Russian Dialects Research Articles

Иноязычные вкрапления как этнографические термины в литературе о Крайнем Северо-Востоке (на материале монографии В. Г. Богораза-Тана «Чукчи»)

The article is devoted to borrowings from the Chukchi language, which are used as terms in ethnographic studies. The question of inclusion of foreign language inclusions in the descriptions of aborigines of the North of the 18 th - 19 th centuries is considered. It is shown that in the first works for the reconstruction of ethnic and cultural features of Chukchi the words known to the Russian language were used ( nachalnik , glava , kupecheskoye sosloviye etc.), which could not convey the specifics of social relations in a foreign ethnic environment, as well as - less - dialect words, prevailing in Russian dialects in the Far North-East ( kuhlyanka ). It is revealed that the reflection of culturally marked concepts with the help of foreign language inclusions in the texts of historical and ethnographic descriptions was developed in the 19 th century. The article pays special attention to the monograph of V. G. Bogoraz “Chukchi,” in which the scientist used the knowledge of the Chukchi language for the introduction of words with national-cultural component, which have no equivalents in the Russian language. It is noted that linguistic competence and serious study of material and spiritual culture of Chukchi allowed V. G. Bogoraz to attract a large number of terms that reflect the specific aspects of the life of this people: the relationship with neighboring tribes, family structure, social differentiation, etc. As examples, foreign-language inclusions from V. G. Bogoraz’s “Chukchi” are given. It is shown that the tradition of using Chukchi terminology in scientific research was continued by ethnographers in the 20 th century (I. S. Vdovin, A. A. Leontyev, etc.), it is preserved in modern encyclopedic publications devoted to the peoples of the North-East of Siberia.

Local Specifics of Vocabulary of Funeral and Memorial Rituals of Russian Prikamye

The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest in displaying the dialectic picture of the world as the most important component of ethnic culture. The issues of local originality of nominations of funeral and memorial ritual realities in Russian dialects of the Middle Prikamye are considered. A review of modern studies of folk funeral and memorial terminology is performed. Attention is paid to the substantive side of ritual terms, their motivation, symbolism, methods of education. The results of a comparative analysis of the semantics of the studied nominations with the data of other Russian dialects are presented. The question of nominative redundancy in the studied ritual sphere is raised, which is associated with the history of the formation of Perm dialects on the basis of North Russian and Volga dialects, with the coexistence of traditional beliefs, Orthodoxy and Old Believers in the folk cultural tradition of the Kama region. It is proved that most of the details and episodes of the funeral-memorial rituals in the Kama region have a specifically local language mapping. Particular attention is paid to the description of semantic groups with pronounced regional specifics (mythologies, names of funeral clothes and shoes, food, temporal nominations, names of ritual objects). It is shown that the terminological composition of the ritual sphere in Prikamye is in many respects correlated with the all-Russian dialect terminological system, while a considerable number of purely Permian nominations related to self-development of the dialect are fixed.

Lexis of the Russian North: State and Prospects of Study

The article analyzes the current state of the studies on the vocabulary of the Russian North dialects. The concept of the Russian North is discussed, the Russian North dialectal zone is briefly characterized in light of its linguistic features, of the Northern Russian dialectal vocabulary size in comparison with the Southern Russian dialects, and of the fundamental importance of its study for Slavic linguistics in general. The article also presents a review of the main dictionaries of the Northern Russian dialects since the appearance of the Russian North lexicography to the present day. It includes dictionaries of different coverage of the territory: macro-regional (the ones including vocabulary of the whole Russian North), the ones dedicated to certain zones (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Karelian regions, etc.), micro-territorial (including dictionaries of certain settlements); of different types and subjects of study: lexical, phraseological, areal-thematic, areal-etymological, dictionaries of personal linguistic identity. Special attention is paid to non-professional lexicography. The review of studies (monographs, dissertations, articles) on the Northern Russian lexicon and phraseology is also presented. They are considered from a thematical point of view: these are works where the semantic and motivational analysis of different groups of concrete and abstract lexis is carried out, etymological interpretation of lexemes is given; works where beliefs, traditional rituals, folklore are considered through the prism of linguistic facts; etymological works, works on grammar, etc. The arguments in favor of the need to continue the collection of the Northern Russian dialects vocabulary and its dictionary representation are given, prospects and objectives of its study are formulated. A list of references is of high importance for researchers — dialectologists, etymologists, historians of language, etc. — it is an extensive bibliography, which contains lexicographical and lexicological works on the dialects of the Russian North.

