Rural Settlement System Research Articles

ИСТОРИКО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СИСТЕМЫ СЕЛЬСКОГО РАССЕЛЕНИЯ БЕЛАРУСИ

Modern socio-economic conditions require a new approach to the study of settlement systems. Historical and genetic analysis is one of the most effective methods used in urban planning and allows to represent rural settlement system as a set of formed elements with their own borders (historical, natural, etc.). The main stages of historical and genetic analysis include research object selection, initial data collection; analyzing the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative indicators; cartographic modeling; characterizing the settlement system interrelations; general assessment of settlement system changes. The manuscript contains research results in studying the formation features of rural settlement system in terms of Mogilev region (Republic of Belarus). The history of forming the modern rural settlement system in Belarus includes three periods: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern, when the most active transformation of rural settlement system took place. For each period, a retrospective analysis of the administrative-territorial division, spatial-territorial organization, and typology of rural localities is conducted. As a research result, the model of the reorganization of Belarus administrative-territorial system in the XX – early XXI centuries and the historical and genetic model of rural localities typology in Belarus are obtained. The Soviet period contributed to urbanization, rural population reduction and rural settlements reduction. The modern period is characterized by rural settlement stabilization.

Historical-Genetic Features in Rural Settlement System: A Case Study from Mogilev District (Mogilev Oblast, Belarus)

Settlement system development is currently one of the basic objectives in land use planning, which is significant for Belarus, as it is the most urbanized country in the European region. Historical-genetic analysis is the most effective approach for studying the transformational changes in settlement systems. The research was aimed at analyzing the transformation peculiarities in the rural settlement system of Belarus. The core of the methodological basis lies in general scientific methods (systematic approach, historicism approach, historical-genetic method) and special interdisciplinary methods (cartographic analysis using GIS software). Historical-genetic analysis made it possible to identify the most significant historical periods in the formation of the rural settlement system in Belarus: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and recent. For each period, the pattern and spatial configuration of the rural settlement system were analyzed. Spatial changes in settlement pattern were highlighted: polarization, increasing the share and the population number of the “largest” settlements, the decreasing of “large” and “medium-sized” settlements and the degradation of “small” settlements. As a result, two types of rural settlement transformation were identified: “development” and “degradation”. Three ways of spatial configuration of the rural settlement system were identified: “relocation to city”, “relocation to the center of the settlement system” and “relocation to settlement”. Directions for future research are linked with conceptualizing the model of the spatial–territorial organizing of the rural settlement system.

СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ СТРУКТУР ПЕРВИЧНОГО ЗВЕНА СЕЛЬСКОГО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ С ОСОБЕННОСТЯМИ СЕЛЬСКОГО РАССЕЛЕНИЯ

Accessibility and effective functioning of the rural health care primary link in the rural settlement system is considered in the article as a necessary condition for ensuring the competitiveness of the rural able-bodied population and a component of the social well-being of the rural population as a whole. The aim of the article is to analyze the structural elements of the rural primary health care at various territorial levels, which allows us to draw a scientifically sound conclusion about how similar the elements of the territorial rural health care systems are to each other. Their differences are considered by the author as evidence of the adaptation of primary links to the characteristics of rural settlement. Theoretical scientific provisions are formulated in the framework of the concept of civic-oriented management and the new role of the state as a source of basic social benefits, which have been recognized in the domestic and international scientific community. Basing on general theoretical propositions, a methodology has been developed that allows using the mathematical theory of measurements to identify and compare the structural elements of the primary links of rural health care at various territorial levels. During the study, the method to assess the volume of structural elements in relative terms was used. We used publications of foreign and domestic authors, indicators shown in materials and collections of state and departmental statistics as sources. As a result of the study, it was proved that at the level of the Russian Federation, the structures of the primary rural health care consist of: outpatient clinics - 11.1%, local hospitals - 3.2%, feldsher-midwife centers - 80.6%, feldsher (rural paramedic) stations - 5.1%. Similar primary link structures were identified in most federal districts of the Russian Federation. An exception is only a few districts located in specific climatic conditions. A study of the structure of the rural health care system at the territorial level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, using the example of the Saratov Region, did not reveal significant deviations from the all-Russian standard. In the structure of the regional primary link of rural health care, outpatient clinics account for 9.0%, local hospitals - 1.3%, feldsher-midwife stations - 89.7%; feldsher stations are absent. The undertaken research and comparison of the structural elements of rural health care, carried out at the level of the Russian Federation, federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, allowed to gain new knowledge about the structural homogeneity of the primary links of the rural health system at all levels. The hypothesis formulated by the author about the structural uniformity of the primary links of the territorial systems of rural health care in most federal districts is confirmed, which indicates their inconsistency with the characteristics of rural settlement. The practical result of the study, which can be used to develop managerial decisions in the process of forming the primary links of territorial rural health systems that correspond to the characteristics of rural settlement, are the proposed in the article indicators that characterize the type of settlements in the rural settlement system. The priority of theoretical and methodological studies as the basis for developing managerial decisions in the field of rural health policy is justified; this involves the formation and support of primary structures of territorial rural health systems, including traditional and innovative types of medical services, corresponding to the peculiarities of rural settlement and scientifically based criteria that ensure the full functioning of medical primary health care organizations in rural health systems.

