Russia Research Articles

Solar PV system with maximum power tracking

The paper investigates the state-of-the-art architecture of photovoltaic systems (PVS) by evaluating the performance of the developed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm of fuzzy particle swarm optimization (FPSO) for temperate continental latitudes. The material of the paper gives an evaluation of traditional MPPT algorithms in relation to the state-of-the-art FPSO algorithm. The study summarizes the problems of On-Grid PV systems and analyzes methods of solving them by combining them with hydrogen technologies. The paper summaries the experience of observations of climatic factors and solar resources on the example of the Russian Federation. Thus, in 2023, the average winter temperature exceeded the norm by 4.7 °C, and the average summer temperature exceeded the norm by 4.9 °C compared to 2022. The paper analyses the level of insolation, which increased by 0.03 kWh/m2 by regions of Russia for the period 2022–2023. The experimental part of the work was carried out at the solar power plant (SPP) «Kalmykskaya» with coordinates 53.422832 north latitude and 55.266895 east longitude. The watt-volt field characteristic of photovoltaic modules (PVM) connected to the inverter was obtained experimentally. When compared, the correlation coefficient between the experimental power (P) and voltage (U) of the panels was found to be higher than that of the ideal panels, 0.933 versus 0.914. The correlation coefficient between the ideal P(U) function and the experimental one is (−0.475). The data for calculating the coefficient of performance (COP) of the implemented MPPT algorithm was also obtained experimentally, which was about 98.7%. The reliability of the data used in the calculations was confirmed by two independent means of measurement, the difference of the obtained results was less than 1%. In the last part of the experiment of this study, the dependence of insolation in a given geographical point on the generated PV field power was evaluated. The correlation coefficient was 0.47, while the inverter output voltage was maintained in the nominal range of (600 ± 20%)V. Thus, the authors of the study experimentally proved the efficiency of using MPPT on FPSO in temperate continental climate with duration of sunshine T = 1850 h per year. The effectiveness of the FPSO algorithm under the conditions of inverter distance from the common point of the DC switching cabinet (DСCC) has been confirmed. The effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm based on FPSO under conditions of partial shading, increased cloud cover and increased air temperature is concluded. Using the description of the current architecture of On-Grid SPP, the authors draw attention to the impossibility of operation of such systems without the presence of voltage in the reference network. In addition, the impossibility of the system operation at the value of PVM power over 1500 kW and at the voltage of panels less than 900 V is noted. To modernize the existing PVS architecture, for the first time, the use of a DCCC and an inverter with implemented MPPT on the FPSO in combination with a hydrogen (H2) production unit and nickel-hydrogen (Ni–H2) batteries is proposed. The researchers propose that when the PVM field voltage is below 900 V and when the PVM field power exceeds 1500 kW, energy can be diverted to H2 generation or to charge Ni–H2 batteries via a DCCC controller. Such an architecture will improve the continuity and efficiency of the PVS, reduce the carbon footprint, and allow the PVS to be used as an industrial uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The authors see the lack of standardization of implemented projects based on the ESG principle as the main problem of alternative energy development.

Epidemiological Features of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Russian Federation

