Russian National Research Articles

Investigation on author’s concept in the Russian National Corpus

The data analysis of the Russian National Corpus (RNC) is being carried out by an increasing number of researchers, since the choice of lexical units and their description are now radically facilitated by corpus linguistics, which compiled all available texts in a particular database language based on a computer analysis and presented on the open Internet. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the conceptual cognitive features and structural modeling of the CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS concept in the works of Ye.A. Yevtushenko, i.e.: (1) based on the RNC data, to determine the place of the CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS concept in the Russian social and artistic worldviews; (2) based on Yevtushenko’s works, to identify the features of the artistic CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS concept in the individual author’s worldview; and (3) to characterize the interaction of the national and individual author’s worldviews in Yevtushenko’s works. To this end, the research involved general scientific methods of observation, description, and generalization as well as the method of conceptual analysis. The analysis of the RNC material shows that the structure of the CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS concept is represented by five classes of features: (1) etymological and denotative motivating signs of the word representative of the concept; (2) conceptual attributes objectified as semantic word components; (3) figurative features; (4) categorical features; and (5) values (examples were taken from the main corpus of the Russian language as well as from the newspaper and poetic corpora). The analysis of the CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS concept in Yevtushenko’s works suggests the anthropocentricity of its figurative component. Its content is revealed in terms of the Russian national worldview and, at the same time, the individual author’s worldview of Ye.A. Yevtushenko. As the analysis of ways of conceptualizing the CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS concept has shown, the most actual characteristics in Yevtushenko’s worldview are conceptual figurative features, including: anthropomorphic, animate and inanimate ones. In addition, categorical (dimensional, qualitative, etc.) and value attributes of the CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS concept were identified. The analysis of Yevtushenko’s literary texts made it possible to identify some occasional signs of the CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS concept, in particular, a figurative sign of inanimate nature and a temporal attribute related to categorical features.

Функции чужой речи в научном дискурсе: результаты корпусного исследования

The aim of the study is to determine the functions that quoted and reported speech can perform in scientific discourse. The paper presents the results of analysing quoted and reported speech in written genres of scientific communication using the material of the Russian National Corpus. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the pragmatic functions of entering quoted and reported speech into a scientific text have been identified. As a result, it has been found that the main functions of quoted and reported speech in scientific discourse include the informative, argumentative, nominative and constructive functions. Among the described functions, the dominant position is occupied by the informative and the argumentative functions, which is due to the key tasks that a scientific work is designed to solve as a tool for communication and transmission of scientific knowledge. In addition to the main functions, the expressive one has been also highlighted, which may be characteristic of verbatim quotations that preserve the stylistic originality and distinctness of the original text. Similarities in the functioning of quoted and reported speech in scientific, popular science and news types of discourse, as well as significant differences between the functions of quoted and reported speech in scientific texts and in literary texts have been revealed.

Platʼe tsveta moloko (A milk-coloured dress): on one stable grammatical variation type

The article considers reasons and conditions for the spread of a new syntactic colour designation pattern, i. e. an attributive phrase with a colour identifier and a noun in the nominative case (X tsveta moloko / milk-coloured X, X tsveta baklazhan / aubergine-coloured X). The new model (X tsveta moloka / milk-coloured X, X tsveta baklazhana / aubergine-coloured X), which is inconsistent with Russian grammar, coexists in modern speech with the normative pattern. The study aims to determine the route of dynamic changes in this language area subject to variation. Using contexts extracted from the Russian National Corpus (the main and newspaper sub-corpora), the research identifies all grammatical variants of compound colour names and their qualitative and quantitative correlation. As a result, the body of colour terms having no codified variant is established. At the next stage, the research employed the "Media Archive" service (since 1996) of the electronic media bank "Integrum" as a source. Based on its materials and using a hypothetically specified search, the study has specified the composition of grammatically varying composite colour terms, as well as the composition of colouronyms that have no variants (tsveta diplomat / diplomat-coloured, tsveta kardinal / cardinal-coloured, and so on). The reasons for actualising the new analytical colour designation pattern include the novelty factor (tsveta cosmos / space-coloured, tsveta "beeline" / "beeline"-coloured) which is supported in writing by quotation marks and/or in the case of borrowings by writing in the original script. Other factors are the influence of a similar analytical pattern with an unchangeable adjective (tsveta electric / electric blue), regular use of a nomenclatural name (in advertising texts, in merchandise catalogues, and the like), and the tendency towards analyticity. The results of the research can be used in the practice of teaching Russian at school when studying the styles of the Russian literary language and their differences. In addition, they are relevant to lexicography when compiling specialised linguistic dictionaries, especially those that codify new colour terms in the Russian language.

