Rural Park Research Articles

Characteristics of Trees According to Community Population Level and by Land Use in the U.S. Midwest

Long-term urban tree growth is crucial because of the need for tree-derived benefits and high placement costs. This study was conducted in five U.S. midwestern states to examine how tree characteristics are related to community population level and land-use type. Age, height, diameter, and average growth rates for the last decade were measured on 328 trees. When evaluated in terms of community population, trees in rural parks were older than trees in small, medium, and large towns. Adjusted mean growth rate was lower in rural parks than in small, medium, and large towns. When evaluated in terms of land use, both mean age and mean growth rate were higher for trees in city parks than in commercial sites. Trees in residential areas had intermediate age, size, and growth rate characteristics. Of the five species studied, silver maple, honeylocust, and hackberry performed well in a variety of settings.

Planning of Rural Park with Rural People by Workshop Methods

Planning of Rural Park with Rural People by Workshop Methods

Factors related to tree growth across urban-rural gradients in the Midwest, USA

Several environmental factors influence tree growth at any site. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors and tree growth rate (mean ring width averaged over the last 10 years) in settings ranging from urban to rural. Six “clusters”, each with five communities and two rural parks, were sampled in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin, for a total sample of 320 trees. Within each community, trees in parks, and along residential and commercial streets were sampled. Five species were sampled: silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), honeylocust, (Gleditisia triacanthos L.), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), black maple (Acer nigrum Michx F.), and basswood (Tilia americana L.). Factors were investigated for three scenarios: (i) all trees sampled in all clusters, (ii) a single species, all clusters, and (iii) all species, a single cluster. Baseline variables (cluster, place population, site, species, and age) accounted for 49–71% of observed variation in growth rate. Combined biotic factors accounted for 5 to 6% of observed variation. For all species in a single cluster, combined abiotic factors accounted for 11% of observed variation. Biotic factors related to growth rate detected using multivariate analyses included number of other trees within 9 m, presence of disease and insects, and human-induced mechanical injury. Abiotic factors that were related to tree growth included presence of pavement and core bulk density. For trees in rural parks, number of other trees within 20 m, and for trees in both rural and community parks, number of other trees within 9 m of sample trees were associated with decreased growth rate.

農村公園整備の仮想状況評価額に影響する要因とＷＴＰ関数移転の可能性 個人属性，整備状況，立地状況の影響に関して

Contingent Valuation Method is applied well to many studies about multifunctionality of agriculture. It is thought that CVM can be applied to benefit evaluation of social overhead capital, which has no market price. This paper aims at showing how the evaluation value of rural park is influenced by consolidation conditions and area situations quantitatively, and considering the transferability of WTP function, in order to use CVM for the planning of rural park project. The findings are as follows.First, from the analysis on the basis of 19 rural parks data, it became clear that consolidation conditions and area situations affected the evaluation value, in addition to personal attributes. For making highly evaluated plan by inhabitants, it is important to locate the park near the village, to raise usage frequency of inhabitants, and to arrange water front space in the park. On the other hand, the evaluation of rural park tend to deteriorate in city neighboring area and in hilly and mountainous area. Installing the swing and slider is also deteriorate the evaluation of rural park.Second, about the transferability of WTP function, it is possible partially to apply an estimate result from one project-site or more than two project-sites to another. Concerned in some variables and some project areas, it is difficult to recognize complete transferability of WTP function. However, the transferability of WTP function becomes high by the selection of appropriate function including area characteristics and consolidation conditions.Third, if we evaluate the value of rural park by WTP function that was estimated in other project site, we can get estimate precision of around ±60% errors in maximum. As for this difference, there is a little relation with the degree of the transferability in WTP function.

Locating Trees Using a Geographic Information System and the Global Positioning System

This paper reviews the basics of GPS and GIS technology and describes their application for locating trees in rural park and forest settings. During a hazard tree survey in a Massachusetts state park, project members investigated the feasibility of using GPS and GIS to create maps that highlighted individual trees and other landmarks. The project intended to show that GPS and GIS can accurately locate trees. This technology is especially useful for arborists and urban foresters who need to map trees in rural parks, along rural roads and trails, and on large estates and institutional land, where other location methods are impractical. Depending on a variety of circumstances, GPS and GIS can be used in combination with aerial photographs or standard line and symbol maps to create appropriate tree maps for a particular area. Although certain problems still hinder the mapping process, new technology developments will expedite using GPS and GIS to produce maps.

Development of the Methods combining Face Graph and Cluster Analysis for Representing and Grouping the Situations of Rural Park Development in Rural Settlements

Development of the Methods combining Face Graph and Cluster Analysis for Representing and Grouping the Situations of Rural Park Development in Rural Settlements

An Impact Assessment Methodology of a Rural Park Work on the Parks and Open Spaces in Rural Areas

An Impact Assessment Methodology of a Rural Park Work on the Parks and Open Spaces in Rural Areas

犬と猫の回虫卵による公園の砂場の汚染状況

Pollution by Toxocara eggs of child sandpits in 168 public parks in the Higashi-harima region, Hyogo Prefecture was investigated from June to August. 1989.Toxocara eggs were detected from the sandpits in 37 (22.0%) parks. The larva-containing eggs (infective to humans) were detected from 12 (7.1%) parks. Urban parks were highly polluted at a rate of 32.3%(31/96) with rural parks having a much lower rate of 8.3%(6/72). The sandpits with dog's excrement were highly polluted at a rate of 47.1%(16/34).It is easy for infants to be infected with Toxocara in sandpits polluted by the eggs, judging from the infant's poor knowledge of hygiene. It will be necessary to take preventive measures in the near future.