Relevance. Obesity is associated with the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Over the past 40 years, no country in the world has seen a decrease in the incidence of either obesity or diabetes. The epidemic growth rates of type 2 DM in the world, including in the Russian Federation, emphasize the close relationship of these endocrinopathies and identify obesity as one of the determinants of diabetes development. Aim. To study the intensity, dynamics and features of the formation of primary morbidity of obesity and type 2 DM among various population groups, as well as to identify correlations between the studied parameters in the groups. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the primary incidence of obesity and type 2 DM in Russia in 2010–2021 was carried out. The source of the analyzed information was the statistical collections of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation «Morbidity of the population». To identify the relationship between the studied parameters, a correlation analysis was performed with the calculation of the Pearson coefficient (r). The interpretation of the closeness of the correlation was performed on the Chaddock scale. Results. The number of cases of obesity amounted to 4 428 975, type 2 DM – 3 839 772 in Russia in 2010–2021. The incidence of obesity among the entire population was 253,61 per 100 ths, type 2 DM – 220,47 per 100 ths population. The Siberian FD (377,29 per 100 ths) should be singled out as an epidemiologically significant obesity district, and for type 2 DM – the Southern FD (249,34 per 100 ths). The incidence of type 2 DM among adults was 274,22 per 100 ths, while the leading positions were taken by the Ural FD (313,56 per 100 ths) and the Southern FD (308,94 per 100 ths). In terms of obesity among adults, it should be noted that the Siberian FD is 359,21 per 100 ths (the excess of the incidence rate in Russia is 1,68 times). Among the elderly, the incidence of obesity in Russia was 1,15 times higher than in adults (247,15 per 100 ths), while in the Siberian FD the incidence was 1,23 times higher than in adults (440,9 per 100 ths). In the elderly population group, the maximum incidence of type 2 DM was noted in the Ural FD – 591,11 per 100 ths. The incidence of obesity among the children from 0 to 14 years was 370,99 per 100 ths, while the most unfavorable epidemic situation was noted in the North-Western FD (476,86 per 100 ths – exceeding the level in Russia by 1,29 times). Among the children from 15 to 17, the incidence of obesity was 697,67 per 100 ths, the maximum level was in the North-Western FD (869,1 per 100 ths) and the Southern FD (866,43 per 100 ths). In parallel, the North-Western FD is also leading in terms of type 2 DM (3,16 per 100 ths) among the teenagers 15–17 years old. Positive correlations between obesity and type 2 DM were established among the entire population of Russia in 2020 (r = 0,364 – weak level) and in 2021 (r = 0,260 – very weak level). Conclusion. A close association of obesity with the development of type 2 DM has been confirmed. In Russia, in parallel with the growth of obesity, there is an increase in type 2 DM. Special attention should be paid to the child population, since there is a pronounced trend towards an increase in the incidence of obesity among the children 0–14 years old and 15–17 years old. The level of type 2 DM is also increasing among the teenagers. A statistically significant correlation was obtained between obesity and type 2 DM among the entire population.

Analysis of legislative basis for medical rehabilitation in Russia

Background. In recent years, there have been significant changes in the regulatory documentation related to medical rehabilitation, caused by the need to consolidate the principles for rehabilitation of patients in post-COVID period and standardize the procedures used for it. Therefore, it is important to analyze the existing regulatory framework and the proposed changes that will come into force in the near future.Objective: to assess the regulatory legal acts governing the provision of medical rehabilitation in Russia.Material and methods. Regulatory legal acts and their drafts were obtained through the reference and legal systems “Kontur Standard”, “ConsultantPlus”, and the Federal Portal of Draft Regulatory Legal Acts. The following electronic libraries, databases and other sources were used to collect secondary information: eLibrary, Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, Yandex and social networks.Results. Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the right to health protection and medical care. Within the latter the use of medical rehabilitation can be considered. Going down to the next level, the term “medical rehabilitation” is found in Federal Law dated November 27, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of health protection of citizens in the Russian Federation”. However, the requirements in the field under consideration are specifically described in Orders of the Ministry of Health of Russia No. 788n and 878n, which establish a three-stage provision of medical rehabilitation and give specific time instructions for the frequency and duration of care prcedures. The conditions for the transition of patients between the stages of medical rehabilitation are presented, and creating interdisciplinary rehabilitation teams is specified.Conclusion. The analysis of innovations in the regulatory framework showed no fundamental changes in the regulation of medical rehabilitation. At the moment, there is a need to expand it by regulating the activities of multidisciplinary rehabilitation teams. A more detailed elaboration of normative documentation regulating the provision of medical rehabilitation to children is necessary.

Surgical treatment of epilepsy in the Perm region

Surgical treatment of epilepsy in Perm Region started in 2020 as a part of project “Organization of a system of surgical care for patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in the Russian Federation”. This article presents the current practice for the period 2020–2022, which includes the selection algorithm for the surgical procedure, surgical methods, early and long-term complications ofsurgical treatment and diagnostics, and early outcomes. We suggest the project of the against epilepsy in Perm Region.