Transformation features in rural settlement system of belarus

Introduction. The sustainability of the rural settlement is a key land use planning objective in the present-day socio-economic environment. This issue is particularly relevant Belarus as the most urbanized country of the European region. The retrospective analysis is the most effective tool for studying the transformational processes underway in the settlement system. The mission of this article is to study the transformation of the rural settlement pattern in Belarus.
 Materials and methods. The research methodology encompasses general scientific methods (a system approach, a retrospective analysis) and special transdisciplinary methods (cartographic modeling backed by GIS tools). Population census data, open-access cartographic sources and land-use planning documents were studied, as well.
 Results. Three periods were identified in the history of rural settlement in Belarus: pre-revolutionary (1897–1917), Soviet (1917–1991) and contemporary ones (1991–present). Within these periods, transformational processes were particularly active. A retrospective analysis of the structure and spatial organization of rural settlement processes was performed for each period. Special features of the Belarus rural settlement structure were highlighted. They include polarization, growing population shares and sizes of major rural populated areas, the “drain” of large and medium-sized populated areas, and the degradation of small ones.
 Conclusions. The retrospective analysis enabled the author to identify the most significant historical periods in the history of rural settlement. Any settlement transformation was mainly driven by social and political factors. By summarizing the findings, the author identified two patterns of transformation applicable to rural settlement patterns: development and degradation. Three types of spatial reorganization of rural populated areas were formulated: relocation to the city, relocation to rural populated areas, or settlement system centres, and relocation to ordinary rural populated areas. Further research undertakings will focus on conceptualizing the spatial organization model of the rural settlement system.

Cartographic Methods of the Research of the Rural Settlement System in Volgograd Region

The article presents the methodology of cartographic support of economic and geographical research of rural territories in Volgograd region. The methodological basis of the article is the theoretical foundations of classical economic geography and applied directions of geoinformation mapping. The authors consider the stages of the study, including: identification of mapped indicators; formation of an information base; compilation of thematic maps for each indicator; compilation of an integrated assessment card for a set of indicators. The following are proposed as the main mapped indicators: the number of rural population in 2010, % by 1969; density of the rural population in 2010, people / km2; grouping of rural settlements by population, people; grouping of rural settlements by extrapolation tendency; conditions of the temporary transport accessibility of Volgograd; conditions of the temporary transport accessibility of the district center; natural fertility of agricultural lands in bonitet points. When constructing thematic maps, methods for classifying numerical fields are used, based on the calculation of the standard deviation: for maps of population dynamics, population density, and soil quality of agricultural land. Isoline mapping is used in the construction of maps of temporary transport accessibility, where the main methods of mapping are isochrones. To conduct a comprehensive assessment of the favorable resource potential of rural areas, the method of applying thematic maps is used, i.e. overlay operations. The methodology proposed by the authors as a whole allows the formation of an information database that includes information on the dynamics of the rural population in Volgograd region for individual villages, individual rural settlements, the density of the rural population in rural settlements, the conditions of transport accessibility of rural settlements, and the natural fertility of agricultural land in rural settlements, on the differences in resource potential in rural settlements.