Aging Research Biobank: First Results — Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

This article describes the creating and first results of Aging Research Biobank affiliated with the Institute for Research on Aging, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. The Biobank was created to preserve, store and use of various biological species — such as blood, serum, plasma, saliva, gut microbiota and others. These samples are used to conduct research on age-related changes and associated diseases. The article represents in detail the sample collection and storage process, carried out in strict compliance with international standards and recommendations. Each stage of the Biobank operation is supervised by a team of professionals, controlling the quality of biological materials to reduce the risk of errors and damage when collecting and storing of samples. The paper also presents the first results from studies using biological material stored in the Biobank. They make important contributions to the scientific understanding of various aspects of the aging process and age-related diseases. These studies can help identify and analyze the mechanisms of age-related changes, thereby developing new methods to prevent and treat age-related diseases. The creation of the Biobank and its operation also contribute to improving the quality of healthcare and scientific developments in the field of age-related disease research.

Improving of the G2C Payment Mechanism as the Part of the Development of the Social Treasury Project Using the Russian National Payment System

The purpose of the study is to consider the possibility of improving the G2C payment mechanism in the context of the digital transformation of the social sphere, as well as to develop a methodological concept for a model for implementing a centralized payment service in the social sphere. The authors reviewed the proposals of Russian and foreign researchers to standardize forms of interaction between citizens and the state. Approaches to understanding the effectiveness of the social security model have been studied; the possibilities for improving state programs for the development of the social treasury and the national payment system have been analyzed; recommendations have been proposed based on the best payment solutions in the field of social security. Based on the results of the study, the authors developed a model of the centralized payment service “SBP ZH”, integrating SBP into the unified state information system for social security (USISSS), which simplifies the “client path” due to simple and convenient identification of beneficiaries of social assistance by phone number. The results of the implementation of the model will be: an increase in the number of recipients of social assistance among residents of populated areas of the country who do not have access to the Internet, and the population of new constituent entities of the Russian Federation (in the context of a lack of payment infrastructure), as well as an increase in the share of non-cash money turnover by 5–6%. The proposed measure for the implementation of the G2C payment mechanism works within the framework of such areas as the Social Treasury project and the Development Strategy of the National Payment System for 2021–2023.

Биотехнология очистки щебеночного балласта и получения биодизеля

The authors have developed the biotechnology of railroad crashed stone ballast remediation with simultaneous producing of fatty acids suitable as biodiesel precursors using the algal-bacterial-yeast consortium and the biogeosorbent on its basis. 
 The efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons removal during exposition to biological aditives under vigorous stirring was 97–98 %. Even on the repeated use of the same suspension, the optimal number of cycles to tumble ballast efficiently was determined to be 5. A decline of the petroleum hydrocarbon content to acceptable norms for the allowable residual content of oil in the soil was achieved in 90 days after plowed-down application of tank bottoms.
 Fatty acids of the suspension of the algal-bacterial-yeast consortium have a low value of the unsaturation degree suggesting the high biofuel oxidation stability. The cetane number, iodine value, and physicochemical properties of renewable fuels produced comply with the requirements of the European Standard EN 14 214 and the Russian National Standard 33131–2014, regardless of the exposure time.

Kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas and tufted angiomas: Sirolimus for treating children

Introduction. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) and tufted angioma (TA) are extremely rare vascular tumors characterized by pathologically progressive angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. They are also associated with the development of the KazabachMerritt Phenomenon (KMP; Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon).Material and methods. 8 patients (5 boys, 3 girls) with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (two out of them with Kazabakh-Merritt syndrome) and 4 patients (3 boys, 1 girl) with tufted angioma were treated at the Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Moscow, Russia) . All patients were prescribed Sirolimus therapy for antiproliferative purpose.Results. In all children, positive changes were registered: reduction of vascular tumor volume, gradual improvement of clinical picture and control of complications: pain syndrome, KMP, improvement or restoration of functions in affected organs /systems (increase/restoration of movement volume in joints, compensation for length discrepancy in lower legs). Complete resorption of vascular tumors and clinical symptoms were registered in 3 patients.Conclusion. The obtained encouraging results after Sirolimus therapy prescribed for treating KME and TA allow the authors to recommend this therapy to patients with KME with or without KMP and TA. However, further researches with a large sample of participants is required to confirm the obtained results.

MAIN ACTIVITIES AND SPECIFICITY OF THE CONCERT REPERTOIRE OF MODERN RUSSIAN MILITARY BANDS

The article examines the main trends in the development of the concert repertoire of modern Russian military bands. At the beginning of the 21st century, the complexity and multidimensionality of military band art is obvious. Modern bands perform the task of providing music for military rituals, state, political, public, cultural and sports events, and take part in concerts and festivals. In this aspect, the issues of adapting music of various genres and directions for a brass band performance are of particular relevance. In the post-Soviet period, military bands retained their value guidelines. At the same time, they not only preserve traditions but also develop them in new conditions. In Russia, military bands are the most widespread musical embodiment of military culture, as well as an important element of military infrastructure which helps maintain morale. Currently, as before, they are widely used as a propaganda tool, including during public events. The article notes the variety of directions in the development of military band repertoire. In this context, it is important for the author to consider the main factors in the formation of the repertoire of the Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The band’s repertoire range is extremely wide — from works of Russian and foreign classics to music by contemporary composers. The recognized reference sound recording of the Russian National Anthem was made by this band. Moreover, the study of the repertoire of educational groups seems significant. The band of the Valery Khalilov Moscow Suvorov Military Music College consists of young Suvorov students; nevertheless, despite the age of the musicians, it is a highly professional group that has demonstrated its performing skills not only in Russia but throughout the world. In conclusion, the significance of directions for actualizing the creative activity of modern military bands and the importance of studying the art of arrangement, which makes it possible to create adaptive forms of presenting historical memory, are noted. The preservation of the traditions of performing academic music is a crucial role of military bands. The concert activity of modern military bands, as a tool for adapting music of various styles to traditional for military culture performance conditions, seems to be an important way of transfering musical culture values in situations of social change.

Репрезентация внешности мужчины номинацией «дядя» в современном русском языке

The aim of the study is to identify the semantic and pragmatic features of the representation of a man’s appearance by the naming unit дядя ‘uncle’ in modern Russian. The scientific novelty of the paper consists in an attempt to present the features of implementation of the lexico-semantic variant ‘an unrelated male with certain physical characteristics’ of the word ‘uncle’ to create a complete lexicographic portrait of the word дядя based on a systemic integral approach involving the language material of the Russian National Corpus. As a result, it has been found that the specified lexico-semantic variant of the word дядя shows a low frequency in modern Russian, it was most actively used in the 1930s. In the composition of the considered lexico-semantic variant, there are three semes: ‘height’, ‘physique’ and ‘strength’, this variant in most cases is realised with the help of their combinations, the most frequent one being ‘height’ + ‘physique’. Dictionary data is not always supported by language material: the attribute сильный ‘strong’ proposed by most dictionaries shows a low frequency in the language material. The implementation of the lexico-semantic variant under consideration always occurs explicitly with the help of lexical, stylistic, grammatical (morphological (affixation) and syntactic (parcelling)) and punctuation (commas between the attributes that the author considers homogeneous) means.