The choice of optimal therapy for ER+ HER2-metastatic breast cancer (PROMETHEUS): all-Russian analysis of physicians’ preferences – updated survey results

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (iCDK4/6) are the generally accepted standard of care for the treatment of luminal HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (ER+HER2- mBC). Data from randomized and observational studies have proven the high effectiveness of the combination of iCDK4/6 and endocrine therapy (ET) both in the 1st and in subsequent lines. The use of new drugs in real clinical practice is determined by a number of factors, including the awareness of doctors, their personal experience and subjective preferences, as well as financial support and availability in a particular region. To assess the frequency of prescription of CDK4/6, as well as other types of treatment in the 1st‑2nd line of therapy for ER+ HER2- mBC in real clinical practice in Russia, as well as to determine the factors and preferences of doctors influencing their choice, the National Association of Oncomammologists (NAOM) conducted a survey “Prometheus” of oncology specialists. From February 15 to August 30, 2023, a web survey of healthcare professionals who treat patients with mBC was conducted on the website anketolog.ru. An invitation to survey was sent out through the NAOM database, 112 questionnaires were received and processed. Earlier, in 2020, the “Prometheus” survey was conducted on the territory of the Russian Federation for a similar purpose. In this paper, we present the results of an updated and expanded survey and evaluate changes that have occurred over the past 3 years in actual clinical practice. The results of a 2023 survey conducted in the Russian Federation on the choice of early-line therapy for ER+HER2- mBC showed that, compared with the 2020 survey, the level of “trust” in iCDK4/6 has increased among practicing physicians, and the indications for their use have expanded, including visceral metastases (and even pending visceral crisis), the indications for prescribing chemotherapy in the 1st line have narrowed. When using monoET in the 1st line, the majority of respondents prescribe iCDK4/6 in the 2nd line. Obviously, the wider use of iCDK4/6 is associated not only with the accumulation of clinical knowledge and experience in the use of drugs, but also with improved drug supply. However, the main limitations to the use of iCDK4/6 are still insufficient funding and organizational difficulties. However, it should be noted that 1/5 of the respondents do not face any restrictions and widely prescribe combination therapy.

The Bankruptcy of Foreign Companies

Abstract Until recently, in Russian jurisprudence prevailed a conservative approach. According to it, Russian courts did not consider themselves an appropriate forum for the bankruptcy of foreign companies. The situation started to change in April 2022, when the first judicial act opening bankruptcy proceedings in respect of a foreign company was rendered. This case reached the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and paved the way for subsequent similar cases. As a result, in February 2024 the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation issued a landmark ruling which set an important precedent regarding several fundamental questions of cross-border insolvency in Russia. This article tracks the development of case law and the shifts in the focus of judicial reasoning towards stronger and more effective protection of the creditors’ interests. It gives an overview of the applicable rules in the absence of special regulation of cross-border insolvency. The article identifies the criteria developed by courts and common features of foreign entities currently most affected by the changes in case law. These changes demonstrate how jurisprudence strategically adjusts to the challenges of our time and customizes international trends.

Justification for the need to introduce a state classification of freight forwarders

The purpose of the study is to establish criteria for classifying freight forwarders. SWOT and ABC analysis methods were used. Problem areas of the Russian transport services market were identified and a classification option for freight forwarders was developed. A restraining factor in the development of any operator company in the Russian market is low trust on the part of customers. Often, in order to attract a large number of customers, firms take on obligations for which they do not have the necessary resources. The creation of a normative classifier of freight forwarders will solve this problem. Thus, customers will receive better information about the services, and operators will be forced to improve the quality of services by increasing the level of customer focus and integrating innovative technologies. Based on the results of the study, an analysis of the transport services market was conducted and a classification option for freight forwarders by levels was proposed, which will allow the state to collect statistical information on the current state of affairs and form a further development strategy on its basis. This work can be used to develop the transport strategy of the Russian Federation. The practical significance of the study is an option for amending the current legislation in order to increase the level of interaction between customers and freight forwarding companies.

