Russia Research Articles

Time trends in subarachnoid haemorrhage mortality across the BRICS (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa): an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2021

ObjectivesSubarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is the third most prevalent subtype of stroke, representing a critical and potentially life-threatening cerebrovascular emergency. Given their large populations and diverse healthcare infrastructures, the BRICS (Brazil,...

Analysis of the problems and potential of the development of family entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation

Analysis of the problems and potential of the development of family entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation

Технологии виртуальной и дополненной реальности в системе здравоохранения арктических регионов Российской Федерации

Virtual and augmented reality, as one of the end-to-end technologies of the digital economy, currently has wide practical application in the field of healthcare, helping both doctors and patients. VR/AR technologies allow the most effective rehabilitation of patients with diseases of the musculoskeletal sys-tem, provide significant assistance in dealing with psychosomatic disorders, and can be used in surgical operations. In addition, virtual doctors and nurses can be used to provide medical care at home; existing VR applications allow for better involvement of patients in therapy. VR/AR solutions developed in close cooperation of doctors and IT specialists have great development prospects. The application of virtual and augmented reality technologies in the medical care system should result in improved quality of medical services, which is especially important for remote regions. The regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, being geographically distributed, remote areas with difficult natural and climatic conditions, set themselves the task of developing high-tech medical care to improve the quality of life of the population. It becomes important for regional medical institutions to study and apply the best practices of medical IT solutions based on VR/AR technologies.

EXPERIENCE IN CREATING AND OPERATING ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEMS AT MUNICIPAL FACILITIES

The urgency of creating a national energy monitoring system in Ukraine is driven by the need for rational use of fuel and energy resources against the backdrop of current challenges, including the energy crisis caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The introduction of such a system will ensure continuous monitoring and analysis of energy consumption at all levels: from government agencies to enterprises, institutions and organisations. The use of modern digital technologies to monitor the use of fuel and energy resources will help to promptly identify inefficient use of resources, reduce costs and improve environmental performance. In the context of Ukraine's integration into the European Union and achievement of sustainable development goals, a national energy monitoring system can become an important tool for fulfilling international commitments in the field of energy efficiency and sustainable development. Therefore, the creation of such a system is critical for ensuring the country's energy independence and sustainability. Object of research: energy management and energy monitoring systems, organisational and technical elements of the systems. Subject of the study: processes and mechanisms of the energy monitoring system, its impact on energy efficiency, energy security and the possibility of forming a national energy monitoring system. Research methods: analytical methods, questionnaire method. The practical significance of the results lies in the development of a national system for monitoring the efficiency of fuel and energy resources, the implementation of which will provide institutions and local governments with the necessary information to analyse resource use and further optimise energy consumption.

The impact of innovation activity in the real sector of the economy on the level of the economic security of the Federal districts of the Russian Federation

The impact of innovation activity in the real sector of the economy on the level of the economic security of the Federal districts of the Russian Federation

Оценка состояния сектора информационно-коммуникационных технологий в северных регионах России с использованием многомерной группировки

The paper analyzes the state of the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector in the northern regions of Russia. The main research methods are multidimensional grouping and comparative analysis of ICT development. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of knowledge about the state of information and communication technologies in the northern regions of Russia. At the same time, ICT has a great potential to stimulate the economic development of the North of Russia and the Arctic in par-ticular. The novelty of the work lies in the development of a methodological approach to the comparative analysis of the ICT sector in the Russian regions, aimed at identifying problem areas of development. An original set of indicators is created — criteria for the state of ICT at the regional level. The validity of this set is proved by the method of factor analysis. Multidimensional grouping of all subjects of the Russian Federation according to the selected indicators is performed with an emphasis on the northern regions. It is revealed that the northern regions have higher values of ICT indicators compared to other regions of Russia due to the social sphere and the state of ICT at the household level. The leaders are the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Republic of Karelia. Practical recommendations for ICT development in the northern regions are formulated. The main reserves of ICT development in the North are identified — growth of state and municipal services provision in electronic form and digitalization of health care institutions.

