Russian Constitution Research Articles

Northern Buddhism in the culture of the East Siberian region of Russia (on the history of the Irkutsk Spiritual Mission of the Russian Orthodox Church).

The study of the cultural activity of the Spiritual missions of the Russian Orthodox Church in various regions of Russia is one of the urgent tasks in the context of the problematic field of the theory of regionalism, cultural studies and socio-philosophical knowledge. Russian settlements on the territory of the Yenisei River basin and the entry of ethnic groups and territories of Yakutia and Buryatia into the Russian Empire has become one of the most important stages of the integration of the ethnic groups of Siberia into a single statehood. The Irkutsk Spiritual Mission received a more perfect organization, institutionalized by increasing the number of missionary camps, which for successful Christian activities carried out among pagans allowed the formation of school educational institutions for the education and upbringing of a new Buryat generation of children in the doctrinal Orthodox canons, and Russian cultural traditions. In this regard, one of the key tasks of the missionaries was to establish a rational view of further life in new Christian-type formations, which was realized in socio-cultural activities: providing medical care to sick representatives of other ethnic groups, a friendly attitude to people of a different faith and a sincere desire to guide them on the path of righteousness, etc. It should be noted that the largest share of foreigners in this territory belonged to Buddhists, which was reflected in the influence of lamas on doctrinal issues, including economic ones. Since Buddhism in the Russian Empire belonged to the section of tolerant religions, direct (administrative) pressure on it was impossible. There remained funds of an exclusively spiritual nature, to which Orthodox missionary work was directed. Today in the Russian Federation, Buddhism, as well as Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism, as well as some other faiths belong to the category of traditional religions, which organizationally operate within the framework of the modern Russian Constitution.

러시아연방의 행정쟁송 체계와 구조

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Russian administrative litigation, incorporating legislation, case law, and academic scholarship, in order to introduce the system and structure of administrative litigation in the Russian Federation. Indeed, the structure of legal relationships in Russian administrative law is completely different from that in South Korea's administrative law, so there are many aspects that can be compared between Russian administrative litigation law and South Korea's administrative litigation law. Moreover, since administrative litigation law in all countries is based on administrative law, the administrative litigation law in the Russian Federation introduced in this paper can also be compared with South Korea's administrative litigation law.
 Currently, the Russian administrative litigation system consists of administrative proceedings and administrative lawsuits. The administrative proceedings system has evolved based on the administrative proceedings system in the Soviet Union, while the administrative lawsuits system has been established in a completely different form from the administrative lawsuits system in the Soviet era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian administrative litigation system treated administrative lawsuits as a special type of civil or commercial litigation, while categorizing administrative proceedings as a separate remedy under administrative law. However, with the enactment and implementation of the Administrative Lawsuit Law in 2015, administrative lawsuits were separated from civil and commercial lawsuits and established as an independent litigation system, establishing its own type of lawsuit, alongside the types of lawsuits enumerated in the Russian Constitution (constitutional lawsuits, civil lawsuits, criminal lawsuits, commercial lawsuits, and administrative lawsuits).
 Administrative litigation in the Russian Federation refers to the administrative remedy under administrative law, which is carried out by the administrative adjudication committee established by law for administrative agencies or individual administrative systems. One characteristic of Russian administrative litigation is that the appellate body that can cancel or invalidate administrative decisions is the administrative adjudication committee of the superior agency or individual administrative system established by law, and the administrative agency cannot review its own administrative decision. In the case of administrative litigation, it is a full trial based on a lawsuit by the parties involved. The type of administrative litigation is distinguished based on whether the dispute has economic value and whether the administrative action is illegal. In the former case, it is classified into general administrative litigation and administrative commercial litigation, based on the existence of economic value in the administrative dispute. In the latter case, it is classified as administrative violation litigation based on whether there is illegality in the administrative action that imposes legal sanctions for the administrative punishment of illegal administrative acts by administrative authorities. Therefore, the types of administrative litigation in the Russian Federation are composed of 1) general administrative litigation for disputes between administrative entities regarding rights and obligations under administrative law, 2) administrative commercial litigation for disputes regarding economic rights and obligations under administrative law, and 3) administrative violation litigation for administrative punishment of illegal administrative acts by administrative authorities as a lawsuit material.
 The characteristics of Russia's administrative litigation system are as follows. First, in administrative adjudication, administrative agencies are bound by their own administrative decisions and cannot review them on their own.