Development of the logistics potential of railway transport

An analysis of freight transport statistics over the past 10 years shows sensitivity to political influences from almost all modes of transport to one degree or another, including rail. At the same time, the participation of rail transport in the total volume of freight traffic in recent years can be estimated at 17–18 %. In recent years, there has been a trend towards an increase in the railway transportation sector in the total volume of freight. In order to ensure the technological sovereignty of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to take a number of technical, organizational and managerial decisions to offset the negative consequences. The development of domestic logistics potential involves the development of international transport corridors that will connect the macroeconomic regions of the north, south, east and west. This will certainly have an impact on the global economy as a whole. Therefore, the main task is to develop effective interaction between participants in transport processes both on related modes of transport, as well as the largest representatives of the operator and logistics business, cargo-forming enterprises. In this regard, the current situation has been analyzed using a tool to identify competitive advantages in the domestic market and in conditions of global competition.

ВЛИЯНИЯ ЛОЯЛЬНОСТИ ПЕРСОНАЛА НА ПРОЦЕСС ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

The study is devoted to the urgent problem of studying the influence of staff loyalty on the process of effective functioning of an organization in the dynamic turbulent socio-economic situation of recent years in the Russian Federation. In a period of insufficient personnel caused by demographic reasons and at the same time high rates of staff turnover, the study of the influence of staff loyalty on the process of effective functioning of the organization comes to the fore. A theoretical analysis of the influence of staff loyalty on the process of effective functioning of the company was carried out. The study presents the main aspects of the influence of staff loyalty on the process of effective functioning of the organization. Attitudinal and behavioral approaches to the definition of “loyalty” of personnel are outlined. A formulation is given to the basic concept of “loyalty” of personnel, which is revealed as the quality of an employee’s personality, determined by the willingness to adhere to the principles and established rules of the company, and the attitude towards the performance of job duties at a high level to maintain the functioning of the organization. The criteria for staff loyalty are highlighted, for example, such as: level of staff satisfaction with the conditions and results of work; emotional attachment to the organization (external and internal manifestations); degree of trust between management and employees. A description is given and the results of a practical study of the influence of staff loyalty on the process of effective functioning of the organization are presented. Of particular empirical importance are practical recommendations for the HR manager to determine the influence of staff loyalty, based on the use of methods for assessing the level of loyalty; research into the relationship between loyalty and company performance; analysis of received materials during feedback; monitoring of key indicators of the company’s operational efficiency and effectiveness.

International experience of partnership of private companies and special services in the interests of national security and its significance for Ukraine

The article is devoted to topical issues of national security. Its purpose is to justify the need to review approaches to the partnership of special services of Ukraine and private companies. The current state of threats to national security from the aggressor country is characterized within the scope of scientific research. Attention was drawn to the fact that after the attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine, there were changes in the security paradigm and approaches to national security and the world system as a whole, and the need, in this connection, to find additional resources to counter the Russian Federation, to develop new effective models of organizing the activities of national special services by involving the potential and resources of non-state institutions in this activity. It was established that the effective partnership of special services and private enterprises in the interests of national security is a stable international practice, and in some cases, the only means of increasing the effectiveness of special services in conditions of shortage of personnel and resources, which meets the requirements of international and national legislation. The international experience of such a partnership is characterized using the examples of the “Griffin”, “ECSA – CERBERUS”, “ProtectUK” projects, as well as the activities of private intelligence and security companies. Prospective directions for strengthening the capabilities of Ukraine’s special services through partnership with private enterprises and their security structures are highlighted, including: creation of security platforms (educational and informational and communicative in nature); obtaining operationally significant information in the interests of ensuring state security both in the country and abroad, including its processing; assistance in the use of existing and development of new software products for the search and identification of persons who pose a threat to the state security of Ukraine, the recording of their criminal activities, etc.; carrying out analytical studies, summarizing a large array of data in the interests of national security; personnel training for work in modern conditions, including using the latest technologies. The need for clear legal regulation of the rights and obligations of the parties to such a partnership is emphasized.