Multihub – point of increase in Samara agglomeration- conurbation spatial development

The article deals with the theoretical position of the newly created environment for the functioning of transport and logistic services. The main purpose is to research the formation and functioning of multimodal transport and logistic hubs (Multihub). There were considered the practical issues connected with the realization of big investment projects of logistic infrastructure development that are inclined to local and international transport corridor. There are suggested the possible ways to place Multihubs in promising «points of increase» which are planned to be at the contact points of the peripheral Samara agglomeration-conurbation suburban belt with local rural settlement systems in order to include the Samara gubernia in the structure of the currently planned international transport corridors Europe - America and the Arctic – Southwestern Asia. The author of this article was tasked to explain the principles of phased development for the near, medium and long-term perspective of Volga region transport and communication framework. Currently, there are strong centripetal trends of movement from rural settlement systems to subcentres of Samara agglomeration. The developed approach contributes to the development of a multipolar multifunctional region structure. It will regulate the multidimensional field of social and functional spatial processes will provide conditions to increase the consumer and investment territory attractiveness that provide the effective use of land and socialization of the urban community.

Principles of Urban Planning Development of Suburban Belt of Samara-Togliatti Agglomeration

The article deals with the solution of such issues that are associated with the development of the suburban belt of Samara-Togliatti agglomeration-conurbation (STA) and problems that are connected with infrastructural changes in the region. The article shows the results of theoretical researches in the sphere of territory and settlement spatial development. There is considered historical development of the settlement structure of the Samara guberniya. The infrastructural support of the forming the Greater Samara megapolis is considered in the dialectical contradiction of internal and external factors in cooperation with the global transport map. There are made practical proposals of a territorial settlement system formation of the Samara guberniya based on the development of related towns in the structure of the STA suburban belt with peripheral local rural settlement systems. There is considered the potential development of the STA subcenters (Samara-Arena, aerotropolis Kurumoch, Krasny Yar, Kinel, Dubovy Umeet, Chapaevsk, Bezenchuk) and potential contact points of the STA suburban belt with local settlement systems (Dimitrovgrad, Otradniy, Pestravka, Novospasskoye, etc). The authors of this article were tasked to explain the principles of phased development for the near, medium and long-term perspective of the STA transport and communication framework. Currently, there are strong centripetal trends of movement from rural settlement systems to subcentres of STA. To create the opposite centrifugal movement, it is proposed to develop capital residential and industrial construction in potential contact points of the STA suburban belt with rural peripheral resettlement systems, creating employment for high-qualified labour. On the 2nd phase, these traffic flows should be strengthened by high-speed railway transport. The authors propose variants of the placement of multimodal transport and logistics hubs (Multihub) in promising “growth poles”, which are planned to be at the contact points of the peripheral suburban belt STA with local rural settlement systems. In the long term it is suggested to identify areas of town-planning reserves for the formation of Multi-hubs in order to include the Samara guberniya in the structure of the currently planned international transport corridors Europe - America and the Arctic – Southwestern Asia. There is emphasized the development of the south and the south- east direction, the perspective development of the transit railways network.

Cluster Approach in Rural Settlement Development

The paper contains research results in modelling rural settlement cluster. Functional structure of the territorial cluster of rural region includes four resource-target subsystems: Population, Infrastructure, Manufacturing and Environment/Heritage. Main cluster development trends were identified for sustainable rural development: advances in technology; forming the comfortable living environment; housing, social, engineering and transport infrastructure and travelling support structure. The model of rural region territorial cluster is useful in making guidelines for land-use planning for sustainable development of rural settlement system.

Retrospect of Settlement Pattern in Yakutia Based on Analysis of Population Censuses