Проблемы развития арктического региона на Петербургском международном экономическом форуме (ПМЭФ-2024)

The article analyses the results of the 27th St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF-2024). The focus of the Forum was reflected in its motto “The basis of multipolarity is the formation of new growth centers”. Discussions on the Arctic agenda were presented at SPIEF-2024 during 3 days. RAS researchers V.P. Zhuravel and N.A. Nevskaya were participants in a number of SPIEF-2024 sessions as part of the Arctic Seminar events at the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Forum devoted two panels to Arctic issues: “The Northern Sea Route: Expanding Arctic Horizons” and “The Arctic Plan. International Perspective”. Arctic issues were also raised at the discussion panels “Climate Agenda of the EAEU, SCO, BRICS: Partnership for Sustainable Development”, “Inclusive Growth for a Sustainable Future”, etc., as well as in speeches and interviews for the media by governors of the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation and officials of the Ministry of Eastern Development and Rosatom State Corporation, who represented the position of the authorities. The view of business was reflected mainly by representatives of a Chinese transport company, as well as heads of large Russian enterprises operating in the Arctic region. Based on the review of panel discussions and conversations with Forum participants, the main results of the dialogue between the government and business on issues of economic support for Arctic projects and directions for stimulating industries in the Arctic zone in accordance with the stated priorities are revealed. The role of state regulation of the economy in the Arctic is shown.

Legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the Field of Waste Management: Comparative Legal Aspects

An urgent area of interstate cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is integration projects implemented within the framework of the Union State, focused on environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. The field of waste management of production and consumption belongs to the trend areas of modern state environmental policy. The harmonization of waste legislation contributes to the achievement of strategic goals and the implementation of correlated tasks in the field of waste management in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.The article highlights the main strategic planning documents in the field of production and consumption waste management in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. The analysis of the main legal concepts in the field of waste management, such as: «waste», «waste of production and consumption», «waste of production», «waste of consumption», «waste management», provided for by Russian and Belarusian legislation. The features of the conceptual apparatus affecting the legal regulation of relations in the field of waste management are highlighted.

Law-making initiative and the problem of lobbying

the article examines the most important element of the law—making mechanism in the Russian Federation — the law-making decision, reveals its features and features. Attention is paid to such a phenomenon as lobbying, which is increasingly being introduced into the law-making process. The types of lobbying are revealed: official, public, shadow; the positive and negative impact of lobbying on law-making is considered, the connection of illegal lobbying with corruption is traced. A legislative regulation of lobbying in Russia is proposed.

Environmental and Legal Support for Food Security in the BRICS Countries

Ensuring food security is a key area of BRICS cooperation. Modern environmental threats and challenges determine the transformation of national models of legal regulation of agricultural activities. The article reveals the priorities of BRICS in the field of food security, a conclusion is made about the need to modernize the food security management system both at the national and regional levels, based on the management of climatic, agro-ecological and other risks. The author’s position on the transition to a model of implementing environmentally friendly agricultural activities is formulated, its content is disclosed. In particular, the production and circulation of organic agricultural products, as well as organic fertilizers. It is substantiated that an integral part of the legal regulation of food security in the Russian Federation should be norms aimed at greening agriculture, minimizing the impact of anthropogenic activities on the environment in the process of implementing agricultural activities, as well as adapting agriculture to climate change. The directions of environmental and legal support for food security in BRICS are formulated.