Moral responsibility of russian citizens for aggression against Ukraine as a factor of pressure on their political will

The article focuses on the need to actualize the issue of bringing russian citizens to moral responsibility for violation of universal human values and other moral obligations of a person, which is expressed in their support for a large-scale war against Ukraine and the aggressive policy of the russian federation in general. In this vein, the author rethinks the concept of moral responsibility, argues for the inclusion of both individual and collective moral subjects, and highlights the impact of the means of moral responsibility on the formation of consciousness and, especially, the political will of the moral subject. In the discussion with other scholars, the author proposes that the subjects of collective responsibility include those structures, communities, and social groups that act as a collective actor, demonstrate their internal identity and are mutually responsible. The article argues that the russian public, which politically supports the current regime, is objectively a direct subject of the war and, accordingly, bears the full measure of direct political and moral guilt for the actions of its state and their consequences. It is proposed to call the supporters of the war “agents of war”, which will highlight their moral culpability. Therefore, it is important that not only the leadership of the russian federation, but also the entire russian public realise their part of the blame for the russian-Ukrainian war. It is proposed to incriminate moral and political culpability of russian citizens for the military aggression against Ukraine and to carry out information activities in order to make them aware of their personal and solidarity share of guilt and responsibility for this aggression. In order to give the moral condemnation of russian citizens a targeted and universal impact, the author argues for the establishment of a special international moral tribunal to encourage moral actors to fulfill their moral obligations, which will simultaneously contribute to the improvement of the security sphere of humanity. It is not about creating an official administrative structure, but about introducing a single humanistic information space that will counter this aggression. It is believed that it is in the form of a moral and ethical tribunal that the efforts of civilized countries, political, national and religious movements can be effectively united in the general condemnation of the russian aggression, its violation of human norms of goodness and justice, peace and secure existence. The central paradigm of the tribunal should be the phenomenon of safe human existence, human life as a value that excludes aggressive state policy and encroachment on human rights and freedoms. We believe that today, in counteracting russian information and psychological operations, we should focus more on the moral collective guilt and responsibility of all russian citizens who still stand in the position of not resisting evil.

Criminal legal means for the glorification of the armed aggression of the russian federation in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of criminal law sanctions for glorification of the armed aggression of the russian federation in Ukraine (Article 4362 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (hereinafter – the CC of Ukraine)). The author establishes that the current version of Article 4362 of the CC of Ukraine in terms of sanctions regulation has a number of shortcomings which require legislative resolution. In particular, it is necessary to exclude from Part 2 of this Article such an additional type of punishment as confiscation of property due to its inconsistency with the provisions of the General Part of the CC of Ukraine, or to increase the upper limit of the punishment in the form of imprisonment to six years in order to turn this criminal offense into a grave one. It would also be advisable to supplement the sanction of Part 1 of this Article with such a type of punishment as restriction of liberty. This would eliminate the legislative “vacuum” between probationary supervision and imprisonment. It would also be logical to synchronize the upper limit of imprisonment under Part 1 of Article 4362 of the CC of Ukraine and the lower limit of the same type of punishment under Part 3 of Article 4362 of the CC of Ukraine by setting the amount of imprisonment in Part 3 of Article 4362 of the CC of Ukraine as “three years” instead of “five years”. In addition, the analysis of judicial practice has also shown the need to rethink the types and amounts of punishment for glorification. After all, in 88 % of cases, convicts were released from serving their sentences with probation. This indicates that courts do not always perceive glorification as an offense with a high degree of social danger, and therefore, in their minds, there is an opinion that the types and amounts of punishment for glorification established by law do not correspond to the real degree of social danger. In this regard, it is advisable to reduce the amount of punishment for glorification or to move to less severe types of punishment. This will allow judges to impose real punishment instead of exemption from serving a sentence, which will increase the effectiveness of criminal law measures for glorification.

Trends in the application of artificial intelligence technologies in the military and technical sphere

The role and significance of artificial intelligence technologies in the military-technical sphere are determined. The principles of using artificial intelligence technologies in the activities of the armed forces are outlined. Attention is focused on the threats and risks posed by the use of artificial intelligence in the military-technical sphere. The peculiarities of the legislative provision of the military use of artificial intelligence technologies in the USA are highlighted. Detailed aspects of the technological implementation of artificial intelligence during the execution of military tasks in the context of the American experience. The conceptual foundations of the russian use of artificial intelligence technologies of a military nature are revealed. The institutional capabilities and achievements of the russian federation in the field of technological support of the needs of the army in the field of artificial intelligence have been determined. The scope and directions of the russian army's innovative developments using artificial intelligence technologies are outlined. It has been updated that unmanned systems are singled out as a special priority for the application of technologies in the field of artificial intelligence of the russian federation. The main global trends in the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the military sphere are revealed. Further directions of improving the field of military use of artificial intelligence technologies have been identified. It was concluded that the development, introduction and approval by the world community of criteria for the responsible use of artificial intelligence for military purposes will contribute to the construction and formation of an international consensus on the responsible handling and use of artificial intelligence technologies.

