Russia Research Articles

Numerical modeling of hydrodynamics of spouted bed in solid fuel boiler

The issues of numerical modeling of hydrodynamics of a spouted fuel bed in the furnace of a solid-fuel boiler are considered. At present, solid-fuel boilers are widely used in the power industry of the Russian Federation, with the share of coal-fired generation to remain significant in the projected terms. Therefore, the study of the efficiency of thermal and hydrodynamic processes that ensure the implementation of clean coal technologies is a relevant task both today and in the long term. The article presents the following main stages of numerical modelling of the hydrodynamics of the spouted bed: problem formulation with selection of boundary and initial conditions, methods of solving the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations for the air flow, Newton's equations and diffusion equations for particles. The k-omega turbulence model was used in the calculations that is described by means of two partial differential equations for the variables k (kinetic energy of turbulence) and omega (specific dissipation rate). A comparative analysis of environmental advantages and disadvantages of existing methods of combustion of low-grade coal in schemes with in-cycle gasification (ICG) is carried out. Advantages and difficulties of switching to structures with CFB in the spouted bed mode are shown. Numerical modeling of the cold spouted bed created by means of particle injection is performed, a set of initial settings and boundary conditions is presented, the adequacy of the obtained results is verified by hydrodynamic characteristics of the isothermal process. The obtained results allow us to proceed to the next stages with non-isothermal models, with heat exchange and combustion reactions in the spouted bed of coal taken into account. The following refinement of the physical model will allow to achieve more accurate and reliable results and to ensure their correct scaling.

Peculiarities of clabsi in oncologic hospitals

Currently, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are one of the most dangerous complications for hospitalized patients. The economic damage caused by HCAI in the Russian Federation annually is about 15 billion rubles; in addition, HCAI occupy the tenth place among the causes of mortality of the population. Catheter-associated bloodstream infection holds the leading place in the structure of ISMP morbidity. The concept of CVC-AIC (catheter-associated bloodstream infections or CLABSI), in turn, is included in CAIC. Purpose of the study. To analyze the current literature data of domestic and foreign authors for the years 2012-2022 concerning CAIC in patients of oncologic hospitals with CVCs, including subcutaneous central venous port catheters. Material and Methods. A review of 38 literature sources for the last 10 years was performed, including current information on catheter-associated bloodstream infections, measures to prevent them, and modern treatment approaches. Results. The studies have shown that the combination of drug resistance in microorganisms and immunity reduction in cancer patients, which occurs against the background of chemotherapy, makes them a risk group for the development of CAICs and episodes of their recurrence. Ensuring epidemiological safety of bloodstream catheterization in such patients is an important step in the prevention of CAIC. This is one of the priority tasks of oncoepidemiology today. Conclusion. The leading role in the occurrence of catheter-associated bleeding plays the term of catheterization and the condition of the patient, his age, stage of cancer development and concomitant chronic diseases. One of the most vulnerable risk groups are cancer patients from hemoblastosis chemotherapy and bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation units. This may be due to the use of immunosuppressant drugs to suppress graft rejection, which significantly reduce patients' immunity. According to the results of studies, infection with drug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant ones, is prevalent in cancer patients with CAIC. When using povidone iodine, there is a tendency to decrease the incidence of CAIC, but the use of chlorhexidine alcohol solution showed better results. A direct correlation was observed between the use of surgically implanted intravascular devices for long-term function and a lower incidence of CAIC, particularly in pediatric oncology.