“OWE THEIR BEGINNING TO THE ACADEMY”: MAGNETIC AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORIES IN THE FAR EAST IN THE XIX CENTURY

For the first time in the modern historiography in the article discusses the history of the organization and activity of the magnetic and meteorological observatories of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Pacific coast (Russian Far East, China, Alaska). The novelty of the claimed topic is the widespread application of sources from the Russian archives (Saint-Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of sciences, Russian State Historical Archive, the Russian State Navy Archive, the Russian National Library (Department of Manuscripts) and legislative acts, which were not previously achievable to the scientific community. These materials made possible to painstakingly cover the history of those observatories. The author paid special attention to the role of the Academy in the establishment of the observatories. In the article were established the names of the observatory’s directors, under whose leadership magnetic and meteorological research was expanded in the Far East and Sibiria, difficult both of socio-political conditions and transport accessibility. The author also analyzed the role of the international scientific community and the contribution of academician of the Russian Academy of sciences A.Ya. Kupfer in the establishment of some observatories.

Семантическая структура лексемы «Толерантность» в современной русской языковой картине мира

This article is aimed to analyze a semantic structure of the lexeme ‘tolerantnost’’ [tolerance] that functions in the Russian linguistic world-image. The material was collected from the Russian National Corpus, associative dictionaries, texts of the modern Internet discourse: posts from social networks and forums with such requests as ‘Kak vy ponimayete tolerantnost’? [What do you understand under tolerance?], ‘Kak Vy ob”yasnyayete detyam, chto takoye tolerantnost’?’ [How do you explain to children what tolerance is?], ‘Kak vesti sebya tolerantno’ [How to behave tolerantly], etc. The choice of the material is conditioned by the research agenda to identify interpretation patterns of this unit given by modern native bearers of the simple Russian linguistic consciousness. The following approaches have been applied within the framework of this research work: semantic analysis of texts, a psycholinguistic method, the method of interpretation of semantic dominants, and a contextual method. The following results have been obtained during the course of the analysis. The obtained associate show that the unit ‘tolerantnost’’ [tolerance] is interpreted through ‘terpimost’’ [lenience], ‘delikatnost’’ [delicacy], ‘sderzhannost’’ [restraint]; native speakers of Russian associate tolerance with the processes of globalization, democratization of the society, and humanism. However, the analysis of the modern Internet users’ texts allows for the conclusion that the concept under investigation has a more complicated structure. Tolerance in these texts is characterized both as an attitude with a strong axiological component and as a behavior, an external manifestation. Tolerance as an attitude is divided by the authors into positive (‘terpimoye’ [tolerable] in relation to other people) and negative one (‘molchalivoye’ [silent] behaviour towards negative socially significant phenomena). Tolerant behavior manifests itself as complete indifference to what is happening. The analysis of the texts of the last two years indicates transformation of the original meaning of the unit ‘tolerantnost’’ [tolerance] due to the currently changing ideology in the Russian society: a negative connotation has been recorded with the predominant components of the meaning ‘ravnodushiye’ [indifference], ‘drugoy’ [other], ‘chuzhdyy’ [alien], ‘zapret/ tabu’ [prohibition/ taboo], ‘privnesennyi’ [foreign], ‘Zapad’ [West], ‘bolezn’’ [disease], etc.