Моделирование структуры лаборатории эргодизайнерских систем искусственного интеллекта на основе анализа отечественных и зарубежных исследований

The article analyzes the theoretical aspects of the importance of creating and developing ergonomic scientific laboratories based on domestic universities and research institutes. The paper considers modern technologies for modelling scientific structures in the organizations (institutions) subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and describes the main models of initiating and operating scientific laboratories created at Russian universities and research organizations. To demonstrate the relevance of building a laboratory in the field of ergonomics, the authors conduct an analysis of the availability of laboratories in this profile at the world’s leading universities.

Интервью с юбиляром: доктору технических наук, профессору Киричеку Андрею Викторовичу – 60

In august 2024, the Vice-Rector of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Bryansk State Technical University, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Full Member of Tsiolkovsky Russian Academy of Cosmonautics, Corresponding Member of the Russian Engineering Academy and the Academy of Engineering Sciences of the Russian Federation Andrey Viktorovich Kirichek turns 60.

Аналитическая оценка правового регулирования реализации профессиональных услуг средними медицинскими работниками в качестве дополнительного дохода.

In the Russian Federation, the practice of providing medical services at home by specialists with secondary medical education has developed. Despite the fact that there are currently no direct restrictions on entrepreneurial activity in the Russian Federation, the existing legal framework for the sale of professional services by secondary medical workers contains a number of lacunae that contribute to the development of the shadow economy of healthcare. According to expert estimates, the revenues of the shadow market of medical services in 2023 amounted to 215 billion in real terms. At the same time, services provided to patients outside the framework of the legislation of the Russian Federation may be of poor quality due to non-compliance by performers with standards of medical care, failure to comply with sanitary and epidemiological norms and rules, and lack of control by inspection bodies. The purpose of the study is to use international experience to conduct an analytical assessment of the legal regulation of the sale of professional services by secondary medical professionals as an additional income. Methods and materials. The study analyzed the legislation of six countries: the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic and the Kingdom of Belgium on the provision of paid medical services by specialists with secondary medical education. Results. One of the reasons for the growth of the shadow sector, it seems possible to highlight the problem of excessive legal regulation of the commercial activities of nursing staff. In the Russian Federation, the provision of «nursing» medical services refers to licensed activities. At the same time, the development of current legislation on «self-employment» with the addition of «services of secondary medical personnel» to the list of activities will allow legalizing part of the shadow sector of medical services. According to the above comparative legal analysis, nurses in Uzbekistan, Germany, France and Belgium can work in the statuses of «selfemployed», «Freiberufler», «Entreprise individuelle» and «self-employed», respectively. Each of the statuses allows specialists with secondary professional medical education to provide their services within the legal framework, conclude contracts with patients and maintain medical records without excessive licensing rules, which are presented in the Russian Federation or the Republic of Kazakhstan. Conclusion. Thus, both according to expert estimates and according to the results of a comparative legal study, in order to reduce the size of the shadow sector of medical services, in particular, to legalize the provision of nursing care «at home», it seems rational to add the services of specialists with secondary medical education to the list of activities provided by the self-employed in accordance with Federal Law «On conducting an experiment to establish a special tax regime «Tax on professional income».

Влияние динамики стоимости лекарственных препаратов для лечения пациентов со злокачественными новообразованиями на затраты на лекарственное лечение в Российской Федерации.

Every year in the Russian Federation hundreds of billions of rubles are spent on the purchase of drugs for the treatment of patients with cancer, but the influence of the dynamics of the cost of drugs on the amount of money spent on their purchase has not been studied in our country. This was the purpose of this work. We studied the cost of drugs in 2019 and 2022. We compared the amounts of funds spent on their purchases in the Russian Federation and in the federal districts.