Illegal Activities of Cartel Organizations in the Field of Public Procurement as a New Object of Statistical Study

The sphere of public procurement and the disbursement of budget funds in all countries is an environment that attracts not only respectable entrepreneurs who want to make guaranteed money, but also various “criminal white-collar elements.” According to various estimates, the volume of financing for public procurement in the Russian Federation occupies up to one third of the total GDP. A large number of labor and financial resources are involved in this area, while regularly changing legislation in this area, as well as the complexity of procurement procedures for different categories of goods, works, and services create favorable conditions and allow unscrupulous bidders, as well as corrupt customer representatives, to obtain unjustified profits and illegal remuneration. In the current situation, the introduction of new control measures becomes vital to ensure fair competition and efficient use of budget funds. That is why additional research and measures aimed at eliminating these problems and the preconditions for their occurrence are an integral part of ensuring the effectiveness of the public procurement system and protecting public interests.Purpose of the research is to study the genesis of cartel agreements in public procurement and their impact on the implementation of national projects in the Russian Federation, as well as the impact of cartel agreements on the presence of healthy competition and the efficiency of spending budget funds. As part of the paper, the state of crime in this area was examined; the signs of cartel agreements, methods for identifying cartels, as well as signs of collusion between the customer and the participant in public procurement were identified.Methods and materials. The author in his paper applies a comprehensive methodological approach, including analysis of statistical data, methods of the general theory of statistics, as well as methods of synthesis and analysis. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the current legal regulation in the field of public procurement. Graphical and tabular methods were used to visualize statistical data. The study is based on data provided by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia, the Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation and the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court.Results of the study. The paper made a quantitative assessment of the scope of public procurement in recent years, and assessed the work carried out by law enforcement officials and the antimonopoly service. Typical violations of antimonopoly legislation during public procurement are given and methods for identifying them are proposed. The illegal schemes used by cartel participants in electronic trading are analyzed, as well as problematic issues and ways to resolve them that arise in practice. The paper proposes various approaches to increasing the efficiency of law enforcement and control agencies. An analysis of law enforcement practice revealed problems associated with proving crimes in this area, and noted an insufficient level of interaction between law enforcement agencies and the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation.Conclusion. In the study, the author analyzed the main features of cartels, proposed methods for identifying them, as well as ways to improve the verification activities carried out. The presented measures do not exhaust the topic of the study, and to effectively combat cartels, a systematic approach is recommended, including not only improving the quality of work of law enforcement and control agencies, but also improving the software and hardware used in carrying out inspections. Cartels in public procurement are a relatively new phenomenon for Russia; statistical data obtained from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation indicate that law enforcement and control authorities are just beginning their work to counter the criminal behavior of participants in cartel agreements. Only the fruitful joint work of law enforcement and control agencies will ensure the economic security of the state and protect the national interests of the Russian Federation.

Influence of medical-social and socio-economic factors on infant mortality rate in the Republic of Ingushetia

BACKGROUND: The infant mortality rate, as one of the indicators of the health and quality of life of the population, is an important factor that determines the country’s healthcare priorities. Despite the steadily decreasing infant mortality rates in the Russian Federation, the value of this indicator varies by region; thus, studying the factors influencing its value is relevant. If the leading medical, social, and socioeconomic factors that influence the level of infant mortality could be determined using data from a representative region (Republic of Ingushetia), the main directions for organizing measures aimed at reducing mortality among children in the first year of life will be identified. AIM: To determine the main medical, social and socio-economic factors that influence the infant mortality rate in the Republic of Ingushetia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational single-center retrospective study was performed to examine the influence of medical, social, and socioeconomic factors on the mortality rate of children aged 1 year in the Republic of Ingushetia. The obtained data were compared with similar indicators for the Russian Federation as a whole and the North Caucasus Federal District. RESULTS: During the study period (2011–2019), significant changes were observed in infant mortality rates in the Republic of Ingushetia: infant mortality has decreased because of the age components, leading to the normal ratio of neonatal and post neonatal mortality. Rates of infant mortality from certain conditions arising in the perinatal period, congenital anomalies, and nervous system and circulatory system diseases have significantly decreased. The proportion of women admitted under the supervision of antenatal clinics in the early pregnancy (up to 12 weeks) has increased, the incidence of morbidity among pregnant women has decreased, and the proportion of normal births has been increasing. Although many medical organizations have employed a sufficient number of medical personnel, the coverage for biochemical screening has decreased, detection of malformations and biochemical abnormalities during prenatal diagnostics was low, medical personnel have low qualifications, and the shortage of obstetric and pediatric beds and pathology beds for newborns and premature infants was significant. A statistically significant dependence of the frequency of deaths of children aged 1 year on socioeconomic indicators−unemployment level, monetary income of the population, and housing conditions−was revealed. CONCLUSION: The main medical, social, and socioeconomic factors that influence infant mortality were analyzed using data from the Republic of Ingushetia. Positive and negative trends in the current state of the healthcare system of this republic have been identified.