The article assesses the intensity of transformation of settlement pattern in Yakutia, the largest northern region of Russia, based on an analysis of 1939-2010 censuses and contemporary statistics. Scope of the work includes the following: to assess key socio-economic results of rural and urban settlement pattern transformation in the 20th century, to determine the most persistent primary units of settlement pattern, and to identify current trends in the settlement pattern of Yakutia. The research database was built based on digitization of Federal State Statistics Service in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) population censuses archives. The period under review shows a trend toward larger size of settlements due to two parallel processes: urbanization as a result of industrial development, and compression of rural settlement system due to amalgamation of rural settlements. From 1939 to the present time, Yakutia’s settlement system has been evolving from dispersed type to large settlement type. There were two major waves in the structuring of space in Yakutia. During the first one, caused by industrialization and complete collectivization, shrinking of rural settlement system was accompanied by setup of rural and urban settlements; it started in the 1930s and lasted until late 1950s. The second wave, concurrent with controlled compression of rural settlement pattern as part of elimination of unpromising sovkhoz state farms, was associated with a full-scale development of urban settlement pattern under planned Soviet deployment. Starting from 2002, market mechanisms have changed the direction of development of settlement system and spatial structure of economic activity. Despite several constraints, which include high transportation costs, focal development, key role of mining and resource sector, distinctive features of traditional economies and agriculture, agglomeration processes have gained momentum in the region. Spatial concentration of population is taking place at relatively high rates, primarily in the core of the system - Yakutsk agglomeration. Compression capacity of settlement system in the region is far from being exhausted, as evidenced by behavior of Theil and Herfindahl-Hirschman indices, as well as by average population density of settlements.

Sustainable Development of Rural Territories as a Guarantor of National Security of Russia

Over the past decades, in Russia has taken place destructive degradation of the rural settlement system, depopulation and complete desolation of villages, deterioration of the demographic situation, reduction of cultivated agricultural land, loss of historical and cultural heritage, while the rural areas of the country have powerful natural, demographic, economic, historical and cultural potential that, if used rationally and effectively, can ensure sustainable multi-sectoral development, full employment, highlevel and quality oflife of the rural population.
 Federal target programs "Social development of the village until 2013" and "Sustainable development of rural territories for 2014-2017 and for the period up to 2020" as well as "Concepts of sustainable development of rural territories of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020", aimed at a radical improvement of the socio-economic condition of villages did not bring the expected changes. The analysis of the results of their implementation makes it possible to identify the most difficult provisions to implement, to determine the causes that inhibit positive processes in the rural areas of the country, to determine the mechanism of the influence of socioeconomic and political factors on the rural settlement system, demographic situation, development of social, engineering and transport infrastructure.

SAINT-PETERSBURG FOUNDATION UNDER PETER I IN 1703-1724

The relevance of the article is conditioned by the need to develop the program of St.-Petersburg agglomeration up to the year 2030, the largest in the North-West of Russia, which takes into account historical features of origins and formation of this agglomeration. The aim of the article is to study the initial stage of the formation of St.-Petersburg agglomeration (later Metropolitan) in the 1703–1720s. The methodology of studying this problem includes a comprehensive urban planning, functional and landscape analysis based on historical cartography and archival documents. It is shown that the regular type of St.-Petersburg agglomeration founded by Tsar Peter The Great is based on the pre-existing rural settlement system (combines native Russian territories and partially-conquered lands in 1702–1709) in the years 1703–1720. This process includes three stages of primary formation, with the territorial development of province and agglomeration with a significant advance in comparison with the center emergence and formation. At the same time, the future agglomeration center is the center of the province and the capital of Russia, the city of St.-Petersburg. It was formed with a chronological lag as compared to the development of subordinated territories in the future. In parallel with these processes within the unique rapid formation of St.-Petersburg, its structure began to form two sub-agglomerations. Thus, first were formed administrative territories, their nodes and tracks, and then their unifying center. This formation of the province and agglomeration, their center and spatial-functional sub-centers is non-standard for the world history of agglomerations. The results of this study can be useful for historians of urban planning as well as for modern specialists in the field of urban planning and urbanism.

URBAN PLANNING ASSESSMENT OF "SECOND HOME" PHENOMENON

The author reveals the role and significance of the dwelling expansion in modern urban planning. Shows the extent of the homes development in Russia and abroad. The definitions of second home and village of Lists of urban trends in the development of homes: a constant growth in the number of households; expanding the distribution areas of the housing; an increase in the average length of stay in homes throughout the year; increase the number and percentage of families who are in possession of a few homes; the proliferation of homes in the form of apartments in the city; the extension over time of the typology of homes due to the emergence of new types and forms. Identified impact of the development of a dwelling on the formation of the architectural-planning structures of urban systems: development of settlement systems through the emergence of new settlements of the seasonal nature of settlements homes; the development of transport infrastructure due to the growing intensity of traffic flows from the cities to the household; changing priorities among the components of the recreational system in connection with a faster pace of development of homes in comparison with the facilities for collective accommodation of tourists; the reformation of public service in connection with the establishment of the service to ensure guests stay in the housing; reduction in the degree of compactness of the planning structure of the cities because of the location in her settlements homes. It is shown that the housing leads to a change in the structural and layout characteristics of the formation of urban and rural settlements and settlement systems. The distribution of the dwelling is a large-scale, dynamic, expansive, polymorphic, multidimensional, existential and natural necessary phenomenon of the modern urban planning practices.