Корневая гниль яровой пшеницы в условиях Зауралья, варианты оперативной защиты

Abstract. Root rot is a harmful and widespread disease of cereal crops. In the conditions of the Urals, Siberia, and Northern Kazakhstan, its causative agents are various species of fungi of the genus Fusarium and the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana. The purpose of this study was to comparatively determine the effectiveness of microbiological, chemical and combined protection of spring wheat seeds. Field experiments were carried out on the experimental field of the Kurgan Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture – branch of the Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kurgan SRIA – branch of FSBSI UrFASRC, UrB of RAS) in 2019, 2021, 2022. Scientific novelty lies in the determining the competitiveness of various methods of protecting spring wheat seeds in the conditions of the Trans-Urals within the framework of modern cultivation technology. The methods used are generally accepted in the Russian Federation. Results. In conditions of almost annual occurrence of negative natural phenomena for the growth and development of plants (droughts, frosts, sudden changes in temperature, dry winds, etc.), the use of seed treaters can be an additional stress for plants; the presence of the effect of shortening the underground internode can negatively affect field germination culture. To reduce these risks, as well as the pesticide load, we recommend using a combined method of seed protection. It involves the use of a mixture of a bacterial fungicide based on Bacillus subtilis with a chemical disinfectant at half the consumption rate. At the same time, the level of control of phytopathogens is maintained, there is no retardant effect, and economic efficiency is not inferior to the level of using a two-component chemical seed protectant (113–114 %). Chemical protection of seeds reduced the development of root rot pathogens by 63–72 %. The use of combined protection provided good control of phytopathogens, including the dominant fungi Fusarium. The predominant species from the genus Fusarium were the highly dangerous F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides.

Последствия распространения коронавируса COVID-19 и новых штаммов для развития агропромышленного комплекса и потребительского рынка

The COVID-19 pandemic has become an example of the implementation of global biological threats, which are positioned as challenges to the economy, including the agricultural sector. The subject of the study was changes in food production and in the consumer market for agricultural products amid the consequences of the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus and potentially dangerous new strains. Since the volume and structure of agricultural exports can serve as indicators of overcoming the challenge to the agro-industrial complex from the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, including in conjunction with the influence of the sanctions policies of Western countries, the object of the study was changes in the main indicators of exports of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation at the federal and regional levels for first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Changes in the main indicators of exports of agricultural products were studied both at the federal and regional levels, using the example of agricultural enterprises in the Voronezh region, for the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. As a background for studying the subject field of indicators for overcoming the challenge to the agro-industrial sector from the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in the field of food production and in the consumer market for agricultural products were identified and studied. An overview of the main exporting companies in the Voronezh region is presented for the following types of products: grains (wheat, corn, barley); meat and dairy products (pork and pork by-products, beef, butter); products of the oil and fat industry (sunflower oil, cakes, mustard oil). The priority trend for the Russian Federation is the development of deep processing of crop products, in particular grain crops. The basis is the trend of growing consumer demand for food products of plant origin, including those that imitate traditional meat and dairy products. A trend has been noted for the production and consumption of organic products, the implementation of which will contribute to the growth of the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products in the domestic and foreign markets. An important factor in increasing the competitiveness of domestic food in the global and domestic markets is the expansion of production of organic crop and livestock products based on a single unified database of agricultural land that meets the legally established requirements for this category of products.

Об отдельных актуальных проблемах правового статуса врача и необходимости их законодательного решения.

Federal Law No. 323-FZ dated 11/21/2011 «On the Basics of Public Health protection in the Russian Federation» identifies two close, interrelated, but at the same time independent rights of a citizen: in article 21, the right to choose a doctor, taking into account the consent of a doctor, i. e. the right to choose any doctor at all and not only the attending physician, and in article 70 the patient’s right to choose the attending physician. At the same time, with the exception of the district service, the Basics do not disclose the mechanism for a citizen to choose a doctor, including a doctor, when providing him with primary specialized medical care and specialized medical care. This mechanism has not been disclosed in the procedures for providing medical care. In this regard, the authors proposed to supplement article 21 of the Fundamentals with instructions that the procedures for providing medical care, including the procedure for choosing a doctor by the patient. In addition, the publication noted that the absence of detailed and comprehensive medical care in the relevant procedures.