NOWE STANOWISKA ŻAGWICY LISTKOWA TEJ GRIFOLA FRONDOSA (Dicks .) GRAY W PARKU KRAJOBRAZOWY m im. g en. DEZYDEREGO CHŁAPOWSKIEGO

The dataset and toolbox presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "Modeling potential tree belt functions in rural landscapes using a new GIS tool" (Nowak and Pędziwiatr, 2018) [1]. The dataset (spatially referenced) is used as input for all the five analysis modules described in the related article. The dataset contains vector and raster data, which cover north-west part of the Gen. Dezydery Chłapowski Landscape Park in Poland. Moreover, the present work shows the result (a vector layer) of using the TBM toolbox within ArcGIS (ESRI) software. The Tree Belt Modeling (TBM toolbox) code and internal structure can be fully accessed, and are available for further modification and incorporation of tools. The toolbox is available for download as supplementary material to this online article.

The article is devoted to the issues of ecological and landscape changes taking place in large spatial protected areas (landscape parks and protected landscape areas), located inside and in close proximity to the so-called functional zone of the Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot Metropolitan Area. The area is a metropolis with a population of 1.56 million inhabitants. In its central part, in the immediate vicinity (up to 25 km) from the borders of Tri-City, there are 4 landscape parks and 17 areas of protected landscape. High natural and landscape values determine the great interest in these areas, not only as a recreational space, but also as an area of realization of housing and service as well as production functions. The author draws attention to the lack of results of ecological and landscape research on a regional scale (especially in the immediate vicinity of a large, developing metropolis), evaluating the conservation status of protected areas, lack of reliable recognition of threats and the degree of changes in the environment of these areas as well as difficulties with their protection against investment pressure.Preservation of natural and landscape values of these areas is not a concern of local authorities focused on the economic development and the economic effects of how the communities function. As a result of investment pressures and irreversible impairment, many parts of them are eligible for exclusion from the borders of these areas. The degree of degradation and intensity of changes is a function of the distance from the most densely populated core of the metropolis, investment pressure and directions of urban development as well as natural characteristics of protected areas, predisposing them to fulfilling various functions. The article focuses, in particular, on selected areas of the protected landscape. They are covered by the weakest protective regime and are subject to the strongest changes.

В пределах Калининграда выделено пять ландшафтных парков, наиболее четко принцип ландшафтной организации просматривается в Макс-Ашманн-парке, который и послужил в качестве объекта исследования. Осуществлена инвентаризация зеленых насаждений парка: представлен видовой состав. Выявлены лесотаксационные характеристики популяций древесных насаждений: диаметр ствола, площадь проекции кроны, высота, возраст, виталитет. Всего на территории парка выделено 70 экз. деревьев, перешагнувших столетний рубеж и представляющих интерес в историческом плане, в основном это популяции Quercus robur L., Populus nigra L., Fagus sylvatica L., Tilia cordata Mill. При создании картографических произведений использованы ГИС-технологии, в частности, получены тематические карты масштаба 1:500: опорный план, карта ландшафтных рубок (с учетом возрастных деревьев, подлежащих сохранению), карта тематических зон (на основе экземпляров древесной растительности, представляющих историческое наследие), план открытых, закрытых и полуоткрытых пространств. Исследования базировались на концепции сохранения парка именно как ландшафтного, как некой модели лесных экосистем, характерных для Калининградской области. Выполнена рекреационно-экологическая оценка территорий ландшафтного парка. Представлены результаты картографирования объекта рекреации. В процессе картографирования отображено современное состояние растительного и почвенного покровов (дорожно-тропиночной сети); оценен рекреационный потенциал парка как объекта оздоровительного, спортивного и историко-познавательного назначения. Макс-Ашманн-парк был подразделен на ряд объектов разного качества. Основой для этого деления послужили природно-территориальные комплексы на уровне фаций, дающих представление об общих отличительных особенностях территории и позволяющих судить о степени их привлекательности как зон для организации отдыха. Таким образом, характерными особенностями представленных карт стали информационная насыщенность, комплексность, наглядность, полифункциональность.