Current Aspects of Medical Rehabilitation of Patients with Cancer Related Lymphedema of Extremities: a Narrative Review

INTRODUCTION. Over the past decades, in developed countries and in the Russian Federation, there has been an increase in the number of patients with secondary lymphedema who have undergone surgical treatment with dissection of regional lymph nodes and radiation therapy for various forms of gynecological cancer in women and prostate cancer in men, as well as breast cancer. AIM. Search and analysis of the results of previously published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the effectiveness of various non-drug rehabilitation methods in patients with lymphedema of the extremities who underwent radical treatment for cancer of various locations. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A search was conducted and studied publications in international scientific peer-reviewed publications (PEDro Database) on medical rehabilitation for cancer treatment-related lymphedema (LSPR) for the period from 1996 to December 2023 using the keywords “lymphedema”, “rehabilitation”. 145 RCTs focused on medical rehabilitation and conservative treatment of LSPR. DISCUSSION. Lifestyle correction and psychosocial interventions are recommended to improve the quality of life of patients. Studies have found that early activation, various physical exercises with a slow increase in loads under the supervision of a physical therapist are safe and help increase endurance, strength and range of motion in a limb with lymphatic edema. The clinical effectiveness of therapeutic exercises in the pool has been proven, manifested in the reduction of edema in patients with LSPR. The effectiveness of compression products with Velcro technology as an alternative to rigid low-stretch bandages in patients with LSPR has been confirmed. The anti-edematous and anti-inflammatory effects of low-intensity laser therapy and magnetic therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with LSLR have been proven. Alternating pneumatic compression (APC) is recommended as an adjuvant treatment in addition to comprehensive decongestant therapy. Preference should be given to the use of technologies of advanced hardware lymphatic drainage methods that imitate manual techniques. CONCLUSION. To improve the physical and socio-psychological functioning of patients with LSPR, an integrated approach is required, including lifestyle changes, psychological correction, compression therapy, modern exercise therapy techniques, and safe physiotherapeutic technologies. Conducted scientific research indicates the high effectiveness of the use of manual and hardware lymphatic drainage techniques, while the use of PPC is more economical and accessible, and does not require the involvement of specialists who know the expensive method of manual lymphatic drainage.

On the Need to Develop a Federal Program to Optimize the Economic Base of Public Control in Russia

Annotation. This article is devoted to the analysis of the prospects for the development and adoption of a federal program aimed at optimizing the economic basis of public control in the Russian Federation. The authors substantiate the position that one of the main problems hindering the development of public control in the country is its weak economic base. Due to the fact that public authorities play an important role in the process of formation and functioning of subjects of public control in Russia, the basis for financing the organization and activities of public control are funds from state and municipal budgets. In this regard, the authors substantiate the need for the development and adoption by the Government of the Russian Federation of a comprehensive federal program dedicated to strengthening organizational, technological, material and property independence and independence of subjects of public control. The work substantiates the need to include in the draft of the above-mentioned federal program sections devoted to: ensuring the material and technical independence of subjects of public control from public authorities; ensuring their financing primarily from protected items of public budgets; development of processes for the use of modern information and communication technologies by these entities; consolidation of a system of criteria for assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of the work of subjects of public control as the main condition for increasing the volume of their funding; consolidating a system of control on the part of public authorities regarding budget financing of the activities of these entities; systems for organizing public-private partnerships in the field of public control. In addition, the work substantiates the system of proposals for participation in the development of the above-mentioned federal program of the country's Public Chamber.