Geneza majoratu i stosunki osadnicze w dobrach rodziny Tollów pod Uniejowem

Artykuł przedstawia stosunki osadnicze w obrębie dóbr majorackich w rejonie Uniejowa w XIX i początkach XX w. Analizy geohistoryczne objęły zagadnienia genezy oraz przemian osadniczych z uwzględnieniem morfologii wsi. Artykuł jest próbą rekonstrukcji okoliczności powstania donacji na podstawie ukazu z 1836 r. oraz rozwoju wybranych aspektów społecznych i gospodarczych funkcjonowania badanego majoratu w ujęciu przestrzennym. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na kwestię przemian osadnictwa wiejskiego pod wpływem realizacji wielkich reform agrarnych skutkujących transformacją układów ruralistycznych.

Analysis of the Factors Affecting Changes in Land Cover Patterns in Rural Districts in East of Guilan Province (Iran) for Foresight

Foresight is among the key topics in natural resource protection for sustainability of rural settlement system. In foresight of land cover evolutions, identification of factors affecting the evolutions is of paramount importance. In the present research, in order to undertake foresight and sustainable land planning in rural districts in East of Guilan as a special ecologic zone encompassing 744 villages, principle variables were collected via a questionnaire using Delphi method with the help pf experts, followed by calculation of significance factors. A total of 93 variables were found to affect the changes in land cover within the study area at local, regional and national scales. Among these, key variables were identified utilizing MIC-MAC Software. In order to develop scenarios by a 20-member expert panel, 19 key drivers of the changes in land cover were homogenized and 9 primary descriptor were defined. For each descriptor, three variant qualitative component were prepared, which described all possible cases from the most critical case to the most desired one. In the next stage, with the help of cross-impact balance matrix and Monte Carlo simulations in Scenario Wizard Software, a total of three scenarios with 15-year horizons were obtained based on maximum consistency. Finally, based on the maximal effectiveness on protection of natural land cover and continuation of sustainability, the obtained scenarios were designated as balanced ecologic changes, relatively balanced ecologic changes, and imbalanced ecologic changes.

Rural settlement pattern in Belarus

AbstractThe article presents the analysis of the Belarusian rural settlement system over the period of the years 1959‒2009. Spatial and temporal shifts in the rural population distribution and settlement structure were found, and types of the Belarusian rural settlement pattern were developed. Distribution features and demographic development of a new form of the Belarusian rural communities - agrotowns - were discovered

The Optimization and Reconstruction of the Urban and Rural Settlements under Community Vision: A Study on Yan Chang County of Yan’an City

Based on the community theory, from the practice characteristic of the county urban and rural settlements, this paper analyzes the problems in concrete technology practice and science research, optimizes and reconstructs the residential system. With Yan Chang County of Yan’an City as an example, carried out the research and tested the application of the framework. Construction of the frame system coupled the relationships between the county settlement system and the community theory, which more expressed a kind of thought method and a concept of value, so then put forward the technical path of the urban and rural settlement system construction. At the same time, according to the urban and rural harmonious development, guided and constructed the urban and rural residential system with Shaanxi characteristic, which inferred with its space layout, scale, structure and planning method.

METHODOLOGY RELATED TO ESTIMATION OF INVESTMENT APPEAL OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

Conditions for production activity vary considerably from region to region, from area to area, from settlement to settlement. In this connection, investors are challenged to choose an optimum site for a new enterprise. To make the decision, investors follow such references as: investment potential and risk level; their interrelation determines investment appeal of a country, region, area, city or rural settlement. At present Russia faces a problem of «black boxes» represented by a lot of rural settlements. No effective and suitable techniques of quantitative estimation of investment potential, rural settlement risks and systems to make the given information accessible for potential investors exist until now.

