Rural Domestic Waste Research Articles

Investigating Rural Domestic Waste Sorting Intentions Based on an Integrative Framework of Planned Behavior Theory and Normative Activation Models: Evidence from Guanzhong Basin, China.

The sorting of domestic waste is the most effective way to alleviate the problem of mass garbage accumulation around the villages of rural China. Farmers are the creators of rural domestic waste as well as the direct beneficiaries of effective waste management. However, few studies have been conducted on the psychological determinants of farmers’ intentions to sort domestic waste. This paper applies planned behavior theory (TPB) and normative activation theory (NAM), to analyze the domestic waste sorting intentions of rural residents in Guanzhong, China. Based on the micro-data of 327 rural households in Guanzhong, structural equation models of the factors influencing farmers’ domestic waste sorting intentions were estimated. The results demonstrate the following. (1) Farmers’ attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and personal norms have significant positive direct impacts on their domestic waste sorting intentions, with personal norms having the greatest direct impact. (2) Subjective norms have no direct impact on farmers’ domestic waste sorting intentions but do have an indirect impact on them through personal norms, behavioral attitudes, and perceived behavior control. This article increases scholarly understanding of the psychosocial determinants of the environmentally friendly behavioral intention to sort domestic waste. The study also provides academic and theoretical support to policy makers in implementing relevant policy recommendations.

Strategy to Strengthen Rural Domestic Waste Composting at Low Temperature: Choice of Ventilation Condition

In order to investigate the effects of the ventilation conditions on the rural domestic waste composting efficiency at low ambient temperature, three composting groups, which were carried out in self-designed high-efficiency, low-energy-consuming aerobic composting reactor, were compared: hot-blast air group (H), natural air group (N), and stuffiness group (S). The operating parameters of the two ventilation groups include a ventilation rate and frequency of 0.2 m3/min m3 and 20 min/2 h, respectively. In this study, the rates of temperature rose in the group H, N, S were 34.8, 6.4, 11.3 °C/day, respectively, and only the group H reached a maximum temperature of over 50 °C. Moreover, the biochemical analysis, microbial community analysis and the composting product assessment indicated that the reaction degree and treatment effect of the group H were much better than the other two groups. Results showed that the positive effect of H on the efficiency of the composting process was achieved by affecting ventilation conditions. Accordingly, we provided a method to solve the problem regarding temperature limitations of the conventional composting process in cold area.

Study on the Status Quo and Countermeasures of Rural Domestic Waste Pollution in Liaoning Province

At present, the problem of rural domestic garbage pollution in China is relatively serious, which restricts the sustainable development of rural areas. Therefore, it is very important to investigate and analyze the characteristics of rural domestic garbage generation and discuss countermeasures for the treatment of domestic garbage. This article is conducted a one-year follow-up survey of the characteristics of garbage generation in Zhenshang Village, Central Village, and Natural Village in Fushun City, Anshan City, Dandong City, Shenyang City, Tieling City, and Panjin City in Liaoning Province. Background, the amount, physical composition and change trend of rural domestic garbage were analyzed, and on this basis, countermeasures for rural domestic garbage treatment in Liaoning Province were proposed.

Research on the Implementation Status and Optimization Path of Classified Management of Rural Domestic Waste in China

The Chinese government attaches great importance to rural revitalization, and doing a good job in the classification and management of rural domestic and foreign waste is the main direction for improving the rural living environment. Combining with the pattern of domestic and foreign rural domestic waste, this paper attempts to explore a public-government-enterprise model, a waste management model for continuous operation. Combining the education of domestic waste classification management with Internet technology and mining waste to make a new profit point, The classification management provide relevant suggestions for the long-term operation of the reproducible, recyclable and sustainable closed-loop platform for the classification management model.

Evolutionary Game Analysis on the Classification Management of Rural Domestic Waste

In February 2018, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued The Three-year Action Plan for the Rehabilitation of Rural Human Settlements, and in this plan, the classification management of rural domestic waste (CMRDW) was given the priority. Although there has been a successful precedent for the CMRDW model of “collection in household, gathering in village, transshipment in town, treatment in county” created by Jinhua District of Zhejiang Province. However, affected by the quality of rural Chinese residents, related management costs and economic benefits and the government's funds, the CMRDW still hinders. Based on the bounded rationality, this paper constructs a game model of three parties including government, enterprises and rural residents, and establishes an evolutionary stability strategy (ESS) based on the replicator dynamic function to explore a Government-Enterprise-Rural Residents model of waste classification management that tripartite will altogether win and find a development path to form a continuous operation platform.