Словообразование диалектных производных глаголов, мотивированных именем существительным (на материале лексики русских говоров Приамурья)

The analysis of word-formation types of verbal vocabulary on the dialect material of little studied in this aspect-Russian dialects of the Amur region is presented. They belong to the resettlement dialects of secondary formation and are characterized by diversity, high variability and peculiarities of functioning in conditions of long-term inter-project contact on a vast territory. The study of verbal vocabulary in the Russian dialects of the Amur region in the word-formation aspect was not carried out systematically. For the first time on this material the group of derived verbs motivated by a noun is considered. The classification of word-formative types and models of dialect verbal derivatives in comparison with literary analogues is proposed, which allows to identify cases of “out-of-type” word-formation determined by the peculiarities of motivating stems and additional components of the meanings of word-formants. It is concluded that word formation in this group of dialects is a peculiar form of manifestation of specific and all-Russian word-formation tendencies. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the study of this group of dialects in the word-formative aspect is necessary for the construction of the typology of dialects of the Far East, their monographic description, identification of the features of the language in the aspect of its regional existence and reconstruction of the structure of the Russian dialect space as a whole.

РОЛЬ ХАРКІВСЬКИХ МОВОЗНАВЦІВ У СТАНОВЛЕННІ ПРАВОПИСНИХ НОРМ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРНОЇ МОВИ (20-ті рр. ХІХ ст. – 20-ті рр. ХХ ст.)

The article analyzes the process of orthographic norms formation in Eastern Ukraine during the XIX – early XX. The fact of unsolved orthographic problems existence in modern period determines the relevance of this study. Purpose of the article lies both in determination of Kharkiv linguists and writers influence on the Ukrainian literary language orthographic norms development and finding out the ways of orthographic norms formation in a certain period. The phonetic approach to orthographic norms creation, relevant for the initial stage – 1820s, which is used in the first Ukrainian grammar «Grammar of Little Russian dialect» by O. Pavlovskyi (1818) is considered. The opinions of such Kharkiv writers and publishers as H. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, E. Hrebinka, S. Pysarevskyi, P. Hulak-Artemovskyi, O. Korsun and I. Betskyi as for the phonetic principle application and creation of the Slobozhan orthography variant are highlighted. This article shows B. Hrinchenko’s exceptional role in organizing of the Ukrainian orthography in the twentieth century and gives a description of the spelling system used by B. Hrinchenko in «Ukrainian Dictionary» (1907–1909), which became universally recognized in the first decades of the twentieth century. The process of normalization and codification of Ukrainian orthographic system during the period of Ukrainian statehood revival with the participation of famous Kharkiv and Kyiv linguists: L. Bulakhovskyi, P. Buzuk, V. Hantsov, V. Demianchuk, O. Kurylo, A. Krymskyi, E. Tymchenko, as well as Galician: K. Studynskyi, I. Sventsytskyi, V. Simovych is described. It is emphasized on the organizational and creative activity of O. Syniavskyi in conducting the All-Ukrainian Spelling Conference in 1927 and his approval and completing of the final version of the Ukrainian literary language orthographic norms. In today’s orthographic norms creation we recommend to take into account the main tendency of past periods linguistic development such as the restoration of national-linguistic identity.

Revisiting the Paronymic Attraction to a Personal Name: the Name Elena in Russian Dialects

Исследование выполнено в рамках проекта 34.2316.2017/4.6 («Волго-Двинское междуречье и Белозерский край: история и культура регионов по лингвистическим данным»), поддержанного Минобрнауки РФ.

Глаголы с приставкой вы- в русских говорах Приамурья

The analysis of the prefixal verb vocabulary is presented on the dialect material of the Dictionary of Russian dialects of the Amur river region, poorly studied in this aspect. Verbal derivatives with the prefix “vyi-” are considered. Derivative and grammatical meanings of derivatives with this formant in comparison with literary analogues are characterized. The language processes accompanying the formation of prefixed verbs are analyzed. A classification of word-formation types and models of dialect verb derivatives with the prefix “vyi-” is proposed, which allows to identify the features of word formation and semantics of verbs with the prefix “vyi-” in this group of dialects. The relevance and novelty of the work are due, firstly, to the unsolved problem of describing the meanings of Russian verbal prefixes; secondly, by the fact that the specificity of verbal word formation in dialects remains less studied than in a literary language. The author believes that the description of the verb prefixation in Russian dialects of the Amur river region, the identification of the “inventory” of prefixes that are most frequent during verbal derivation in Russian dialects, derivatives of prefixal verbs can complement derivatology with specific linguistic facts - description units, morphology - material for understanding the category of species and modes of action in the dialect, and also contribute to the identification of general patterns of organization of the word-formation system of the Russian language.