Total mercury concentrations were determined in the fruiting bodies of Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria (L.: Fr.) Pers. and underlying soil substrate collected from several sites in Poland in 1993-2000 to evaluate mercury status as contaminant and bioindicating features of this species. The samples were collected from the spatially distant sites such as:Zaborski Landscape Park, Mierzeja Wislana Landscape Park, Wdzydzki Landscape Park, Borecka Forest, Tucholskie Forest, Wielunska Upland, the communities of Gubin, Manowo. Lubiana and Morag. Total mercury content of caps and stalks of Fly agaric varied widely depending on the sites examined. The range of the mean mercury concentrations for all 17 sites was between 96±10 and 1900±1400 ng/g dry wt for the caps and between 61±32 and 920±760 ng/g dry wt for the stalks, while between 4.4±3.1 and 150±20 ng/g were noted for soil substrate samples from 9 sites examined. Fly agaric independently of the site examined showed relatively good capacity to accumulate total mercury and BCF values varied between 16±10 and 74±15 for the caps and between 11±8 and 42±10 for the stalks. Nevertheless, relatively high bioconcentration potential of mercury by Fly agaric seems to be specific for that species and under soil mercury concentrations noted no bioindication properties of this mushroom could be observed.

This article presents the results of my research conducted in the rural park Borek, which is located in Gardzienice Drugie, Lublin province. The study was comprised of measuring the dendrological value of the park using the Rokosza method and determining the landscape’s aesthetic value using the scenic beauty estimation (SBE) method. In order to establish the dendrological and aesthetic values, the park was divided into four sections, which were then compared with each other. It has been shown earlier that results of the scenic beauty estimation method and the dendrological value are only weakly correlated when it comes to park landscapes. It is therefore advisable to test the value of parks, in both categories, dendrological and aesthetic. This approach could form the basis for the development of a new method to classify and evaluate park landscapes.

Renewal of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in the territory of the “Krylatsky Hills” landscape park (Moscow)

The article provides information on the location and biometric parameters of 192 agelong trees growing in the landscape park «Nataliivskyi» (Kharkiv region). The results of continuous cencus on a 0.25 ha sample area in age-specific pine stand are presented. The plantations of agelong pines cover 17.8 hectares, or 51.5% of proved area. The average trunk diameter of Pinus sylvestris L. is 45.2 cm. The number of trees per hectare is 244 pcs. There were also 2 Ulmus laevis Pall. trees and one Pyrus communis L. tree and four bushes: Crataegus monogyna Jacq. There is no undergrowth or young growth on the plantation. No invasive species have been found. The most valuable trees in the park are the agelong Quercus robur L. Biometric indicators have been identified for most of the old oak trees. For the majority of agelong oaks species biometric indicators were determined. The trunk circumference of other agelong tree species was also measured to obtain the trunk diameter. The location of agelong trees was recorded on the park plan. The data from the park’s 1997 and 2018 studies were used during examination and analysis of results. It was found that the number of Picea abies and Picea pungens ‘Glauca’ plants in the park has been significantly decreased due to the drought and the attack of engraver beetle. A significant number of dead trees were found in the park, which indicates the need for sanitary felling to remove them. It was found that in general, the condition of the park’s ageold trees is satisfactory. However there are trees with hollows in their trunks and with dry branches. Quercus robur L. with the largest trunk diameter of 207 cm has a hollow. Once it was closed using an outdated method – cement mortar. This technology is not currently used to preserve ageold hollow trees. Modern technologies of caring for such trees ensure their long life. The individual care of agelong trees by arborists is an important issue. Unfortunately due to the lack of funding for the park’s maintenance it’s impossible to use modern technology and employ professional arborists. The emergence of self-seeding of indigenous and introduced species within the crown projection of agelong Quercus robur, as well as shading of their lower branches by these trees is another threat to old trees. It is necessary to remove young self-sowing plants within the crown projection. As a result of the study, it was established that there are 19 species and cultivars of agelong trees in Nataliivskyi Park. Some of them are represented by only 1-2 plants. Therefore, there is a threat that they may disappear from the plantations. In order to preserve the taxonomic composition of the park, it is necessary to plant some more trees of the exact species that were planted during park creation. Nataliivskyi Park is an important nature conservation institution. The data of conducted research can be used in the future to monitor the health of agelong trees. Key words: an ancient park-monument of landscape art, species composition of ageold trees, trunk diameter, plantings.