Program-Targeted Management in the Public Administration System: Features and Prospects

The objective of this study, the results of which are presented in this article, is to analyze the fundamental principles and mechanisms of program-targeted management (PTM) that shape modern public administration practices in the Russian Federation. The author highlights that a key advantage of the program-targeted approach is the close alignment of planned activities with financial resources, ensuring targeted, prioritized, and efficient expenditures at every stage. The study examines the key features of PTM implementation, ranging from regulatory and legal frameworks and budget coordination to the introduction of a project-based approach and interdepartmental cooperation. The article providesa detailed discussion of common issues, including formalistic planning, insufficient coordination between levels of government, and challenges in monitoring results. The author concludes that the combination of PTM principles ensures its coherence, transparency, and effectiveness, enabling public authorities to achieve their socio-economic objectives and respond promptly to emerging challenges. A significant part of the research focuses on prospects for improvement, which include enhancing digitalization, transparency, and accountability for achieved outcomes. As a result of the study, a set of measures is proposed to improve PTM efficiency, including updated planning standards, the development of a unified digital platform, and greater involvement of expert communities. These measures can serve as a guideline for modernizing state programs and successfully implementing long-term national priorities.

Cost-effectiveness of pertussis booster vaccination of 6-year-old children

Primary pertussis vaccination in the Russian Federation is carried out with 3 doses of the vaccine against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus at 3; 4.5 and 6 months. At 18 months, children are revaccinated against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. At the age of 6-7 and 14 years, children are revaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus without the whooping cough component. Observational studies have shown that the clinical effectiveness of vaccination against whooping cough significantly decreases over time.The aim of the work is to assess the cost-effectiveness of revaccination of 6-year-old children against whooping cough infection.Material and methods. A modeling study of the cost-effectiveness of revaccination of 6-year-old children against whooping cough using an acellular vaccine was carried out from the societal perspective (direct medical and indirect costs were estimated) taking into account the herd effect of vaccination. The incidence of whooping cough and mortality associated with it corresponded to the official indicators of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. In the base case the time horizon of the study is 12 years. The analysis of the costs of whooping cough therapy was carried out on the basis of the of the State Guarantees Program for the Free Provision of Medical Care to Citizens for 2024 and for the planning period of 2025 and 2026. Vaccination costs were calculated taking into account the weighted average price of the vaccine during government procurement in July-August 2024. Indirect costs were estimated based on gross domestic product (GDP) loss due to temporary disability of patients’ parents and death of patients. Costs and quality-adjusted life expectancy were discounted by 3% per year.Results. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of revaccination of children aged 6 years against whooping cough is 205.110 thousand rubles / QALY. The volume of averted costs is 2.642 thousand rubles per vaccinated child, including 0.416 thousand rubles – averted direct medical costs and 2.226 thousand rubles – averted indirect costs.Conclusion. Taking into account the accepted assumptions, а booster dose of pertussis vaccine to 6-year-old children can be considered as a highly cost-effective intervention.

Meadow Farming as an Integrated Institute of Agricultural and Ecological-Natural Resource Relations: Interaction of Legislation

The article analyzes the problems of legal support for meadow farming in the Russian Federation, which is assessed from two sides: firstly, from the side of agricultural legislation, and secondly, from the side of environmental legislation. The author substantiates the principles of legal support for natural vegetation growing in the meadows of Russia for basic and auxiliary agricultural activities. The necessity of different priorities of agricultural and environmental legislation in the first and second cases is emphasized. It also substantiates the need for further development of legislation on meadows in the direction of its detail in order to provide the necessary legal apparatus for the development of agricultural sciences on this issue. Legislation can be developed both at the federal and regional levels. The author also substantiates the definition of meadow farming by offering his own interpretation, as well as justifies the classification of relationships in meadow farming. From the perspective of agricultural and natural resource legislation, the author analyzes the system of land improvement for meadows, hayfields and pastures. From these positions, the author considers various methods of improving meadow lands: methods of low-cost improvement and methods of radical improvement of meadows. In conclusion, the author dwells on the state support of this area of agricultural activity.

Strategic Planning in the Field of Forest USE and Protection in Russia: Legal Aspect

With the introduction of Article 12.1 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, which defines the concept of the forest complex as a unity of various activities carried out in forestry and the forest industry, state policy has become more focused on a comprehensive solution to the problems set for the accelerated development of the forest complex. This article examines the program documents that define the main directions of forestry development as the most important component of the forest complex. Strategic planning documents in the forest industry are systematized and their main provisions are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the Strategy for the Development of the Forest Complex until 2030 as the central act in the system of strategic planning documents. Measures are proposed to improve the efficiency of forest use and protection, ensure the organization of sustainable forest management, the main ones of which are the use of state information systems in the field of forestry and the transition to the use of digital technologies.