Parliamentary Control in Unity with the System of State Control (Supervision), Municipal Control and Public Control: Modern Understanding and Prospects for Development

The paper examines the institute of parliamentary control from the point of view of its modern constitutional and legal understanding in the general system of state control (supervision), municipal control and public control in their interrelation. The papere provides an unambiguous positive assessment of precise declaration and disclosure of parliamentary control directly in the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation that took place during the comprehensive introduction of amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020 aimed at improving regulation of certain issues of organization and functioning of public power. A promising proposal is made that in the future, within the framework of a unified logic of improving the constitutional and legal institutions and significant instruments of state and municipal administration, including those aimed at improving the quality of the functioning of the unified system of public power in our country, we should also consider how to consolidate in the Constitution of the Russian Federation the terms and fundamental principles of state control (supervision), municipal control and public control in the same accentuated and substantive manner in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation. A number of specific legislative proposals have been formulated, including proposals aimed at bringing the goals, objectives and principles of the types of control under study closer together. A new version of Article 2 «Objectives of Parliamentary Control» of Federal Law No. 77‑FZ dated 7 May 2013 «On Parliamentary Control» is proposed and justified, other significant changes in the context of the topic under study are formulated in the Federal Law No. 77‑FZ, as well as in Federal Law No. 212‑FZ dated 21.07.2014 «On the Basics of Public Control in the Russian Federation». Implementation of the above proposals will serve to strengthen the system of regulation and implementation of various types of control in Russia, develop tools and improve the effectiveness of parliamentary control and, in general, solve the complex task of improving the quality of public and municipal governance in our country.

Legal foundations of the national security of the Russian Federation

This article is based on the results of the historical and legal analysis of sources and documentation, which investigated the concept and structural features of the legal regulation of national security. The article identifies concepts and approaches to the formulation of the concept of "national security". The historical cross-section of the formation of the legal regulation of Russia's national security programs has also been studied. Method, methodology of the study. In the process of working on the article, relevant research tools and techniques of the general scientific type were used, as well as such methods of scientific cognition as analysis (including historical and legal, synthesis, method of abstraction and modeling, system-structural approach, functional and formal-logical methods). Thanks to the use of a system-legal approach, it became possible to build a hierarchy of existing regulatory legal acts that perform the role of regulators in matters of national security of the Russian Federation. The issues of protecting the security of the state and strengthening it serve as the foundation for protecting the vital values of the country and its interests. Due to the increase in the level of military threat and tension since 2014, as well as the intensification of this threat since the beginning of a special military operation in February 2022 by Russia in Ukraine, there is an objective need for an operational, strategic response of the state system to new military challenges and threats to the national security system of the country. The threat is the strengthening of destructive tendencies in the activities of Western states, the formation of foreign military-power infrastructure formations near the Russian borders, which can be considered as a source of risk and a possible springboard for future military operations. There is also such a type of threat as a sharp decrease in the pace of international cooperation, cooperation in various areas. Against this background, the author of this article proposes the development and adoption of a new federal law "On national Security" for the Russian Constitution.

Responsibility as a Principle of Public Control in the Russian Federation

The multinational people of the Russian Federation are, in accordance with the Constitution of Russia, the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the country. At the same time, he exercises his powers both directly (for example, through the institutions of free elections and referendums) and indirectly (in particular, through the activities of public authorities). However, the constitutional principles of democracy and the participation of society in the management of state affairs need a system of legal guarantees, the most important of which is the institute of public control, the legal basis of which is a system of principles – the basic, most general principles that determine the content and main directions of regulation of this institution of civil society in the Russian Federation. A number of scientific research methods are used in the work: comparative legal, historical legal, formal logical and a number of others. This article is devoted to the analysis of responsibility as a principle of public control in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is not only to substantiate the need to formalize the above-mentioned principle of this institution of civil society in the legislation on public control (in particular, in Article 6 of Federal Law No. 212-FZ dated 21.07.2014 "On the basics of public control in the Russian Federation"), but also to formalize and study the main problems preventing the consolidation and implementation of this principle of public control. The author developed and substantiated a system of measures to resolve these problems, including by introducing amendments and additions to the legislation of Russia.

Конституционализация традиционных ценностей и их защита в контексте конституционной реформы 2020 г.