Константы мировоззренческого поведения в народной языковой культуре

The purpose of this article is to identify and to analyze semantics of the specific terminological system of people’s Orthodoxy from the standpoint of Russian dialectology and ethnic linguistics. The study substantiates and proves the hypothesis of G.P. Fedotov that Russian spiritual poems reaction at the categories of Christian theology is not outdated; they can be fixed not only in different types of folklore and everyday text, but also developed on the lexical material of Rus-sian folk dialects. The novelty of the approach to the allocation of ideological constants in the na-tional language is due to the following material of the study: dialect lexical units associated with the belief of the traditional peasant population of Russia. At the same time, not only the data of dictionaries are presented, but also unique data of the regional dictionary of national Orthodoxy collected by the author in the territory of the modern Tambov region. We trace the peculiar folk philosophy of word-making: reveal the semantic categories of mental spirituality that determined the individuality and sections of the vocabulary of the religious sphere; prove their influence on the formation of dialect data and their generalization into a single system of folk Church vocabu-lary. As a result, we reveal the possibilities of using ethno-linguistic semiotics to describe the vo-cabulary of faith and Church. The proposed categorical approach can become a universal scenario of description, covering the dialect lexical corpus of the terminological system of Orthodoxy.

Rus ada dialekti Azərbaycan toponimiyasının mənbəyi kimi

The article deals with the vocabulary of the Russian island dialect that takes an active part in the formation of toponyms of the region. The words borrowed from the Azerbaijani language (geographical nomens, anthroponyms) take part in the Russian toponymy. It is noted that despite the levelling of the Russian dialect, considerable renaming the Russian toponyms will remain in the linguoculturological space of Azerbaijan as the historical monuments.

Semantic models of formation in the Russian dialects of derivational paradigms of coherent nouns on the basis of adjectives with the meaning of colors

Semantic models of formation in the Russian dialects of derivational paradigms of coherent nouns on the basis of adjectives with the meaning of colors

МАТЕРИАЛЫ К ЭТИМОЛОГИИ КОМИ-ПЕРМЯЦКОГО СЛОВА «БИЧУЛЬ» ‘КЛУБНИКА’

The article presents fragments of the historical-etymological and structural-semantic analysis of the Komi-Permyak word bichul’ (Russ. ‘klubnika’; Eng. ‘strawberry’) that is found in two textbooks of the Russian language for the Komi-Permyaks (1896 and 1906). The analysis is performed both at the synchronous level (comparison with the language of Komi-Permyak publications of the 1860–1900s) and at the diachro­nic level (comparison, on the one hand, with the language of written monuments of the 1780–1840s, on the other hand – with the norms of the literary Komi-Permyak language reflected in various dictionaries of the 1980–2000s). Since nowadays different berries are called klubnika in different parts of Russia, the paper attempts to find out what exactly in the Western Urals could be understood as klubnika at the turn of the 19 th and 20 th centuries. For this purpose, Russian national and dialect words with meanings klubnika (‘strawberry’) and zemlyanika (‘wild strawberry’) are involved in comparison, and a brief history of their functioning in the Russian language is traced. According to the author’s version, the Komi-Permyak word bichul’ is literally translated as ‘fiery goiter’ or ‘fiery (bird’s) goiter’. In this connection, the Komi-Permyak set phrase bichul’ka sina (‘pop-eyed’) is considered – not only because of the formal similarity but also because exophthalmus, goiter and tachycardia are characteristic syndromes of the diffuse toxic goiter disease. There are also mentioned the Komi-Permyak hapax legomenon of the late 18 th century sela oz (‘strawberry’), the modern Komi-Permyak dialect word s’olaoz (‘Rubus arcticus’), which both literally mean ‘hazel-grouse wild strawberry’, as well as typologically similar names in Russian dialects. At the end of the article, the author raises a question of possible connection between the Komi-Permyak word bichul’ (‘strawberry’) and the modern Komi-Permyak northern dialect word bichul’ (‘door spin’, with variants bichuli , bichul’ka , bichul’ki ) with its extensions in the Komi dialect continuum (see the words of the Upper Sysola dialect of the Komi-Zyryan language bichul’ – ‘gag, door bolt, wrapping, spin’, bichul’ka ‘float (of a fishing rod)’). In addition, there is mentioned the Russian dialect word bichul’ki (‘detail of a weaving loom’), which is recorded in the substrate Northern Permyak area.