Energy Security of the Russian Federation: Improving Legal Regulation Based on a System Approach

The article suggests some directions for improving the legal regulation of relations in the field of energy security of the Russian Federation based on a systematic analysis of the levels and types of energy security, as well as the interrelationships of such levels and types of energy security, the interrelationships of energy security and other areas of national security. It is proposed to improve the legal regulation of relations in the field of energy security in the following significant areas: development of international regional energy cooperation; achievement of priorities for scientific and technological development in the energy sector; differentiation of the organizational structure of entities ensuring the implementation of energy security requirements at the level of local governments and energy business entities; ensuring energy security in new subjects of the Russian Federation; convergence of levels and types of energy security, energy security and other types of national security, taking into account the economic interests of energy entities and consumers of energy resources in a market model of energy relations.

Difficulties in diagnosing infectious diseases in children in outpatient settings

Infectious diseases occupy a leading place in the pathology of children and adolescents, accounting for 70–80% of the structure of morbidity and causes of mortality. Underestimation of clinical manifestations of infectious diseases by pediatricians is the reason that this pathology is not diagnosed in time, which leads to inadequate therapy, worsening of the course and chronicity of the process.Purpose of the study. Assess the nature of the pathology and the reasons for referring children by district pediatricians for consultation with an infectious disease specialist at the consultative and diagnostic center (CDC).Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 532 children aged 0-17 years who sought specialized medical care from an infectious disease specialist at the Clinical Diagnostic Center of the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in 2021-2023 was conducted.Results and discussions. The most frequent diagnoses for referral to an infectious disease specialist were: «frequently ill child» (31.0%), «prolonged cough» (20.7%), «streptococcal infection» (15.6%), «infectious mononucleosis» (13.7%), «salmonellosis, prolonged excretion of salmonella» (10.2%), «congenital herpesvirus infection» (8.8%). The immediate reasons for seeking specialized medical care were identified: insufficient clinical effect from the therapy performed in outpatient settings (36.3%); lack of eradication of the infectious pathogen from the child’s body (25.8%): the need for in-depth laboratory and instrumental examination (24.2%), the desire of parents to receive specialized medical care in an expert-level institution (13.7%).Conclusion. In outpatient settings, pediatricians have difficulties in diagnosing patients with infectious pathology, which is due to insufficient alertness to various childhood infections and the lack of opportunity for in-depth laboratory and instrumental examination.In addition, to establish a final diagnosis, a multidisciplinary approach is often required with the participation of doctors of various specialties (otolaryngologist, allergist, neurologist, audiologist, etc.).

Antibiotic resistance and viral co-infection in children diagnosed with pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae admitted to Russian hospitals during October 2023—February 2024

BackgroundMycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a common bacterial respiratory infection that can cause pneumonia, particularly in children. Previously published data have highlighted the high incidence of viral co-infections and the problem of increasing macrolide resistance in MP worldwide.Aims(1) to estimate the impact of viral infections circulating in a local population on the spectrum of co-infection in hospitalized children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), (2) to determine if there are differences in resistance mutation rate for samples from hospitals of Russia located in the European and Far East, (3) to describe genomic characteristics of MP from Russian patients during the MPP outbreaks in the fall-winter of 2023–2024.MethodsThe carriage of viral pathogens was analyzed by real-time PCR in children with MPP from the European Part and Far East of Russian Federation and compared with the infections from two control groups. The V region of the 23S gene and the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the parC and gyrA genes were sequenced to detect resistance-associated mutations in MP. Whole-genome sequencing method was used to determine the genetic relationship of a Russian MP isolate with known MP isolates.ResultsThe 62% of patients with MPP had a viral co-infection, with HPIV and SARS-CoV-2 predominating at 47% and 12.4%, respectively. The 15% of patients were infected with two or more viruses. In the control groups, 21% of healthy children and 43% of healthy adults were infected with Coronaviruses and Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV-3 and -4), respectively. The 2063 A/G mutation of the 23S gene was found in 40.8% of patients from European Russia and in 35.7% of patients from the Far East. The result of core genes demonstrates that the sequence obtained from Russia clusters with sequences from clade 1.ConclusionsBoth HPIV and SARS-CoV-2 circulated in the population among healthy children and adults in December 2023 and they also were predominated in children with MPP. The rate of macrolide resistance was ⁓40%, which is higher than in European countries and significantly lower than in patients from Asian countries. Phylogenetic analysis showed the MP genome form Russia related to P1 type 1 (clade 1).