農村公園に関する研究 Ｉ 千葉県における農村公園の整備状況に関する調査研究

This study grasped the preparation of the rural park in Chiba prefecture from the following 2 factors. (1) The Characteristics of the rural park observed from the land use. (2) The characteristics of the rural park observed from park institution. The results are summarized as follews;1) The general means to procure land for rural park is to use the shrine or the tenple plot, the old site of school and contrivace on preparation of farm land. 2) The rural park under 3, 000rd occupies the majority and the rural park above 10, 000mi is constructed exceptionally. 3) The area of the use object is one rural community of the plural rural communities (two to four communities), and is exceptionally the wide area (the boundary of this city, town or village, the boundary of one district). 4) The rural park can be distingnished the narrows and wides by the area of the use object. And the former occupies above 80% of the surved rural park, it is a general model of the rural park. 5) The former has firstly play's spacs for child, and secondly space mainly used by adult like volleyball coat, gateball coat and assemble hall.

農村公園の子どもの利用からみた課題と利用圏域に関する調査研究 千葉県干潟町のケーススタディ 農村公園に関する研究 （その２）

The purpose of this reserch is to grasp the problems and service area of the rural park observed from use of children. For the purpose, we investigated in Hikata, Chiba prefecture. The results are summarized as follows;The next five items are important matters on the problem of the rural park observed from use of children.1. The problem of distance between children's dwelling place and the rural park.2. The safety on the access against automotive traffic.3. The problem on the change of topography.4. The problem on the kind of play equipment.5. The problem on the management.In regard to the service area of the rural park, we grasped as follows, 1) the service area varies with age difference 2) the service area of the rural park is larger than the service area of children's playlot in urban area. (infants; about 300m. the lower grades of elementary school; approximately 400m, the higher grades elementary school; approximately 850m)

Variables associated with the winter camping location of elderly recreational vehical owners in southwestern Arizona.

During the winter of 1973-1974, 580 elderly recreational vehicle campers were interviewed in six private trailer parks and four public camping areas in southwestern Arizona and Southern California. The ten sites represented four different types of camping environment: (1) highly developed, relatively expensive urban private trailer parks, (2) moderately developed, relatively inexpensive, rural private trailer parks, (3) authorized, developed, free federal campgrounds, and (4) unauthorized, undeveloped, free public land camping areas. Analysis of variance was utilized to identify those respondent characteristics most strongly associated with the type of site selected for winter residence. The most important of these variables were per person annual income, woman's age, man's education, woman's total preretirement adult camping experience, value of mobile quarters and tow vehicle, and percentage of the year lived in a recreational vehicle. Several financial indicators and certain noneconomic characteristics of females were strongly associated with winter camping location.

NOWE STANOWISKA ŻAGWICY LISTKOWA TEJ GRIFOLA FRONDOSA (Dicks .) GRAY W PARKU KRAJOBRAZOWY m im. g en. DEZYDEREGO CHŁAPOWSKIEGO

The paper presents the Grifola frondosa distribution in the central part of the General Dezydery Chłapowski Landscape Park. 14 fruit bodies of the species were found developing on 8 specimens of Quercus robur, located in rural parks, tree belts along roads and tree alleys.

MACROMYCETES PARKU W MAŁKOCINIE (NW POLSKA)

The paper presents the results of mycological research carried out in the manor Małkocin park (NW Poland) in the years 2008–2009. During 35 observations, 200 species of macromycetes (mainly Basidiomycota – 172 species) and four Myxycomycota have been recorded. Among them, 11 species are included on the red list of macrofungi in Poland. The participation of macrofungi was analyzed in bioecological groups of saprotrophic, mycorrhizal and parasitic fungi. In addition, the comparison of the Małkocin park with other rural parks of Poland is discussed.

The War and the British Fauna

IT is probably still too early to judge the effects of the War upon British wild life, for it was not until the second or third years of the War of 1914–18, when the calling-up of older men had more extensively depleted the gamekeeping profession, that the great increase in so-called ‘vermin’, including rarer species like the wild cat and polecat, became of national concern; nevertheless, the present War has speeded up a great deal of this disturbance of wild life by the greater activity at home. The most noticeable effects have been an extension of the range of normally persecuted species like the carrion-crow, fox, otter, kestrel, little owl and sparrowhawk, and this may be followed by a slower extension of species like the badger and raven. The use of sanddunes and lonely islands in the coastal defences and of rural parks for training the army has considerably disturbed the nesting haunts or ‘sanctuaries’ of uncommon species, particularly birds, more so than the building of factories in rural areas, and this may have a permanent effect in further reducing the nesting population of terns, waterfowl and waders.