Introduction. Inonotus obliquus (Ach. Ex Pers.) Pilát is a fungus found in North America, Finland, Poland, Russia, China, Japan and Korea on the bark of trees, most often Betula pendula, B. pubescens, B. carpatica and Fagus sylvatica. Mushroom extracts show a number of biological activities, due to the presence of: polysaccharides, phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids), triterpenes, ergosterol and its peroxide. Aim. Determination of the content of the sum of polyphenolic compounds, including the sum of phenolic acids, flavonoids and flavonols in water, methanol and methanol-water extracts, determination of antioxidant activity and qualitative determination of the composition of the chloroform extract from the fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus, collected from a natural site. Material and methods. The raw material for research was collected in the Noteć Forest in the Sieraków Landscape Park. The fruiting body was dried and then ground into a fine powder. Using spectroscopic methods, the sum of polyphenols with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, the sum of phenolic acids using the Arnov method, the sum of flavonols with aluminum chloride, the sum of flavonoids according to the method described in FP X, antioxidant activity with the DPPH radical and the composition of the chloroform extract using GC-MS were determined. Results. The methanol extract was characterized by the highest content of the sum of phenolic acids per coffee acid (0.127%), and the lowest content of water-methanol extract (0.047%). The highest content of the sum of polyphenols in terms of caffeic acid was determined in the aqueous extract (1.85%), and the lowest in the methanol extract (1.01%). The methanol extract was characterized by the highest content of the sum of phenolic acids expressed as coffee acid (0.127%), and the lowest content of water-methanol extract (0.047%). The content of total flavonoids and total flavonols was determined only in methanol extracts, because the precipitation made it impossible to perform the determinations in the remaining extracts. The lowest IC50 value was determined for the water-methanol extract. GC-MS analysis allowed to identify, among others: isovanillin, santalene, α-selinene, syringaldehyde, linoleic acid, thymol, α-bergamotene and lanosterol. Conclusions. The highest content of the sum of polyphenols was determined in the water extract of Inonotus obliquus, the sum of phenolic acids in the methanol extract; the water-methanol extract was characterized by the strongest antioxidant properties. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of numerous compounds with confirmed biological activity.

ABSTRACTLeccinum scabrum is an edible mushroom common in European regions in the northern hemisphere. Macro and trace mineral constituents such as Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, P, Rb, Sr and Zn were studied in L. scabrum and in the top soil collected from the same location underneath soil substratum. The “pseudo-total” and labile (extractable fraction of minerals) were measured to get insight into the levels, distribution between the morphological parts of fruiting bodies, potential for their bioconcentration by mushroom and evaluated for human exposure via consumption of the mushroom. The sampling sites include the Darżlubska Wilderness, Trójmiejski Landscape Park, Sobieszewo Island, Wdzydze Landscape Park and outskirts of the Kętrzyn town in Mazury from the norther part of Poland. Median values of K, Rb and P concentrations in dehydrated L. scabrum were for caps in range 27,000–44,000 mg kg−1, 90–320 mg kg−1 and 6,200–9,100 mg kg−1, and followed by Mg at 880–1,000 mg kg−1, Ca at 48–210 mg kg−1 and Al at 15–120 mg kg−1. The median concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in caps were in range 15–27 mg kg−1 db 38–140 mg kg−1, 5.3–27 mg kg−1 and 130–270 mg kg−1. For Ba and Sr, concentrations on the average were at ∼1 mg kg−1, and almost equally distributed between the caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies. L. scabrum mushrooms were low in toxic Ag, Cd, Hg and Pb, for which the median values in dried caps from five locations were, respectively, in range 0.48–0.98 mg kg−1 (cap to stipe index, QC/S, was 2.5–4.1), 1.0–5.8 mg kg−1 (QC/S 2.9–3.8), 0.36–0.59 mg kg−1 (QC/S 1.6–2.7) and 0.20–0.91 mg kg−1 (QC/S 1.2–1.9). Substantial variations in the concentrations of the “pseudo-total” fraction (extracted by aqua regia) or labile fraction (extracted by 20% solution of nitric acid) of the elements determined in forest topsoils were noted between some of the locations examined. The elements K, P, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Na, Rb and Zn can be considered as those which were bioconcentrated by L. scabrum in fruiting bodies, while the rates of accumulation varied with the sampling location.