Заимствованные наименования леса и лесных локусов в русских диалектах Европейского севера России: лексемы саамского и волжско-финского происхождения

Заимствованные наименования леса и лесных локусов в русских диалектах Европейского севера России: лексемы саамского и волжско-финского происхождения

Data on distrubution of the phonemes /o/ and /ô/ in the South Russian dialect of the village of Rogovatoye

The paper provides information on the distribution of phonemes /o/ and /ô/ in the South Russian dialect of the village of Rogovatoye (Stary Oskol region, Belgorod district), presenting it in the form of a concise dictionary, which includes data on the reflexes of *o and *ъ in stems, some cases of /o/ and /ô/ that stay for *a, *ě, *e in stems, /o/ and /ô/ in loanwords and a list of inflections with reflexes of *o and *ъ.

The postpositive particle -to in the Russian dialects of the Ulyanovsk region

The postpositive particle -to in the Russian dialects of the Ulyanovsk region

Диалектный мини-словарь одной языковой личности Воронежской области

We center on the study of peculiarities of Russian folk patois in the 21st century, which is an important necessity due to the enormous influence on them by the literature language, the ongoing industrialization in society. We prove the necessity of studying the linguistic system of patois in the anthropocentric paradigm aspect. We make an attempt to present the dialect dictionary of one person in the ancient village of Verkhnyaya Toida, Anninsky District, Voronezh Region. We suggest vocabulary entries which reflect the villager’s lexicon in order to get the most complete picture of his speech portrait. The results of the analysis of the Dialect mini-dictionary of one linguistic person of the Voronezh Region, including 106 dialect lexemes that are functioning in the dialect carrier speech, represent knowledge of the social realm. We establish that the dialectal units in the mini-dictionary reflect a dialectal linguistic person, who demonstrates local peculiarities, reflecting the features of the southern Russian dialect of the Voronezh dialectal discourse. An attempt to create such mini-dictionary based on Voronezh patois suggests that the majority of words are also used in other Russian folk patois, but there are also those that we consider to be localisms or regionalisms. This fact proves the brilliance, expressiveness and originality of the Verkhnyaya Toida patois.

Проблемы лингвофольклористики: костромские говоры

We analyse a number of issues of linguistic folklore studies related to determining the status of the language of folklore texts in comparison with the national language and dialect. The language of Kostroma folklore is fundamentally sub-dialect, but at the same time it has some regional features related to the existence of genres of oral folk art in a certain territory and due to the ancient beliefs of the indigenous population of the region. The specific features of a regionally marked word reveal themselves in the context of the artistic, journalistic and scientific works of Kostroma writers and local historians of the late 19th – 20th centuries (A.O. Ablesimov, N.A. Nekrasov, А.N. Ostrovsky, S.V. Maksimov, I.M. Kasatkin, E.V. Chestnyakov, N.N. Vino-gradov, V.I. Smirnov, A.V. Gromov, etc.). The semantic-stylistic, structural, functional features of some folklorisms reveal themselves in the synchronic and diachronic aspect, the texts by A.O. Ablesimov, V.I. Smirnov, A.V. Gromov. The existence of these folklorisms characterize most North Russian dialects, including the number of Kostroma.