Fragmentation of Application of the Personal Law of a Legal Entity in the light of the Amended Law on International Companies

The new version of Federal Law No. 290‑FZ dated 03.08.2018 «On International Companies and International Foundations» adopted in August 2023 confirms the relevance of finding ways to regulate companies incorporated in the Russian Federation. The domestic approach has no analogues because under the Russian doctrine a foreign company can move not only with its rights and obligations, but also with its corporate law. Is it possible to call the foreign law applicable in this way a personal law? Why does the law on international companies not follow the logic of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and does not directly indicate the application of foreign law to international companies and international foundations as a personal law? Can a foreign law partially encroach on the territory of the application of personal law? Is the personal law uniform and indivisible? To answer these questions, the paper analyzes the key characteristics, as well as the novelties of the institute of personal law in relation to international companies, problems arising in this area and ways to solve them. The author concludes that with the globalization of corporate relations, the fragmentation of the scope of personal law will continue. This actualizes the problem of finding mechanisms for the «seamless» application of the norms of different states in the field of application of personal law. The author emphasizes that legislation on international companies can become a regulatory sandbox and contribute to the inclusion of the most modern and effective institutions and approaches in Russian corporate law. Proposed in the paper amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Law No. 290‑FZ preserve the logic of current regulation and reduce the uncertainty of regulation in the field of application of the personal law of an international company, the risks of subsequent changes in legislation for participants in international companies, as well as the likelihood of conflicts in the case of reference to foreign law.

Remote interrogation and confrontation: problems of practice and prospects

The article, based on the results of an empirical study conducted by the author, states the absence in the Russian Federation of a wide practice of remote interrogation and confrontation. The objective factor in the form of insufficient technical equipment of the preliminary investigation bodies is analyzed as the reason for this. A separate reason is the incompleteness of legal regulation, which excludes the indication in the law of an investigator who is obliged to establish the identity of a remotely participating person when applying the norms of Article 189.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, as well as the absence of legally regulated features of the investigator’s exercise of the authority to present material evidence, a document during remote interrogation and confrontation.It is indicated that such circumstances create the risk of incomplete provision of the procedural rights of an uncontrolled subject of the process, including for a reasonable period of criminal proceedings, a full and comprehensive investigation of the circumstances of the criminal case. In this regard, the author notes the need to allocate budgetary funds for sufficient technical support for the preliminary investigation bodies. There is also a proposal to improve the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation in the part under consideration.

Всероссийский съезд психологических служб в системе образования Российской Федерации как единое пространство, объединяющее профессионалов

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article highlights the key events and results of the All-Russian Congress of Psychological Services in the Education system of the Russian Federation on December 8-9, 2023. The content and directions of the work of the plenary session, panel discussion, workshops and expert sessions held within the framework of the Congress are described. Among the most urgent issues are the actualization of the Concept of the development of psychological services and the professional standard “Educational psychologist (psychologist in the field of education)”; the role of a teacher-psychologist in the formation of a favorable socio-psychological climate in educational groups and the psychological safety of the educational environment; psychological and pedagogical support for students with disabilities, etc. Following the results of the All-Russian Congress, there was made a decision defining the prospects for the development of the Service and priority areas of activity. Decisions for execution have been sent by the Ministry of Education to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.</p>

Rape involving the Commission of other Grave or Extremely Grievous Crimes against the Person: Classification Issues

author analyzes the problematic issues of the classification of the body of the crime provided for in paragraph «b« of part 5 of Article 131 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The validity of the stipulated elements, the peculiarities of their interpretation and application (the age criteria of the victim, the orientation of the related criminal act, the category of its severity, excluding factors) are considered. The content of the category of «conjugacy», its relation to the totality of crimes is investigated. The author examines the problems of distinguishing the concepts of «other grave consequences» and «related acts» in the context under study. The analysis of the problem of interpretation of the substantive aspects included in the objective side of rape and related crimes is presented. The etymological, theoretical, legal and practical aspects of the classification of rape associated with other grave/extremely greivous crimes against the person are considered. The correlation of the analyzed composition of violent sexual crime with classified types of suicide, HIV infection, torture, human trafficking, kidnapping / illegal imprisonment has been studied. Based on the generalization of the opinions of researchers, materials of judicial practice, the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, taking into account the analysis of the rules for the classification of criminal acts and the requirements of the principles of criminal law, the author presents some recommendations for leveling/minimizing the identified problems.