The purpose of this study was to examine the contamination and bioconcentration potential of mercury (Hg) in Yellow-ocher Brittle Gills known also as Yellow-ocher Brittle Gill or Common Russula (Russula ochroleuca) mushroom. Matured fruiting bodies of this fungus and soil samples were collected at ten spatially distant unpolluted sites in the northern part of Poland in 2004–2008. Total Hg content of fruiting bodies and soil were determined by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV–AAS). The total Hg content of the Yellow-ocher Brittle Gills varied between 0.017 and 0.43 μg/g dry weights in individual caps and between 0.011 and 0.24 μg/g dw in the stipes. The mean mercury content of the mushroom varied spatially (p < 0.001) between the sites - in caps between 0.039 ± 0.024 and 0.18 ± 0.11 μg/g dw; and in stipes between 0.027 ± 0.014 and 0.13 ± 0.06 μg/g dw. The caps usually contained Hg in greater concentrations than stipes and the mean values of cap to stipe Hg concentration quotient (Qc/s) varied from 1.3 ± 0.4 to 1.9 ± 0.04. The range of Hg concentrations in the top soil layer (0–10 cm) varied from 0.011 to 0.51 μg/g dw (mean values varied between 0.025 ± 0.010 and 0.18 ± 0.13 μg/g dw). Mean Hg bioconcentration factor (BCF) varied between 0.57 ± 0.30 and 5.6 ± 1.7 for caps and 0.50 ± 0.49 and 3.3 ± 1.8 for stipes. Yellow-ocher Brittle Gills from Trójmiejski Landscape Park contained Hg at greater concentration compared to other sites. Also presented is a review of data on Hg contents of the genus Russula (41 species, both edible and inedible to man) collected from across the world.

The project for the rural landscape park in Moscheta (Tuscany, Italy).

The results of three years mycological observations, a part of the Czech-Italian-Polish joint project "Mycological monitoring in European oak forests" (Perini, Ławrynowicz and Fellner 1995), are presented in the paper. The Ińsko Landscape Park is the most northerly situated locality investigated in this project. The macrofungi were studied in the &lt;i&gt;Stellario-Carpinetum&lt;/i&gt; association on two plots (1000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; each:I - with &lt;i&gt;Quercus petraea&lt;/i&gt; snd II - with &lt;i&gt;Qu. robur&lt;/i&gt;. The collection of 229 species (157 saprotrophes and 72 mycorrhizal ones) is the subject ofe ecological analysis. Among the collected fungi 9 species associated with oak were distinguished as well as 12 threatened species and l species new to Poland.

Mercury (Hg) was quantified using cold vapour-atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) in the fruiting bodies of nine edible and five inedible mushrooms and in underlying soil substrate samples. In total, 404 samples comprising caps and stalks and 202 samples of soil substrate (0–10 cm layer) were collected in 1996 from Trójmiejski Landscape Park, northern Poland. Mean Hg concentrations in the soil substrate for different species varied between 10 ± 3 and 780 ± 500 ng g -1 dry wt (range 2.3–1700). Among edible mushroom species, Horse Mushroom (Agaricus arvensis), Brown Birch Scaber Stalk (Leccinum scabrum), Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera), King Bolete (Boletus edulis) and Yellow-cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) contained elevated concentrations of Hg ranging from 1600 ± 930 to 6800 ± 4000 ng g-1 dry wt in the caps. Concentrations of Hg in the stalks were 2.6 ± 1.1 to 1.7 ±1.0 times lower than those in the caps. Some mushroom species investigated had high Hg levels when compared with specimens collected from the background reference sites elsewhere (located far away from the big cities) in northern Poland. Bioconcentration factors of Hg in the caps of Horse Mushroom, Parasol Mushroom and Brown Birch Scaber Stalk were between 150 ± 58 and 230 ± 150 ng g-1 dry wt, respectively, and for inedible Pestle-shaged Puffball (Claviata excipulformis) was 960 ± 300 ng g-1 dry wt. Linear regression coefficients between Hg in caps and in stalks and Hg soil concentrations showed a positive relationship for A. arvensis and Horse mushroom (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation for the caps of Death Caps (Amanita phalloides) and Woolly Milk Cap (Lactarius torminosus) (p < 0.05), while for other species no clear trend was found.