Climate Security in the System of National Security of the Russian Federation: Legal Aspects

The article explores the legal dimensions of climate security within the framework of Russia’s national security. It examines legislative measures aimed at reducing emissions, including the updated Climate Doctrine. The paper analyzes challenges related to climate adaptation, the influence of international commitments and sanctions, and the importance of independent assessments and technologies. Particular emphasis is placed on the necessity of revising climate policies and developing measures for climate change adaptation to ensure national security. This includes designing and implementing actions to adapt natural, social, and economic systems to current or anticipated climate changes and their impacts, which could significantly damage infrastructure and negatively affect human health and wellbeing. Given the intensifying effects of climate change, federal and regional executive authorities must be prepared with plans to mitigate potential risks or seize opportunities arising from these changes under various scenarios.

Clinical characteristics of pertussis during the period of rising incidence

Objective: in the context of a new epidemiological situation, assess the severity of the course of pertussis and the formation of complicated forms in patients of all ages hospitalized in GBUZ IKB No. 1 DZM (Moscow).Materials and methods. Clinical analysis was carried out based on the study of medical records and clinical observation of pertussis patients hospitalized in GBUZ ICB No. 1 DZM in 2023. In total, 508 children from 0 to 17 years old and 81 adults were under observation.Results. The article is devoted to the analysis of the pertussis clinic in 2023 in sick children and adults based on the materials of GBUZ “IKB No. 1” DZM. In 2023, an increase in the hospitalization rate of pertussis patients of all age groups, especially children under the age of 1 year, was recorded. A detailed study of various forms of severity showed the prevalence of moderate forms and did not reveal an increase in severe forms. As before, the age group of children threatened by the development of severe forms and mortality is the age group of children 0-3 months. In 30.8% of cases, the pertussis clinic was accompanied by the development of complications and, in most cases, the appearance of bronchopneumonia. As well as in the whole of the Russian Federation, most of the diagnoses were made using PCR diagnostics. In addition, in 2023, an increase in mixed infections was recorded, among which the combination of whooping cough and rhinovirus infection and respiratory mycoplasma infection dominated.Conclusion. The increase in the incidence of pertussis in 2023 was not accompanied by an increase in the severity of the disease. The most severe course is still recorded in children 0-3 months of life. Mortality is recorded among children of this age group, and therefore it became necessary to focus the attention of pediatricians on adequate therapy of severe forms of pertussis with the use of antitoxic specific drugs in the early stages of the disease.

Implementation of the Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation within the Framework of Strategic National Priorities: Problems of Legal Regulation

The field of conservation of aquatic ecosystems participates in ensuring the strategic priority «environmental safety and rational use of natural resources», integrated into the overall system of national strategic priorities implemented through the efforts of public authorities and civil society institutions. The paper analyzes certain aspects of the conservation of aquatic animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, identifies problems of legal regulation related to the lack of legal certainty regarding the participation of public organizations in the rescue of marine mammals in need of human assistance. An analysis of the sources of law reveals the need to improve the legislative framework, strengthen the legal and informational components of the process of legally removing Red Book animals from their habitat and further handling them for the purposes of veterinary care and (or) treatment, as well as developing cooperation between the state and the non-profit sector for the conservation of cetaceans in Russian waters.