Unjustified Enrichment as a result of Turnover of Objects of Information Law

Not being an object of civil rights (Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), information has acquired objective marketability that does not limit itself, due to its value for certain persons, to using the construction of a contract for the provision of paid services for the legal regulation of emerging legal relations. The paper examines the legal nature of information and its historical and modern regulation, examines cases of illegal access to information and its use for the benefit of an unscrupulous person and suggests the possibility of applying the institute of unjustified enrichment by analogy. It is proved that the use of actio de in rem verso as an institution of unfair enrichment is the most appropriate for regulating the legal relationship under study. It is proposed to use the named institution up to the proposed reform of civil legislation in order to give information the properties of a full-fledged object of civil rights. It is argued that the reform of civil legislation regarding the inclusion of information in the objects of civil rights is long overdue and is predetermined by the objective development of the information society. Moreover, the expansion of digitalization and digital transformation of participants in civil law relations, including the state, leaves no doubt that such changes are relevant, and the courts, as soon as such an opportunity arises, need to begin applying new legislation in this regard.

«Неделя психологии» как эффективный инструмент психологического просвещения участников образовательных отношений: методика и организация

<p style="text-align: justify;">In the article actualizes the issue of improving the psychological literacy of participants in educational relations. Psychological education and prevention are seen as one of the effective tools in solving this problem. In this context, modern approaches to the implementation of these activities in psychological science and practice are revealed, among which the format of conducting the “Psychology Weeks” in educational organizations is particularly highlighted. The Great Psychological Game is considered as a form of realization of the “Psychology Week”. The article describes the practice of organizing and holding the All-Russian “Psychology Week”, implemented over the past few years on the initiative of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. A comprehensive system of methodological and informational support for the “Psychology Week” is presented. The content and effectiveness of thematic events held within the framework of the “Psychology Week” are analyzed, as well as the coverage of the target audience of educational organizations of the subjects of the Russian Federation.</p>

Criteria for Assessing Administrative Discretion: Theoretical Issues, Russian and Foreign Experience

The current stage of development of administrative law requires an active role of public administration in resolving administrative cases. At the same time, its acts and actions must be controlled by the courts. As a result, the administration is not allowed to remain passive in the exercise of discretionary powers, since they are provided for solving managerial tasks and are implemented within the prescribed limits. In this regard, the managerial goal, for which discretion is used, and the limits of authority are presented as basic criteria that allow us to assess the legality of discretionary forms of public administration. Additional criteria must be used to verify them. The most important among them are the so-called principles of administrative procedures, primarily proportionality and protection of trust. The principles that define the procedure can also be used, they can be called technical. For example, these include avoiding excessive bureaucracy, saving money, etc. Basic and additional criteria are typical for many legal systems and are most justified in the theory of administrative procedures. It mainly characterizes the administrative law of the countries of the continental legal family, and relatively stable examples of its implementation are presented in the German and Austrian legal order. Of some interest are the new laws on procedures adopted already in our century in the countries of Central Asia (the Kazakh authorities were the last to do so). The adoption of laws on administrative procedures is a milestone in the development of the theory of administrative discretion, but it is more important that the approach to discretion is not denied by the courts. The practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is a positive step in approving the domestic version of administrative discretion and the theory of administrative procedures, which is developing in a continental way.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МІЦНОСТІ БЕТОНУ НЕРУЙНІВНИМИ ТА РУЙНІВНИМИ МЕТОДАМИ