Characteristic of plant communities developing in the cereal cultivations of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion is presented in the paper. This agricultural region is partially situated in the borders of the ,,Podlaski Przełom Bugu" Landscape Park. Extensive agriculture as well as large soil and microclimatic diversity resulted in occurrence of rich, floristically differentiated agrocoenoses. Three associations from the alliance &lt;i&gt;Aperion spicae&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;venti&lt;/i&gt; were noted in the studied area. Association &lt;i&gt;Vicietum tetraspermae&lt;/i&gt; was the most common and inner differentiated. Four subassociations: &lt;i&gt;Vicietum tetraspermae scleranthetosum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Vicietum tetraspermae myosotidetosum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Vicietum tetraspermae typicum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Vicietum tetraspermae consolidetosum&lt;/i&gt; and 18 lower syntaxonomic units were distinguished. Plots of &lt;i&gt;Papaveretum argemones&lt;/i&gt;, differentiated into 3 subassociations: &lt;i&gt;Papaveretum argemones scleranthetosum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Papaveretum argemones typicum&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Papaveretum argemones consolidetosum&lt;/i&gt; were noted seldom in the studied area. In the central part of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion occurrence of a single plots of &lt;i&gt;Arnoserido&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Scleranthetum&lt;/i&gt; was noted.

Green plantations of sanatorium parks (Voronezh region) were laid in the pre-war years on the basis of noble estates. Currently, they are 60% represented by artificial plantations. Characterized by increased degradation, reduction of sanitary, decorative and recreational functions and need renovation. The relevance of the topic is due to the urgent need to improve the functioning of sanatorium Park areas in modern conditions by enriching the range with the justification of their spatial location and landscape and aesthetic value. The purpose of the research is to substantiate measures for the renovation and optimization of green spaces of sanatorium parks on the basis of their comprehensive assessment in modern conditions. It is revealed that the repetition of dry years, urban ecological conditions of sanatorium parks limit the effective functioning of green spaces. The highest percentage of plantings belongs to the second and third classes of stability. Healthy trees in the second class are from 71 to 90%. In the green spaces of the third class of sustainability there are processes of degradation due to age categories. On the basis of the inventory it was found that the area of green spaces of artificial and natural origin of health resorts of the Voronezh region varies significantly. Green plantations of artificial origin grow in the sanatorium. Gorky (area of 9.6 hectares; age up to 88 years). Forests of natural origin in sanatoria. Dzerzhinsky, "Uglyanets", them. Tsyurupy, the rest house "Petrovsky" make from 45,4 to 66,8% of Park territories. The share of participation of deciduous tree species is about 70%. On the territories of the sanatorium. Dzerzhinsky and the rest house "Petrovsky" forested landscapes include forests with predominance of Quercus robur (9Д1Кл). For the forest parks of the health resorts of the forest-steppe zone the General tendency of reduction of volume of crowns in connection with deterioration of the condition of vegetation caused by age is noted. (24376000 m3 – 97985110 m3). To enhance the recreational effect requires a significant increase in the share of decorative shrubs. In the total volume occupied by the canopy of plants at the present time it is insignificant – less than 1 %. It is recommended to introduce bushes into green plantings to optimize the spatial structure and increase the landscape and aesthetic attractiveness of sanatorium parks. Since the predominance of enclosed spaces in existing plantations of health resorts (more than 50 %) leads to monotony in the composition. The system of open (7-25), half-open (32-47%) will lead to the formation of appropriate recreational purposes and functions of plantations. To comply with the functions of the medical and health institution, taking into account regulatory documents, an increase in the area (by 20%) of the quiet recreation area is provided. On the basis of a comprehensive assessment of green areas of health resorts, taking into account the species diversity and types of landings, the classification of spatial organization is developed. The sanitary-hygienic and recreational potential, principles of selection and the range of decorative trees and bushes for renovation of sanatorium parks in the forest-steppe zone are defined. The rules of measures for the reconstruction of green spaces of Park areas of medical and health institutions are established.