Purpose: the actual and necessary legislative constitutionalization of traditional values, which include both the “morality” originally enshrined in the Constitution and the “historical truth” and “traditional family values” named during the constitutional reform of 2020, has not been developed in modern Russian constitutionalism, and therefore its implementation and harmonization with the freedom of creativity. Methodology: in the process of writing the article, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, system approach, formal legal. Conclusions: the current regulatory regulation shows a lack of legal protection of public morality and traditional family values. The development of legal protection of traditional values can be directed towards the legislative expansion of the grounds for interference in the cultural activities of citizens and organizations in order to harmonize freedom of creativity with constitutional values, as well as to empower regional and local public authorities to monitor compliance with the priorities of cultural development determined by the President of the Russian Federation. Scientific and practical significance: the conducted research makes it possible to supplement and improve the existing legal regulation in the field of cultural activities. The conclusions of this study can be used to amend and supplement regulatory legal acts regulating the powers of regional and municipal public authorities in the implementation of state cultural policy.

Judiciary and Civil Society in Provision of Constitutional Rule of Law in the Russian Federation

The existing demand for ensuring constitutional legal order as an indicator of the embodiment of law and legality in the regulation of social relations, the role of the judiciary and civil society institutions in achieving the supremacy of the Constitution as the most important condition for the formation of a constitutional state testify to the relevance of the chosen topic of research. The article is aimed at developing conceptual positions on the relationship of various public institutions (state and non-state) in the framework of ensuring justice as the most important guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens, their associations, a fundamental condition for ensuring and maintaining constitutional legal order. The study of the role of the judiciary in its dialectical relationship with the institutions of civil society, in the formation and maintenance of the constitutional legal order was used as the main approach for the research of the selected problems. The application of systemic and structural-functional methods of research provided an opportunity to consider the issues of constitutional legal order as a holistic phenomenon, which is in direct dependence on the associated systems of the judiciary and civil society. The analysis of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the current legislation of Russia, domestic and foreign scientific publications on judicial power and its interaction with institutions of civil society made it possible to receive the scientific information on the nature of influence of these constitutional and legal institutes on maintenance of the constitutional legal order. There is a need to increase the level of constitutionalization of legal regulation of public relations in the specified sphere, aimed to guarantee the effective realization of the principle of people's authority. The results and conclusions presented in the article can be used for the purposes of improvement legal and regulatory framework for social relations in the spheres of relations between the judiciary and civil society in their aim to achieve and maintain constitutional legal order. The obtained scientific information can be used in the educational process, as well as a basis for further theoretical research in the field of problems of Russian constitutionalism.

Axiological transformation of modern Russian constitutionalism

The article poses the problem of axiological (value) transformation of modern Russian constitutionalism as the main creative factor in the modern development of constitutionalism, an indispensable condition for the successful civilizational revival of Russia. The purpose of the study is to analyze the development of modern constitutionalism as the leading form of political and legal development of the modern state, the goals, principles, methods and value content of its transformation, need to build integration constitutionalism on strengthening traditional spiritual and moral values. The tasks of the value assessment of Russian constitutionalism, the reasons for Russia’s rejection of Western constitutional universalism, its return to traditional spiritual and moral values that need further constitution are solved. General scientific and special research methods are used, including dialectical and concrete-historical, methods of formal logic, analysis and synthesis, comparative legal and interpretation methods, which makes it possible to identify trends in the development of Russian constitutionalism, to assess the strategic tasks of its further development. As conclusions, the value changes in the meaning of many norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, carried out by the constitutional amendment of 2020, the conviction of the Russian state and society that the evolution of liberalism, which ideologically relied on freedom as a preference for the elite, which has always been only an illusion of freedom, ends with the totalitarianism of transnational corporations. Westernism as a social phenomenon of the spiritual mutation of European civilization, having become the dominant phenomenon in the life of Western peoples, turning them into an environment and a means of their being, further promotes the process of social degeneration and spiritual and moral degradation of Western European civilization. In the context of the civilizational crisis, Russia has found the strength to rely on its own traditional values, decisively transforming the axiological foundations of its constitutional system. At the same time, constitutionalism is considered as a social, spiritual and moral process of legitimation of the Constitution by the people, the adoption of the Constitution by society as a value. Strategic tasks of modern Russian constitutionalism are formulated: the continuation of the reconstruction of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the basis of strengthening the harmonious unity of traditional spiritual and moral values in it, which alone can give a new quality of the Russian state, which should become democratic, legal, social and moral; the Constitution of the Russian Federation should include axiologically verified norms of integration constitutionalism; synchronization of axiologically compatible constitutional reforms within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, which should end with the adoption of a new Constitution not of the Russian Federation, but of the Russian Union.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation: Identity, Stability and Development (to the 30th Anniversary of the Russian Basic Law)