Effects of Organic Amendments on Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen Uptake by Corn Seedlings Grown in Two Purple Soils

An incubation experiment and a pot experiment were carried out to investigate the effects of organic materials on microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) content, dry weight, and nitrogen uptake of maize seedlings grown in an acidic purple soil and a calcareous purple soil. The organic materials used included pig manure biogas residue (PM), cattle manure biogas residue (CM), sludge compost (SC), compost from rural domestic waste both with and without 20% sludge (RWC1 and RWC2, respectively). The results showed that MBC content in the acidic and calcareous purple soils increased by 53.63%-102.91% and 12.14%-137.00%, respectively. The slower the decomposition of organic materials and the higher the C/N ratio, the bigger the MBC content of the soils. Furthermore, MBN contents, which were affected by the different forms of organic, increased by 23.37%-150.08% and 35.02%-160.02%, respectively. The MBC/MBN contents of both soils decreased with the increase in the C/N ratio of the organic materials, but a higher C/N ratio was beneficial for maintaining a higher MBN content over an extended period of time. With the exception of CM, the addition of organic materials improved the biomass of maize seedlings, and their nitrogen uptake and utilization rate in both soils were also significantly enhanced, although these effects were less than that achieved through conventional fertilization. The uptake and utilization of nitrogen followed the order of SC > PM > RWC2 > RWC1. The inhibiting effect of CM was related to its higher C/N ratio, while the promoting effect of the other materials on nitrogen uptake by the corn seedlings increased as soil MBC/MBN content decreased. Therefore, the influence of organic materials on the change and supply of soil nitrogen was not only related to their properties but also to their effects on soil MBC/MBN content.

Optimisation of Biogas Production through Variation of PH, Detention Time and Ratio of Substrate to Water for Rural Utilization

A response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized in this study for optimisation of biogas production process. The optimal values of process parameter capable of giving a high yield of biogas were established. A biodigester of 20 liters capacity capable of producing biogas from rural household domestic waste was designed, constructed and used in the study. Its major units are the anaerobic and gas collecting units. The process parameters investigated are the pH of the substrate, detention time and ratio of substrate to water while the yield of biogas was used as performance characteristics. The experiment was based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The results revealed that the highest yield of biogas was obtained from a combination of detention time of 30 days, ratio of substrate to water of 1:1 and pH of 7, while the least yield of biogas of 11 cm3 was obtained from combination of detention time of 30 days, ratio of substrate to water of 1:3 and pH of 2. Numerical optimization carried out with the goal of maximizing the biogas yield revealed optimum values of detention time of 40 days, the ratio of substrate and water used; 1:2 and pH of 6.71 for biogas of 771.77 cm3 with the desirability of 0.9850. The detention time had the highest significant effects on the yield of biogas. The results of this study provided standard input process variables capable of yielding the optimum yield of biogas for the rural community.

Garbage source classification performance, impact factor, and management strategy in rural areas of China: A case study in Hangzhou

Garbage classification and reduction is imperative in many developing countries, where the imbalance between the rapid growth of solid waste and insufficient disposal capacity can be challenging. In order to evaluate whether a novel ‘2 + T’ source classification method (biodegradable waste, other waste, and toxic waste) and three types of source classification and resourcing treatment patterns implemented in the rural areas of Hangzhou can be widely applied, field investigations, questionnaire interviews, and factor analysis were carried out comprehensively. By means of ‘2 + T’ source classification method, biodegradable waste, accounting for the largest proportion of rural domestic waste, can be effectively separated for the subsequent reduction and resource treatment. Classified deposition in the doorway and door-to-door collection of biodegradable and other wastes provided the best solution for the accuracy of source classification and public participation. Based on the analysis, appropriate classification methods and patterns, sustainable publicity and supervision of source classification behavior as well as sufficient financial support will be key factors for rural domestic waste classification and resourcing management. These methods have a great potential for promoting solid waste classification in the rural areas of China and in other developing countries.