Competitive observance by the Russian Federation and the USA of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Introduction. Thе Russian Federation and the USA, being parties to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, in their national legal acts refer to this source. Each of these states recognizes that the 1967 Outer Space regime is to be perfected, while having different legal outer space policy. The USA is a leader of the military outer space infrastructure and of creation national outer space legislation and separate international agreements (“The Artemis Accords”), thus imposing its own track to develop the 1967 Treaty.Materials and methods. This research addresses relevant international documents on international space law as well as acts of national legislation pertaining to the topic. Research results. In modern political conditions the quality of a state defense and its economic development is linked to the efficiency of the outer space infrastructure, including communication and reconnaissance satellites. While the U.S. intends to achieve military supremacy in the outer space, the 1967 Treaty seems to be a barrier to such intention although the U.S. provides its own interpretation of the Treaty. Another significant area of competition between Russia and USA in the outer space legal policy is the observance of the natural resources treaty provisions. According to the USA, a state is entitled unilaterally exploit the space resources, and its persons are entitled to commercial use of such resources based on national law. This position of the United States resulted in creation of its national legislation opportunities for natural resources activities in outer space. The Russian Federation continues to defend multilateral approach to the exploitation of space resources and to call upon strictly observance of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. There are also competitive legal positions of the USA and Russia relating to the notion of “common province of mankind” provided by the 1967 Treaty.The main results. In this context, the paper after providing prolegomena to the competitive principle in international law, suggests some theoretical ideas for perfecting of the legal position of the Russian Federation as a response to the modern outer space legal policy of the USA.Discussion and conclusions. In the legal literature on this issue different views are assessed – from a radical rejection of the US model of behavior and continuation of efforts to strengthen the 1967 Treaty regime, to proposals to adopt a new national Russian legislation providing rights of persons to exploit the natural resources of celestial bodies, thus provid-ing incentives for private investors. This track leads to more competition with the USA, observing at the same time the 1967 Treaty as the “corpus juris specialis”.

Increase in Arctic Oscillations explains most interannual variability in Russia’s wildfires

Over the past two decades, the escalating emissions of greenhouse gases from boreal wildfires in the Northern Hemisphere have drawn significant attention, underscoring an unprecedented wildfire season in 2021. Our calculations indicate that between 2002 and 2020, wildfires in Russia released approximately 726 ± 280 Tg CO2eqv yr−1. This aligns closely with similar estimates derived from remote sensing data, far surpassing the earlier approximations found in the Russian National Inventory Report (NIR) by a factor of 2 to 3. Notably, in 2021 alone, Russia’s wildfires emitted an exceptionally high amount of 1,700 Tg CO2eqv, exceeding the carbon emissions from the country’s fossil fuel consumption. Consequently, this situation led to an almost complete counterbalance of carbon assimilation by Russian forests. Our analysis attributes over 50% of the variation in wildfire frequency between 2002 and 2021 to shifts in the Arctic Oscillation (AO). This suggests a potential for utilizing AO as a predictive variable for wildfires. It’s noteworthy that the AO itself is influenced by the sustained regression of Arctic sea-ice. From this, it can be inferred that in the foreseeable future, Russian forests might undergo a transition from their role as carbon sinks to the potential net contributors of carbon to the atmosphere.

About an Unknown Letter “from the Newly Conquered City of Areshek”

A handwritten book Collection of Military Letters is kept in the funds of the Russian National Library. It is a collection containing copies of messages about the military operations of parts of the Russian Army in 1702–1710. The study of the manuscript makes it possible to establish that the collection comes from the office of Boyar T. N. Streshnev and belonged to Clerk I. P. Topilsky. On the first pages of the collection, there is a previously unknown letter with a message about the assault and capture of the fortress of Nöteborg. An analysis of the letter demonstrates that its author was P. P. Shafirov, secretary of the Ambassadorial Prikaz. He was sent to Nöteborg to negotiate the conditions for surrendering the fortress. The letter contains information about the events of the assault, the course of negotiations, an assessment of the damage to the fortifications, and reports on the losses of the Russian side. Shafirov’s letter, written the day after the assault, is much longer than the known letters of Peter I but is not a work of the editors who created the official text of the report much later. The introduction of a new source about the assault and capture of Nöteborg adds to the knowledge about one of the significant events of the initial stage of the Northern War.

A Letter from John III of Sweden to King Charles IX of France: A New Source for the History of the Baltic Wars