Introduction. As a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, there is an urgent need to restore damaged and destroyed structures. Depending on the material of the span structure, bridges are divided into reinforced concrete, metal, steel-reinforced concrete, stone and wooden. Reinforced concrete bridges are the most common in Ukraine. Such structures account for almost 94 % of the total number of all bridges. Even if the bridge span is made of metal beams, such structures often have a reinforced concrete overlay slab, which means that reinforced concrete is also an integral load-bearing part of the bridge that requires proper maintenance during operation and, if necessary, repair or restoration work. In order to determine the technical condition of span structures, it is first of all necessary to inspect the structure. Typically, the list of inspection activities includes testing the concrete of structures for compressive strength. Therefore, determining the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete is an integral part of planning for major repairs, reconstruction or new construction. This paper investigates different methods for determining the concrete strength of bridge elements. The accuracy of the results of different methods in laboratory conditions is analyzed. Problem statement. The use of a particular method has its advantages and disadvantages, which, in turn, can affect the accuracy of the data obtained.

Consent of a Person to a Criminal Case (Criminal Prosecution) Dismissal for Reasons other than Exoneration: Definition and Content

A criminal case (prosecution) dismissal for reasons other than exoneration is associated with the onset of various negative consequences for a person. These may include confiscation of property belonging to them and recognized as material evidence; filing a civil claim against them for compensation for damage caused by a person subjected to criminal prosecution; recovery of procedural costs. The need to clarify consent to a criminal case (prosecution) dismissal is a guarantee of the rights to judicial protection and access to justice, and it is attributable to the need to inform the person about the negative consequences accompanying the criminal case (prosecution) dismissal. The obligation to clarify the consequences of the termination of the case should be reflected in the law. At the same time, in pre-trial proceedings, effective judicial control should act as a reliable guarantee of the property right of the person against whom the criminal case is terminated, assuming the court’s authority to independently make decisions on issues related to the termination of the criminal case (including those related to reimbursement of procedural costs and resolution of the fate of material evidence). The thesis of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the equivalence of disagreement with the seizure of property following the termination of a criminal case with disagreement with such termination in general is critically evaluated. The optimal approach seems to be in which the consent of a person to a criminal case (prosecution) dismissal is clarified after a certified written explanation of the negative legal consequences of a non-rehabilitating decision. This, however, does not exclude the possibility of appealing the decision in its part, which does not relate to the cancellation of a criminal case (prosecution) dismissal as a whole.

Актуальные вопросы внедрения психолого-педагогических программ и технологий в образовательную среду

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article analyzes the actual practice of developing psychological and pedagogical programs for the All-Russian Competition of the Best Psychological and Pedagogical Programs and Technologies in the Educational Environment — 2023. A comprehensive assessment is carried out of the completeness of the competitive programs’ fulfillment of the requirements for them in accordance with the regulations on the competition. Typical deficiencies and shortcomings that appear during the preparation and implementation of programs have been identified, and factors that have influenced the programs’ incomplete compliance with the specified requirements have been identified. Analytical materials of existing discrepancies are presented and proposals for the scientific and methodological development of new developments of psychological and pedagogical programs are presented. The implementation of this complex task was undertaken by the Federation of Psychologists of Education of Russia, which unites psychological groups from all regions of the Russian Federation. The accumulated experience of such work allows us to formulate requirements for the development and implementation of psychological and pedagogical programs and technologies in the educational environment.</p>

Психологическая помощь детям, пострадавшим в результате боевых действий

<p style="text-align: justify;">This article presents a comprehensive program of psychological and pedagogical support and rehabilitation of children who witnessed or suffered during hostilities developed by specialists of the Federal Coordination Center for Psychological Services in the Education System of the Russian Federation of the Moscow State University of Psychology & Education. The program is based on the results of a theoretical and methodological analysis of foreign and domestic experience in psychological assistance to minors who have experienced traumatic experiences, and an empirical study of the characteristics of the psychological state of children and adolescents living in territories involved in the consequences of hostilities. The program includes a description and results of the screening procedure, developed algorithms for interdepartmental interaction, technologies for psychological, pedagogical, medical and social assistance to children and families based on educational organizations. The testing of this program was carried out in 2023 in schools of the Donetsk People’s Republic, Kherson, Rostov and Belgorod regions.</p>