The influence of environmental concern and institutional trust on farmers’ willingness to participate in rural domestic waste treatment

The influence of environmental concern and institutional trust on farmers’ willingness to participate in rural domestic waste treatment

Govermance Practice and Management Stratigies of Rural Domestic Waste in Hangzhou City, China

Govermance Practice and Management Stratigies of Rural Domestic Waste in Hangzhou City, China

The spatio-temporal dynamic pattern of rural domestic solid waste discharge of China and its challenges.

At present, construction of rural domestic waste treatment facilities is seriously lagging, and in many cases, treatment facilities do not yet exist in some villages of China. Serious rural waste pollution has not only impacted the quality of surface water and groundwater but also the atmosphere and the living environment of farmers of China. There are relatively few studies of rural domestic waste pollution, especially with respect to the spatio-temporal dynamic pattern of rural domestic waste discharge. Using survey data and income per capita, we calculated rural domestic waste discharge per capita per day. From this, we calculated provincial rural domestic waste discharge. According to our study, rural domestic waste discharge was 1.42 × 108 t/year in 2000. This number increased to 2.3 × 108 t/year in 2006 and to 2.47 × 108 t/year in 2010. Rural domestic waste increased dramatically while the actual rural population and the proportion of the rural population declined. When examining the eight regions, the rural domestic waste discharge of northeastern China, Qinghai-Tibet, middle China, and southwestern China had increased dramatically, while that of northern China, southern China, and eastern China increased relatively slowly. The economies of northern China, southern China, and eastern China are more developed; their rural domestic waste discharge has been high since 2000 and has continued to increase slowly. In northeastern China, Qinghai-Tibet, middle China, and southwestern China, rural domestic waste discharge was low in 2000; however, in the ten-year period from 2000 to 2010, their rural domestic waste discharge increased dramatically.

An evaluation of the social dimensions in public participation in rural domestic waste source-separated collection in Guilin, China.

A comprehensive evaluation of public participation in rural domestic waste (RDW) source-separated collection in China was carried out within a social-dimension framework, specifically in terms of public perception, awareness, attitude, and willingness to pay for RDW management. The evaluation was based on a case study conducted in Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, which is a representative of most inland areas of the country with a GDP around the national average. It was found that unlike urban residents, rural residents maintained a high rate of recycling, but in a spontaneous manner; they paid more attention to issues closely related to their daily lives, but less attention to those at the general level; their awareness of RDW source-separated collection was low and different age groups showed significantly different preferences regarding the sources of knowledge acquirement. Among potential information sources, village committees played a very important role in knowledge dissemination; for the respondents' pro-environmental attitudes, the influencing factor of "lack of legislation/policy" was considered to be significant; mandatory charges for waste collection and disposal had a high rate of acceptance among rural residents; and high monthly incomes had a positive correlation with both public pro-environmental attitudes and public willingness to pay for extra charges levied by RDW management. These observations imply that, for decision-makers in the short term, implementing mandatory RDW source-separated collection programs with enforced guidelines and economic compensation is more effective, while in the long run, promoting pro-environmental education to rural residents is more important.

Factors affecting the rural domestic waste generation

The current study was carried out to evaluate the quantity and quality of rural domestic waste generation and to identify the factors affecting it in rural areas of Khodabandeh county in Zanjan Province, Iran. Waste samplings consisted of 318 rural households in 11 villages. In order to evaluate the quality and quantity of the rural domestic waste, waste production was classified into 12 groups and 2 main groups of organic waste and solid waste. Moreover, kriging interpolation technique in ARC-GIS software was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of the generated domestic waste and ultimately multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors affecting the generation of domestic waste. The results of this study showed that the average waste generated by each person was 0.588 kilograms per day. with the share of organic waste generated by each person being 0.409 kilograms per day and the share of solid waste generated by each person being 0.179 kilograms per day. The results from spatial distribution of waste generation showed a certain pattern in three groups and a higher rate of waste generation in the northern and northwestern parts, especially in the subdistrict. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the households’ income, assets, age, and personal attitude are respectively the most important variables affecting waste generation. The housholds’ attitude and indigenous knowledge on efficient use of materials are also the key factors which can help reducing waste generation.