The letter of King John III of Sweden to King Charles IX of France from October 13, 1568, covers several subjects of the history of Baltic wars in the second half of the sixteenth century. What is most noticeable among them is the reasons why John III’s brother King Eric XIV was overthrown in September 1568, the plot against John of Finland to hand over Catherine Jagiellon, his wife and sister of Sigismund II Augustus, the Polish king, and grand duke of Lithuania, to the Russian czar Ivan the Terrible, as well as the period when the Northern Seven Years’ War ended. After his accession to the throne, John III faced several problems, which he had to solve. Firstly, the second son of Gustav I of Sweden had to legitimise his ascension in the eyes of the European monarchs, then break the international isolation of the Swedish kingdom and protect himself from internal and external conspiracies. His main goal was to free the imprisoned Eric XIV. The solution to these problems depended directly on stabilising Sweden’s foreign policy position, achievable through reconciliation with a hostile coalition of Denmark, Lübeck, and Poland and building an alliance with the French royal court, which offered mediation to end the hostilities. In the text of the published letter, the Swedish king appeals to the feelings of the French monarch, trying to show the “baseness” and “wickedness” of his elder brother’s policy, but also assures him of sincere friendship, proving the long-standing allied nature of the Swedish-French relations. All this makes the letter of John III to Charles IX a valuable historical source, whose value is fully revealed in the context of Swedish-French, Russian-Swedish and Russian-French relations in the sixteenth century. Published for the first time, it comes from the collection of P. P. Dubrovsky (13, No. 9), Russian National Library (St Petersburg). The article publishes the text of the letter in Latin as well as a translation into Russian.

Salmonella mutant strains resistant to herbicides - Acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitors and their use at the Ames test

Cytotoxicity of some pesticides is a disadvantage for the Salmonella/microsome assay with regard to the equivalence assessment of pesticide technical grade active ingredients to the original products and detection of low-level impurities. The technical grade active ingredients (TGAIs) of pesticides from certain chemical classes were found to be toxic for Salmonella typhimurium strains. Among the highly cytotoxic compounds were sulfonylureas, which include 20 active ingredients. In addition, this class includes active pharmaceutical ingredients used for the manufacture of antidiabetics drugs.A traditional selection methodology was applied using the cultivation of S. typhimurium TA100 in the presence of high concentrations of thifensulfuronmethyl (TFSM) to obtain a resistant test strain insusceptible to sulfonylurea toxic effect. Two strains resistant not only to sulfonylureas (SFU) but also triazolepyrimidines were received. The first mutant strain (deposited as S. typhimurium VKPM B-14099 in the Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms) demonstrated the TA100 phenotypic characteristics: hisG46, rfa, ΔuvrB-bio, pKM101. The second strain (deposited as S. typhimurium VKPM B-14359) showed the TA1535 phenotypic characteristics and probably lost the R-factor due to the selection using the poor Gm-media with TFSM. Positive controls caused pronounced mutagenic effects (±S9) in both strains, consequently the mutants did not lose the ability to respond to induction of the reverse gene mutations. The maximum non-cytotoxic concentrations of SFUs and triazole-pyrimidines for the Ames test strains did not exceed 0.05–0.125 mg/plate, while no evidence of cytotoxicity was observed for the mutants up to 5.0 mg/plate. Electron microscopy of the ultrathin sections of Salmonella cells grown with and without TFSM showed an obvious difference in the structure of the cell wall and cytoplasm in mutant and parental cultures. The concurrent resistance both to SFU and triazolepyrimidines was assumed to be mediated by the same mechanism of action of the pesticides from these classes – inhibition of acetohydroxyacid synthase. To confirm this hypothesis, the tests in the presence of branched-chain amino acids were carried out. The enrichment of agar with isoleucine prevented the toxic effects of SFU and triazolepyrimidines for all Ames test strains used in the study, while strong cytotoxicity was observed in the presence of valine and leucine.Considering the tolerance of strains both to SFU and triazolpyrimidines and the results with branched-chain amino acids, the modification of target acetohydroxyacid synthase was supposed the key to the acquired resistance. The new strains resistant to sulfonylureas and triazole-pyrimidines expands the possibilities to reveal mutagenic impurities that may occur in TGAIs in small amounts.