Tracing the Density Impulse in Rural Settlement Systems: A Quantitative Analysis of the Factors Underlying Rural Population Density Across South-Eastern Australia, 1981–2001

Rural population density has a very significant independent influence over important socio-economic and demographic characteristics of developed world rural communities. Additionally, it is a fundamental variable in public policy and planning, both expressing and influencing the relative cost-efficiency of servicing populations. Yet density is itself produced by more fundamental qualities (e.g. environmental resources, nature and time of colonisation) which may themselves change over time. Treating rural population density as a dependent variable produced by a wide variety of factors, we build and test two causal models that attempt to explain the observed pattern of rural densities across south-eastern Australia (n = 414 communities). We distinguish between a “productivist” model—applicable for most of white Australia’s history—and a consumptionist model that takes account of recent counter-urbanisation trends. These models are applied to the entire study area and, in recognition of the study area’s internal heterogeneity, to five clusters of communities. In the drier inland and remoter zones, the productivist model exhibits the greatest explanatory power, while in the more accessible and well-watered “multifunctional” zones, an expanded model that incorporates a measure of “amenity” produces the best results. The research finds that simple environmental factors, coupled with relative location within the national space economy, act as dominant controls over rural population density in early 21st century Australia.

Ruralopolises : The Spatial Organisation and Residential Land Economy of High-density Rural Regions in South Asia

Many rural regions, extending over thousands of square kilometres, in parts of Asia and Africa, have population densities comparable to Western metropolitan areas. In these agrarian and poor regions, population density is precipitating thresholds for collective facilities and services on the one hand, and squeezing the provision of land for living on the other. Such regions have been named ruralopolises to underline the fusion of rural economic and social systems with metropolitan spatial organisations. Ruralopolises are the sites of urbanisation through implosion. This paper outlines the phenomenon of ruralopolises and explores their emerging forms of settlement and evolving residential land tenures. It is essentially a conceptual exploration of high-density rural settlement systems based upon examples and observations from south Asian ruralopolitan regions. Given the scale of ruralopolitan regions in the Third World, it appears that ruralopolises are another urban frontier ripening for spatial and infrastructural crises in the 21st century.

Administrative Systems and Economic Spaces

BENNETT R. J. (1997) Administrative systems and economic spaces, Reg. Studies 31, 323-336. This paper examines the interrelation between economic change and administrative reforms. It argues that both decentralization and centralization of administration are occurring that derive from responding to economic change. The role of territorial boundary reforms, changes in tiers and responsibilities, fiscal reforms, reallocation of expenditure functions and grants are examined. Trends are identified and the form of changes that are developing are compared for the context of metropolitan and rural settlement systems, across decentralized government and market systems, and in relation to institutional impacts on economic development. BENNETT R. J. (1997) Les systèmes administratifs et les espaces économiques, Reg. Studies 31, 000-000. Cet article examine la corrélation entre l'évolution économique et les réformes administratives. On affirme que la décentralisation et la centralisation administratives ont lieu par suite de l'évolution économique. On examine le rôle des réformes relatives au redécoupage du territoire, les changements de tutelle et de compétences, les réformes fiscales, la réaffectation des crédits et des primes. On note certaines tendances et on fait la comparaison de la forme des changements qui ont lieu dans le contexte des systémes métropolitains et ruraux, à travers le pouvoir décentralisé et les systèmes de marché, et par rapport aux retombées institutionnelles sur le développement économique. BENNETT R. J. (1997) Verwaltungssysteme und Wirtschaftsra¨ume, Reg. Studies 31, 323‐336. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Zusammenha¨nge zwischen wirtschaftlichem Wandel und Reformen in der Verwaltung. Es wird die These aufgestellt, daß eine stattfindende Dezentralisierung und Zentralisierung der Verwaltung als Reaktion auf wirtschaftlichen Wandel zu verstehen sind. Die Rolle der Gebietsgrenzenreformen, Umstellungen bei Verantwortlichkeitsstufen und Aufgaben, Finanzreformen, Neuzuweisung von Ausgaben- und Bewilliungsfunktionen werden untersucht. Es werden Tendenzen identifiziert und Vergleiche der Gestalt der Umstellungen im Rahmen großsta¨dtischer und la¨ndlicher Siedlungssysteme, in dezentralisierten Regierungs-und Handelssystemen sowie in Beziehung zur institutionellen Auswirkung auf wirtschaftliche Entwicklung angestellt.