ПРИНЦИПИ НОМІНАЦІЇ ОРГАНІВ ЗОРОВОГО СПРИЙНЯТТЯ В РОСІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ

У статті робиться спроба аналізу лексичної вмотивованості російських літературних і діалектних номінацій органів зорового сприйняття. Автором виявлено найбільш продуктивні когнітивно-ономасіологічні моделі утворення загальноросійських і діалектних найменувань очей. В результаті дослідження встановлено, що в сучасній російській літературній мові найменування органу зору (нейтральне глаз і застаріле око) є невмотивованими. У той же час більшість російських діалектних найменувань очей мають «живу» внутрішню форму. Найменування органів зорового сприйняття в російській діалектній мові здійснюється на підставі двох базових принципів номінації: номінації за ознакою і номінації за функцією. Мотиватори першого типу визначають очі з точки зору форми ("круглі"), кольору ("білі"), характерних особливостей ("вирячені", "відкриті"). Функціональний принцип номінації реалізується за допомогою продуктивної мотивувальної ознаки "такий, що дозволяє бачити, дивитися". Мотивувальна ознака "світло" може бути кваліфікована і як функціональна ("такий, що дозволяє бачити світло"), і як якісна ("світлий"). Для номінації очей характерні також семантичні переноси синестетичного характеру, які свідчать про взаємодію різних модусів сприйняття (зорового, слухового, тактильного). Велика кількість виявлених лексем і різноманіття когнітивно-ономасіологічних моделей, що лежать в основі їх утворення, свідчать про високий аксіологічний статус об'єкта номінації – органу зорового сприйняття – для носіїв російської мови. Характер виявлених мотивувальних ознак демонструє особливості інтерпретації відповідного концепту в російській мовній свідомості. Оскільки очі являють собою орган, що забезпечує здатність бачити навколишній світ, орієнтуватися в просторі, носії мови пов'язують їх зі світлом і характеризують не тільки на підставі зовнішніх ознак, але й функціонально.

Заимствованные наименования леса и лесных локусов в русских диалектах Европейского севера России: лексемы прибалтийско-финского происхождения

Заимствованные наименования леса и лесных локусов в русских диалектах Европейского севера России: лексемы прибалтийско-финского происхождения

Terra Incognita of Russian Bibliology: On Application and Localization of the Concept of “Russian North”

The concept of “Russian North” is actively used in the media and in scientific literature. However, only few people think about its meaning. In the field of bibliology, the uncertainty of the idea of the Russian North territory complicates the selection of material for studying the book culture of this region. Analysis of the practice of using the concept shows that this problem appeared in the 19th century, when researchers differently defined the territory of the Russian North. In most cases, they were directed by the conclusions of historical science, which included in this region all the lands ever and in any way connected with the Novgorod Republic. This stereotype, formed almost 200 years ago, still exists now. However, the data obtained as a result of archeological and historical research carried out over the last 50 years cast doubts on the validity of the Novgorod paradigm.In ethnography, methods of which began to be actively used in book studies in the second half of the 20th century, there is also no unified opinion on the territorial structure of the Russian North. Attempts to combine its borders with the areas of distribution of North Russian dialects and the complex of traditional North Russian household culture have shown ineffectiveness of this method in modern world.On the one hand, new culturological theories that appeared at the cusp of the 20th—21st centuries offered new aspects for studying the Russian North, but on the other hand, they moved it into the field of abstraction, actually depriving it of its geographic boundaries. As long as the issue of the Russian North localization remains open in bibliology, this study attempts to systemize and analyze the accumulated information. As a result, the article raises questions about the necessity of further preservation of the stereotype; about the eligibility to classify to the Russian North the territories that are not related to it in terms of geography, or have a conditional relation from the point of view of history; about the rightness of application of the toponymic form of the concept in relation to the North European part of Russia, without regard to the North of Siberia. In conclusion, the article makes some correction in relation to the authorship of the term “Russian North”, which is traditionally attributed to the Civil Governor of Arkhangelsk A.P. Engelgardt.

Baltic *aušklējas m. & *aušklējā f. "bleak"

The present contribution is devoted to the Baltic designation of the fish "bleak / Alburnus alburnus" in Lithuanian, Latvian, Prussian toponymy, and in traces of Baltic substrata in North Russian dialects and in Mari from the upper Volga basin. They are studied from the point of view of phonetic history and word formation. Any etymological attempts must be realized together with Slavic counterparts of this Baltic ichthyonym. On the basis of existing etymologies a new solution is proposed, explaining the fish-name with help of one of characteristic features of this fish, golden slime on its scales. The new etymology demonstrates their common origin in the compound *au̯s- & *klēi̯o/ā- *"gold-slimed" = "fish characterized by its golden slime". This fish-name would further solidify the original Indo-European term for "gold", directly preserved in the Baltic and Italic branches, in another apophonic formation also in Tocharian, but, until now, quite unattested in Slavic.