Each anniversary of the Russian Constitution gives an occasion for the analysis of the domestic constitutional system, assessment of its viability and forecasts of further development. Based on the results of the latest research, the article shows the reasons for the “longevity” of the Russian Constitution, its ability to function in a changing environment without radically revising the basic principles laid down in it; article also describes the ways of their implementation and the means of evolution of the Basic Law; the mechanisms of its filling with relevant content and adaptation to new conditions are revealed. The 30-year practice of constitutional construction makes it possible to reveal the high degree of originality of the Russian Constitution of 1993, which is not always recognized in the doctrine, as well as the meaning and depth of the modernization of its text that took place during this time. The thesis that the Russian Constitution is a milestone in the history of the global evolution of constitutionalism is substantiated. It continues to set global trends and influence the constitutional development of other countries, primarily the post-Soviet space. Russian constitutional models have served as a guideline in the course of constitutional reforms in a number of states and are able to perform this function in the future, for example, in terms of the development of the social state parameters, constitutional regulation of science and scientific and technological development, which serves as evidence of the historical continuity of the mission of the Basic Law of Russia.

Ценностные основания стратегии экономического развития России

The blurring of the boundaries between the “right” (neoliberal) and “left” ideology in the countries of the “collective West” has led to the fact that the left movement, which traditionally defended the interests of the exploited, ceases to be an expression of these interests. Under the influence of neoliberal ideas, the mainstream of left-liberal discourse consists of issues of identity, the fight against racism, sexism and homophobia. Since Russian economic reforms have been based on neoliberal ideas for quite a long time, the crisis of neoliberalism recognized abroad actualizes the search for new foundations for Russia’s economic development strategy. The article proves that traditional Russian spiritual and moral values should become such a foundation, and the leading imperative is the socialization of the economy. The principle of social solidarity (solidarism) enshrined in the Constitution of Russia is consistent with the basic Russian traditional spiritual and moral values: the priority of the spiritual over the material, collectivism, humanism, justice, unity of the peoples of Russia, historical memory and the continuity of generations. Accordingly, the ideology of socio-economic development of the country should be based on them. The specifics of the “new” Russian NEP (new economic policy) are described.

Сравнительно-правовой анализ Конституционных судов Российской Федерации и Республики Казахстан: процессуальный аспект

The authors of this work made an attempt to demonstrate the differences and similarities in the status, composition, structure and powers of the bodies of constitutional justice of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Such a comparative legal analysis is in demand by legal science in connection with the significant constitutional reform that took place in Kazakhstan in 2022, as a result of which the Constitutional Court replaced the Constitutional Council. In addition, the Constitutional Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Prosecutor's Office" and "On the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Kazakhstan" were adopted. In 2020, the Basic Law of the Russian Federation also underwent significant changes. We should not forget about the similarity of the paths of development of constitutionalism in Russia and Kazakhstan, which is due to the Soviet past, close proximity and close cooperation in various fields of activity. The result of the study was the conclusion about the proximity of the Russian and Kazakhstani models of constitutional justice. Despite this, there are quite unique norms that are characteristic of the constitutional acts of each country. Attention is drawn to the differences in the status of constitutional justice bodies, as well as differences in their competence. The procedure for the formation of the Constitutional Courts of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan is different, the issues of ensuring their activities are resolved in different ways. Differences are established in the subject composition that enjoys the right to apply to the Constitutional Court of their state. Identified special conditions for filing a complaint with citizens of Russia and Kazakhstan in the national bodies of constitutional justice.

Environmental Policy and the Constitution of Russia (reflections on the new book by O.I. Krasnova)

The article examines the approaches of I.O. Krasnova to the definition and content of state environmental policy on the basis of constitutional provisions. The scientific concept of I.O. Krasnova, set out in her book, encourages the reader to see new aspects in the study of the Russian Constitution and to highlight the main features of state policy in the field of environmental development. Of particular interest is the definition of the legal concept of “state environmental policy”. Some significant characteristics of this policy are currently directly enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, others have been developed in the science of Environmental Law.

