the press, or the independence of the courts, which Wincenty Niemojowski highlighted in his translation. Paradoxically, it was the widest reception of classical liberalism inPoland, where to this day, trends of modern political thought represented by political parties have not yet developed.

Polish Suffragettes and the European Women’s Movement at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries: Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit’s Social Activism and Journalism

Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit (1859–1921) – the leader of the Polish emancipation movement at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and active on the territory under Russian Partition – established her programme for educational, professional and political emancipation of Polish women, drawing inspiration from national sources: the ideology of the Polish Renaissance and Polish Sarmatism of the pre-partition era, but the forms of implementation of this programme were based on foreign, mainly German, French and Czech, influences. The German, French and Czech influence are noticeable particularly in the crystallization of her emancipation programme, that is in the 1880s and the 1890s when she wrote about German, French and Czech women in the first Polish feminist daily Świt [The Dawn], then in the daily of the so-called Warsaw positivists titled Przegląd Tygodniowy [The Weekly Review] and finally in her own feminist periodical Ster [The Helm]. Ster had two editions: Ster, issued in Lviv in the years 1895–1897, was an organ of the supporters of educational emancipation for women in the territories under Austrian Partition and was closed when the Jagiellonian University admitted its first female students; Ster, issued in Warsaw in the years 1907– 1914, was an organ of Związek Rownouprawnienia Kobiet Polskich [Polish Women Emancipation Association], which led to the granting of full citizenship rights to Polish women in 1918. While working on the programmes and forms of activity of Ster and of the Polish Women Emancipation Association, she took advantage of the models created mainly by the German organization Allgemeine Deutsche Frauenverein as well as Ludwika Otto and Augusta Schmidt’s magazine Neue Bahnen, and French organization Alliance Universelle des Femmes as well as Maria Cheliga’s magazine Bulletin de l’union universelle des femmes or Revue Feministe.

Z wyciągów archiwalnych województwa łódzkiego: o metrykach parafialnych drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX wieku

Artykuł jest poświęcony opisowi dokumentów zawartych w księgach metrykalnych pochodzących z przełomu XIX/XX wieku z terenów województwa łódzkiego. Do analizowanych tekstów należą akty urodzenia (chrztu), akty ślubu i akty zgonu. Autorka przedstawia krótką historię kształtowania się tych dokumentów w Polsce od XVI wieku, analizuje ich zawartość, specyficzną budowę, oraz zwraca uwagę na ważniejsze zjawiska językowe. Ponadto w artykule zamieszczono przykłady aktów metrykalnych zarówno w języku polskim, jak i w rosyjskim z uwagi na fakt, iż pod zaborem rosyjskim dokumenty te pisane były po rosyjsku od 1868 roku.

Institutions or Culture? Lessons for Development from Two Natural Experiments of History

This study uses two natural experiments from Polish history, municipal level data and regression discontinuity design to consider the relative role of institutions and culture for long-run development. The first experiment documents the persistent effects of institutions and culture on the development of the 19th century partition of Poland between the Prussian, Russian and Austrian empires. Evidence is presented that these borders are exogenous. The former Prussian partition significantly outperforms the Russian and Austrian based on tax data. We find that agrarian reforms in the 19th century sent the three parts on different trajectories to modern development. As a result, half of the households are still rural in the Russian and Austrian partitions compared to a fifth in the Prussian. The partitions differentiated the cultures between the three parts as well. To distinguish the role of institutions and culture we exploit the second experiment of history - Stalin's forced migration movements after World War II. This enables us to exclude culture as a channel of persistence and demonstrate the role of institutions in long - run development. Robustness tests indicate the distinct nature of the historic borders.

Życie umysłowe w zaborze rosyjskim w latach 1848-1867 w świetle korespondencji Adama F. Adamowicza

W Państwowym Archiwum Historycznym Litwy w Wilnie znajduje się wiele ciekawych źródeł do dziejów nauki polskiej w XIX wieku. Należy do nich korespondencja profesora Adama Ferdynanda Adamowicza z lat 1848-1867. Listy pisane do niego i przez niego ukazują stan życia umysłowego Polaków na Wileńszczyźnie. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia autorów tych listów i komentuje ich treść.

The history of pharmacy in Adamów

Abstract This is one of a series of articles about pharmacists in Lublin district, in the 19th and 20th c. The first recorded owner of the pharmacy in Adamów was Aleksander Biernacki (1851-1897), who passed it onto his son-in-law, Aleksander Rogoziński (1873-1941), and who, in turn, passed it onto his son, Stanisław Rogoziński (1913-1998), married to Tatiana (1918-1998). This family's history is an example of the history of Polish intelligentsia in the second half of 19th c., in the times of the Russian partition, World War I, 1918-1939, World War II and until contemporary times.

Dobra Ziemskie Narodowe Wiszniów i ich zarządcy

National Good Earth or landed estates existing in the period of the Polish Kingdom, included the in sites of former crown lands. These numerous estates were owned by of the National Treasure. I discussed estate in Wiszniowie (Wiśniew in the present) located in the district Siedlce, is an example of national properities. Property in the Wiśniew is an example the nineteenth-century, a Polish village is located under Russian partition. Grange was their central location (house) inhabited mostly by the owner or lessee. Grange was center of administration and representative. The owners of these goods was the Treasury of the Kingdom but nevertheless they were repeatedly put a lease of or even included in the donation.This article is primarily a response to a question about which ones the village belonged in the nineteenth century to the property and who, when and to what extent o managed to land estates in Wiszniów. We also brings the people associated with these assets, and provides information about legal ways to acquire such assets owned lease or as a donation. The land reform of the countryside in the Polish Kingdom, the beginning of a longterm possession of the property by the Tsarist officers from the lineage of Maniukin. Their reign lasted time until the end of First World War.