Профессиональная позиция педагога-психолога в проектировании инклюзивной образовательной среды

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">The article discusses the problem of professional involvement of a teacher-psychologist in the inclusive educational process of a school and his role in creating an inclusive educational environment (IEE). The results of federal monitoring of the state of the inclusive educational environment in schools of the Russian Federation and indicators related to psychological and pedagogical support for students with special educational needs in educational organizations (EO) are considered, namely: 85% of OOs provide socio-psychological support to children who find themselves in difficult life situations situations, consultations with a teacher-psychologist account for 84%, and 78% of educational institutions conduct individual correctional classes, which indicates a high level of support. 76% of public organizations have Regulations on psychological services, 85.2% of public organizations have Regulations on psychological and pedagogical council; Offices of educational psychologists are provided in 71% of schools. Based on a discussion of the data, conclusions are drawn about the need for professional development of educational psychologists and the formation of their inclusive competencies and role in building an inclusive educational environment.</span></p>

Theoretical Aspects of Determining the Place of Energy (Energy Resources) in the System of Civil Rights Objects

The paper is devoted to determining the role of energy in the system of civil rights objects. The author highlights two main theories. Representatives of the first theory recognize energy as a thing and, accordingly consider it possible to apply the property law regime in relation to it. Currently, the number of supporters of this theory has increased due to the fact that the legislator consolidated regulatory norms regarding the energy supply contract in the chapter of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation devoted to purchase-and-sale transactions. The doctrine also attempts to justify the extension of the property right to energy through the category of «disembodied things». The second theory denies the attribution of energy to things. Representatives of this theory try to substantiate the legal nature of energy based on the existing systematization of objects of civil rights. According to the author, energy is an independent object of civil rights, a special object of a physical nature, having no sign of materiality, capable of generation and, under certain conditions, transfer in economic relations of civil turnover participants, and considered as a commodity with property value and high socioeconomic importance. Thus, energy perfectly fits into the category reserved by the law-maker for similar new objects and classified as «other property». Denying the substantive qualification of energy, the author supports the position of researchers who consider energy exclusively as an object of binding rights, since, given its physical nature and the possibility of generation and transmission exclusively through technical infrastructure, energy as an independent object of civil rights can act exclusively as a subject of binding legal relations

Public Control as a Tool for Combating Crime

The article is devoted to the analysis of the place and role of the institution of public control in the system of tools to combat crime. This institution of civil society is analyzed as the most important legal guarantee for the implementation, protection and defense of the system of constitutional principles in Russia, as well as the system of human and civil rights and freedoms, the rights and legitimate interests of numerous public associations and other non-governmental non-profit organizations. The authors substantiate the importance of the institution of public control in the Russian Federation as a tool for the prevention and suppression of crimes. At the same time, the role of this institution of civil society is particularly highlighted as a tool in the fight against corruption and other crimes committed by officials of public authorities, state and municipal organizations, and other bodies and organizations that exercise certain public powers on the basis of federal laws. The article formalizes and explores the main problems that impede the use of the institution of public control in the fight against crime in the Russian Federation, in particular due to: the lack of mention of this institution of civil society in the Basic Law of Russia; imperfect legislation on public control; weak powers of its subjects; removing from the scope of the Federal Law of dated of 21.06.2014 № 212-FL “On the Fundamentals of Public Control in the Russian Federation” the activities, acts and decisions of the majority of Russian law enforcement agencies, as well as types of public relations where there is a high crime rate; weak funding from the budgets of all levels of activities of subjects of public control; weak use of positive foreign experience of civil society institutions in the fight against crime; insufficient use of modern information and communication technologies. The authors have developed and justified a system of measures to resolve these problems, including by: incorporating public control into the Constitution of Russia; developing a system of federal laws devoted to the organization and implementation of public control in relation to the activities, acts and decisions of the country's law enforcement agencies; expanding the powers of subjects of public control; active use of foreign positive experience of civil society participation in the fight against crime; development of a system of federal programs for organizational, legal, financial, technical support for the institution of public control in Russia.