Variation of toxic pollutants emission during a feeding cycle from an updraft fixed bed gasifier for disposing rural solid waste

Abstract The variation of toxic pollutants emission during a feeding cycle was examined by field monitoring from a batch feeding updraft fixed bed gasifier for disposing rural domestic solid waste. Results showed that the content of oxygen in flue gas gradually increased, while SO2 and HCl in flue gas decreased with time after feeding in a whole feeding cycle. Although large amount of CO was produced during the gasifying, low CO content in flue gas could be obtained after the heat treatment with an electric heating device. The distribution characteristics of dioxin congeners in flue gas indicted the re-synthesis of dioxins after flue gas heating, and the increase of oxygen promoted the synthesis of dioxins. The emission content of dioxins could meet the standard (0.1 ng I-TEQ·m− 3, GB18458-2014) of China when the oxygen content was controlled below 8.3%. Hence, for a batch feeding gasifier, low oxygen condition should be offered by reducing air intake at the later stage of feeding cycle in order to decrease the re-synthesis of dioxins after the flue gas heating.

Emission characteristics of toxic pollutants from an updraft fixed bed gasifier for disposing rural domestic solid waste.

Gasification has gained advantage as an effective way to dispose domestic solid waste in mountainous rural of China. However, its toxic emissions such as PCDD/Fs and heavy metals, as well as their potential environmental risks, were not well studied in engineering application. In this study, an updraft fixed bed gasifier was investigated by field sampling analysis. Results showed that low toxic emissions (dust, SO2, NOx, HCl, CO, H2S, NH3, PCDD/Fs and heavy metals) in the flue gas were achieved when the rural solid waste was used as feedstock. The mass distribution of heavy metals showed that 94.00% of Pb, 80.45% of Cu, 78.00% of Cd, 77.31% of Cr, and 76.25% of As were remained in residual, whereas 86.58% of Hg was found in flue gas. The content of PCDD/Fs in the flue gas was 0.103 ngI-TEQ·Nm-3, and the total emission factor of PCDD/Fs from the gasifier was 50.04 μgI-TEQ·t-waste-1, among which only 0.04 μgI-TEQ·t-waste-1 was found in the flue gas. The total output of PCDD/Fs was1.89 times as high as input, indicting the updraft fixed bed gasifier increased emission of PCDD/Fs during the treatment domestic solid waste. In addition, the distribution characteristics of PCDD/Fs congeners reflected that PCDD/Fs was mainly generated in the gasification process rather than the stage of flue gas cleaning, suggesting the importance to effectively control the generation of PCDD/Fs within the gasifier chamber in order to obtain a low PCDD/Fs emission level.

中国农村生活垃圾处理现状分析

随着人民生活水平的不断提高，农村生活垃圾产量与日俱增，由此带来的环境污染问题日益严重，生活垃圾处理是我国社会主义新农村建设中面临的突出问题之一。本文系统分析了我国农村生活垃圾的处理技术及处理现状，综合比较了卫生填埋法、焚烧法、堆肥法等处理工艺的优缺点，阐述了我国未来生活垃圾处理方式的发展趋势，并针对目前中国农村生活垃圾处理存在的问题，提出了相关对策。 With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the output of rural living garbage is increasing day by day. The environmental pollution problem is becoming more and more serious. Domestic waste disposal is one of the outstanding problems in the construction of new socialist countryside. This paper systematically analyzes the technology and status of rural domestic waste in China, and compares the differences of sanitary landfill, incineration and composting processes. At the same time, it expounds the development trend of China’s future domestic waste disposal methods and puts forward some countermeasures to solve the existing problems of rural domestic waste disposal in China.

Development of regional pollution export coefficients based on artificial rainfall experiments and its application in North China

The Export Coefficient Model (ECM) has been widely used to estimate nonpoint source (NPS) pollution loads due to its ease of application. Accurate pollution export coefficients are crucial for reducing uncertainties in load estimation. By integrating artificial simulated rainfall experiments with field survey data, we have developed a new method that estimates regional pollution export coefficients. Results showed that the export coefficients calculated using this new method accurately express the regional rainfall–runoff characteristics, as the simulation precision of this method had grown by 30% than the results with traditional ECM and export coefficients which surveyed from the literature. Based on the calculated regional pollutant export coefficient, the annual loads of TN and TP in the plains area of the Baiyangdian basin in 2010 were 25,967.13 t and 4349.29 t, respectively. Among different types of sources, rural livestock had the greatest contribution (over 60%), whereas rural domestic waste represented the smallest contribution (approximately 10%). Of the different sources, pigs contributed almost half of all NPS pollution from livestock, rural residential areas were the main land use pollution source, and rural living garbage was the main source of rural domestic waste. Spatially, NPS was mainly distributed in the Zhulong and Juma watersheds. Other watersheds only contributed approximately 5% NPS per watershed. However, the per-area loads of these lower load watersheds were larger or nearly equal to that of the Zhulong watershed. Therefore, the lower load watersheds should be addressed for the control of NPS pollution.