The Main Scientific Approaches to Understanding the Effectiveness of Public Authority in Russian Constitutional Law

In the light of current scientific research, the problem of the effectiveness of public power remains one of the least studied areas in constitutional law. The purpose of the study is to determine the main scientific and methodological approaches and features of cognition of the public power effectiveness in the domestic constitutional and legal doctrine. Based on the formal legal, substantive, substantive, historical, dynamic, systemic and other methodological approaches to the subject of research, it was possible to expand the limits of scientific knowledge about effectiveness in law. The effectiveness of public power in the study is considered as a constitutional principle, a constitutional goal, a value attitude, a legal ideal in the modern Russian paradigm of public power; the degree of achievement of the goals and objectives of the state, their correlation with the socially significant results of the activities of public administration; the totality of power-public actions to be evaluated. As a result of the formal legal analysis of the constitutional and legal structure of Part 3 of Article 132 of the Russian Constitution, the constitutional principle of the effectiveness of public power is derived, which at the same time is a constitutional goal, which is to achieve the most significant socially useful result that meets the interests of the population living in the relevant territory. On the basis of a systematic approach, the constitutional and legal essence of the effectiveness of public power is revealed; the systemic interrelations of this principle with other constitutional principles of the organization and functioning of a unified system of public power in the Russian Federation are established.

Modernization of Financial Legislation in the Context of the 2020 Constitutional Reform

In 2020, the Constitution of the Russian Federation was supplemented with a number of fundamental provisions that became a guideline for the modernization of various branches of Russian legislation, including financial. The purpose of the article is to determine the directions of transformation of the Russian financial legislation due to the adoption of the Law on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Research objectives: identification, systematization and analysis of changes in financial legislation in the context of the constitutional reform of 2020; their legal assessment, including for sufficiency; formulation of proposals for further modification of financial legislation in order to more fully and effectively implement constitutional innovations. When writing the article, formal legal, comparative legal, historical and other research methods were used. An analysis of the amendments to the Russian Constitution of 2020 showed that, in general, the public finance system and the basic principles of its functioning, including the powers of state and local government bodies in the financial sphere, have not undergone significant changes. At the same time, constitutional innovations, in particular, the creation of a unified system of public power, the transformation of the system of separation and interaction of authorities, etc., if not directly, then indirectly, to a greater or lesser extent have had and continue to have an impact on the development of financial legislation, and above all on its structural elements such as budget, tax legislation and legislation on state financial control. In the course of the conducted research, it was found that not all the novelties of the Russian Constitution related to the sphere of public finance entail the emergence of new expenditure obligations of public legal entities and the transformation of financial legislation. The risks of constitutional novelties for financial legislation are identified and assessed; the necessity of monitoring the implementation of new provisions of the Russian Constitution in financial legislation is substantiated.

Уникальность конституционной реформы 2020 года и ее последствия для будущего России

The relevance of the study is caused by the upcoming election of the RF President in 2024 in the context of continuing sanctions against Russia. The author analyzed, summarized, and grouped critical and analytical conclusions available in the scientific literature concerning the content of the constitutional reform of 2020 and its possible consequences. The novelty is in the systematization of numerous views on the significance of the constitutional reform of 2020 and the author’s forecast of the impact of this reform on the nature of the presidential election in 2024 and the further constitutional development of Russia. The paper aims at the analysis of the unique features of the constitutional reform of 2020. The author made the following conclusions: 1) the reform is unique in terms of legitimation methods, content, structure, and consequences; 2) the reason for the unexpected announcement of the constitutional reform is the need to stabilize power and the constitutional order by providing the current RF President with the opportunity to run for the next presidential election; 3) chapters 1 and 2 of the Constitution are not formally affected by the reform, while the amendments to chapters 3–8 actually affect the content of the first two chapters; 4) the contradictions arisen in the text of the Constitution exclude its new full-scale reform; 5) the powers of the President have been strengthened against the background of the seeming strengthening of the Parliament and the Constitutional Court; 6) a unique three-stage way of legitimizing amendments to the Constitution; 7) the coincidence of the powers of the State Council and the President in terms of determining the main directions of the state policy is a replacement solution for the political future of the current President of the Russian Federation. Despite criticism of the reform, the author concludes that the nature of the Constitution is the sovereign affair of the Russian people, who actually legalized the reform in the form of a plebiscite on the confidence of V.V. Putin. It is concluded that a new Russian constitution will soon be adopted, and the possibility of its adoption simultaneously with the presidential election campaign is not ruled out.