Lexical predictors of text complexity: The case of Russian as a foreign language

The article presents results of a comparative analysis of lexical complexity of educational texts in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The corpus size of the study is about 0.5 million words evenly distributed among six levels of language proficiency (A1-C2, Russian National System of Certification Levels of General Proficiency in Russian as a Foreign Language, further – RNSCL). The analysis algorithm is demonstrated based on B2 level texts, for which we estimated the values of the eight complexity predictors using the automatic analyzers RuLex (rulex.kpfu.ru) and RuLingva (rulingva.kpfu.ru): the number of tokens and types, sentence length, word length, lexical diversity (LD), terminological density, readability (MSIS) and frequency. B2 texts demonstrate significant differences in all the parameters, except for the word length. The validated B2 average word length is 2.26 syllables. The increase of lexical diversity from A1 to C2 is insignificant being within the range of 0.3 - 0.5. The complexity growth in RFL texts is accompanied by an increase of terminological density and the readability index. Since the RFL text is an important source of linguocultural information, the research findings may be useful to researchers, developers of educational resources and test materials, and teachers for text selection processes.

PRAGMATIC MARKER ETO SAMOE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF RUSSIAN SPEECH (COMPARATIVE CORPORAL STUDY)

Pragmatic markers (PM) play an important role in the generation and organization of oral speech in any language. This article is devoted to a comparative study of the use of PM eto samoe (ES) in different types of Russian speech, recorded in three corpora: the corpus of everyday Russian speech “One Speaker’s Day” (real, mostly dialogic speech), the corpus of Russian monologue speech “Balanced Annotated Textbook Library” (monologues obtained under experimental recording conditions) and the Multimedia subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus (various types of quasi-spontaneous speech, partially prepared or stylized speech as colloquial). According to the results of the analysis of the corpus material, the uses of the PM ES are divided into four types: hesitative marker (the most frequent), boundary marker, self-correction marker, and xeno-marker. The last two types are used by speakers much less frequently than the first two. The features of the implementation of all these types of marker ES vary somewhat from one corpus to another. In general, ES is used more often in dialogic speech than in monological speech; more often in colloquial speech than in oral public speech and film speech. The frequency of the use of ES may be an indicator of the degree of naturalness and spontaneity of oral discourse.

BiblioGorizont – the digest by the Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology: The first two years. The selected review of publications of 2021–2022

BiblioGorizont – the digest by the Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology: The first two years. The selected review of publications of 2021–2022

Professional education of officers: modern trends

Introduction. The professional education of Russian officers has always been of particular importance in ensuring its security and sovereignty. During the periods of the highest military victories and successes, it was based on national ideas and values, folk and military traditions. The beginning of their modern revival in our country provides a unique opportunity for the development of a full-fledged institute of professional education, conducting its activities on a scientific pedagogical basis.Materials and Methods. In the course of this study, the methodological foundations were system, socio-cultural and axiological approaches.The key concepts studied and used in the work are "professional education", its "ideological and value foundations", "modern trends in education", "traditions and innovations in education".Results. Professional education of officers in higher military educational institutions is understood by us as a systematic and planned activity of the state, society, military administration bodies for the training of highly professional military specialists, patriots of the Fatherland, carried out by pedagogical methods and means.Ideology plays a special role in education, which gives students an attractive image of the future, and values, the internalization of which ensures the formation of professionally necessary qualities in cadets and students.As revealed in the course of the study (5 monographs have been prepared on the problem, 4 of which are collective, and 16 articles in the journals of the RSCI and the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation), corporate (officer) traditions play a special role in professional education.The result of the effectiveness of professional education based on the ideas and values of Russian officers in the Novosibirsk VVKU is the readiness of graduates to defend the Fatherland. In the post– Soviet period, thousands of graduates were awarded state awards, 26 of them were awarded the title of "Hero of the Russian Federation", including 7 for participation in a Special military operation.Discussion and Conclusions. The professional education of cadets and students of military universities is successfully carried out on the idea of patriotism and national Russian values, approved by Decree No 809 of 9.11.2022.Its current trends are:– the formation of a nationally-oriented value-ideological basis;– return to the ideas of collective education that meet the ethnic traditions of the peoples of Russia;– balanced use of traditional and innovative forms and methods of education;– pedagogization of modern professional education, rejection of excessive use of manipulative technologies, priority use of persuasion and example methods by teachers.