Rural domestic waste management in Zhejiang Province, China: Characteristics, current practices, and an improved strategy

Lack of access to adequate sanitation facilities has serious health implications for rural dwellers and can degrade the ecosystems. This study offers a systemantic and quantitative overview of historical data on rural domestic waste (RDW) production and past and current management practices in a prototype region in China, where rural areas are undergoing rapid urbanization and are confronted with great environmental challenges associated with poor RDW management practices. The results indicate that RDW is characterized with a large fraction of kitchen waste (42.9%) and high water content (53.4%). The RDW generation (RDWG) per capita between 2012 and 2020 is estimated to increase from 0.68 to 1.01 kg/d-cap. The Hill 1 model is able to adequately simulate/project the population growth in a rural area from 1993 to 2020. The annual RDWG in the region is estimated to double from 6,033,000 tons/year in 2008 to 12,030,000 tons/year by 2020. By comparing three RDW management scenarios based on the life-cycle inventory approach and cost–benefit analysis, it is strongly recommended that the present Scenario 2 (sanitary landfill treatment) be upgraded to Scenario 3 (source separation followed by composting and landfill of RDW) to significantly reduce the ecological footprint and to improve the cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability.Implications: Rural domestic waste (RDW) is affecting 720 million people in China and more than 3221 million people worldwide. Consequently, handling and disposal of RDW have serious health implications to rural dwellers and the ecosystems. This study offers a systemantic and quantitative overview and analysis of historical data on RDW production and management practices in a prototype region in China, which is confronted with great environmental challenges associated with RDW. Then we predict future production of RDW and propose a sustainable RDW management strategy, which holds the promise of greatly mitigating the mounting environmental pressure associated with RDW and provides science-based guidance for decision makers and practitioners for assuring rapid yet “green” economic development.

Rural domestic waste disposal: an empirical analysis in five provinces of China

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the different types of domestic waste disposal in rural China and the major factors that affect rural household waste disposal behavior. Design/methodology/approach – Stratified and randomly sampled household data are used to describe the disposal of domestic waste in rural China, including domestic garbage and organic waste (human excreta, livestock waste, and kitchen waste); econometric models are estimated to quantify the major determinants of household domestic garbage and human excreta disposal. Findings – While about 30 percent of the domestic garbage in 2008 was discharged to appropriately designated places, more than 40 percent of the garbage was discharged casually. Organic waste at the time of data gathering was still largely used in agricultural production, although a falling trend has been evidenced in recent years. Based on econometric analysis, it becomes clear that income growth, rising population density, and transportation improvements have significantly improved domestic garbage disposal, but negatively affected the recycling of human excreta. The provision of an adequate garbage collection service has the most positive effects on garbage management. Originality/value – The analyses are based on primary survey data. The results will have significant policy implications on the management of rural domestic waste to maintain better rural environment.

An Overview on Rural Domestic Waste Pollution and Treatment Technologies in China

With the improvement of people's living standards in China, rural solid waste emissions increase sharply. In rural areas where most people live, domestic waste mainly deposited in the open air as one of the most important culprit of rural ecological pollution. Domestic waste is piled up randomly in rural area of China, which enter into river and lake and float on the water, and expand the pollution area. According to data research, The composition of rural domestic waste is mainly kitchen waste, waste plastics, waste paper, broken glass, broken pottery, waste fiber, used batteries and other articles for daily use and other things. There are some differences in component between different areas, while kitchen waste still takes a relatively large proportion. Thus organic matters are one of the most important components of domestic waste, which needs to be considered in devising treatment technology. Landfill, compositing and incineration is three basic methods to treat solid waste. Some featured technology such as biomass gasification, worm composting and anaerobic fermentation is developed to treat rural domestic waste considering its specialties. The treatment of rural solid waste of China is faced with many difficulties like environmental consciousness deficiency. Some technology corresponding to the reality of China needs to be developed and popularized . For the rich organic matters in rural domestic waste and specialties of rural economic situation, technologies need to concentrate on recycling biogas and fertilizers..