II. ПУБЛИЧНО-ПРАВОВЫЕ (ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ПРАВОВЫЕ) НАУКИ

Introduction: modern Russian constitutionalism has its own specific nature that is determined by Russian history, philosophy, law, within which European and Eastern traditions were transforming, while gradually, over many centuries, creating sovereign Russian statehood. The study of its modern model becomes a focus of research attention due to the adoption of constitutional amendments that formed new institutions and gave a somewhat different meaning to the previously existing ones. This predetermines the interest in the study of the legal foundations of the model of Russian constitutionalism, contextually related to the philosophical conceptual ideas of understanding law as a significant value. Purpose: to form a new element of the paradigm of constitutionally significant values – the ‘sacred/profane’ system. The main objective is to study the formation of sacred values and their reflection in constitutional documents and legal science. Methods: historical-legal and formal-legal methods were used in the course of research. Results: the importance of efforts to reinforce sacred values for the strengthening of Russian statehood was substantiated. Conclusions: the projection of the social system ‘sacred/profane’ into law has not been studied so far. Such a study is relevant within the framework of concepts that determine the interaction of the individual, society, and government.

The Russian constitutionalism in the framework of new geopolitical environment: milestones and vectors

The paper contains the analysis of the key, as for author’s opinion, milestones and vectors for the development of the Russian Statehood and constitutionalism in the context of the rapidly changed geopolitical conditions. There are indicated for the visible perspective some of the most significant points of effort application within the perimeter of domestic (national) affairs for the government and society: the refuse of neoliberal approaches to the meaning of the supremacy of Law and the construction of the Rule of Law State based on the social equity; the change of economic paradigm by means of substitution of the consumption economics by the creative and axiological saturated environment of people’s economy; caretaking on people in the context of complex decisions for the all-range tasks of people’s moral and dignity growth as well as of the sense of civic duty development.

The “Solar Plexus” of Russian Law (on the Evolution of Judicial and Normative Constitutionalization of Russian Law)

The article analyzes the potential of constitutional provisions from the standpoint of the philosophy of public law, theory and practice of constitutionalism, reveals the mechanism and levels of constitutionalization of legislative norms, and traces the law-forming role of the Russian Constitution for the entire legal system. The law is considered as a dynamic system, the parameters of which can change under the influence of the ideology of modernity and postmodernity, challenges and global threats. The connection of law with current social processes is obvious and its understanding helps to realize the creative power of law in the transformation of social relations. This confirms not only the dogmatic, but also the important practice-oriented dimension of constitutionalism. Constitutional justice ensures the coherence and harmonization of the ideas of natural law with the requirements of the certainty of the norms of law that have a branch affiliation. Global changes in the world required the modernization of the provisions of the country's Basic Law as a guiding vector for the development of the entire system of Russian legislation. In fact, this direction was a new legal effect of constitutionalization. In the year of the 30th anniversary of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, it is important to discuss not only the one-level links of constitutional norms and sectoral legislation, but also to consider the images of the future phenomenon of constitutionalization.

Development of the Russian Federation as a Social State in the Context of the 30th Anniversary of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

The article examines the issues of the formation of Russia as a social state. Attention is drawn to the special importance of the state social function at the current stage of the historical and political development of the country in connection with the growing external pressure on Russia. Giving examples of two main models of the social state, the author examines the specifics of its modern domestic model, which is the result of the merger of paternalistic and liberal models. The significant role of the norms of the Russian Constitution in the formation of conditions for the development of domestic socially oriented legislation, as well as the development of Russia as a social state, is emphasized. The role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation as a national judicial body providing social justice — a guarantee of social stability is noted. Based on the results of the study of the speeches of the Russian President, the conclusion is formulated about the constant orientation of national policy towards compliance with the constitutional principle of the social state. The data on the state of individual institutions of the social sphere, as well as the goals of their qualitative improvement are presented. Attention is paid to the constitutional amendments adopted by the results of the all-Russian vote in 2020, which expanded the range of guarantees and obligations of the state to the person. It is noted that the level of constitutional guarantee of rights and freedoms of a social orientation is conditioned by the specifics of the development of domestic constitutionalism in the XX century. Conclusion: it is necessary to improve the social policy of the state in order to maintain the state of social justice and successfully confront any challenges and external threats.

The Bentham Brothers and Russia: The Imperial Russian Constitution and the St. Petersburg Panopticon by Roger Bartlett (review)

The Bentham Brothers and Russia: The Imperial Russian Constitution and the St. Petersburg Panopticon by Roger Bartlett (review)