Editing Rules Research Articles

Calibrated Hot Deck Imputation for Numerical Data Under Edit Restrictions

We develop a nonparametric imputation method for item nonresponse based on the well-known hot deck approach. The proposed imputation method is developed for imputing numerical data that ensure that all record-level edit rules are satisfied and previously estimated or known totals are exactly preserved. We propose a sequential hot deck imputation approach that takes into account survey weights. Original survey weights are not changed; rather the imputations themselves are calibrated so that weighted estimates will equal known or estimated population totals. Edit rules are preserved by integrating the sequential hot deck imputation with Fourier-Motzkin elimination, which defines the range of feasible values that can be used for imputation such that all record-level edits will be satisfied. We apply the proposed imputation method under different scenarios of random and nearest-neighbor hot deck on two data sets: an annual structural business survey and a synthetically generated data set with a large proportion of missing data. We compare the proposed imputation methods to standard imputation methods based on a set of evaluation measures.

A New Approach to the Study of Editing of Repeated Lotteries

We propose a new theoretical framework to study the editing phase in the decision-making process. Our model combines hedonic editing with the assumption that some editing rules are too demanding and thus unfeasible for some decision makers. To capture how constrained decision makers are, we introduce the notion of willingness to pay for editing, which decreases when the set of feasible editing rules becomes larger. An experiment in the context of repeated choices shows that the willingness to pay for segregation is zero, while it is strictly positive for aggregation. Moreover, the willingness to pay for editing is generally higher for slightly sophisticated decision makers compared to highly sophisticated decision makers.

Simultaneous edit-imputation and disclosure limitation for business establishment data

ABSTRACTBusiness establishment microdata typically are required to satisfy agency-specified edit rules, such as balance equations and linear inequalities. Inevitably some establishments' reported data violate the edit rules. Statistical agencies correct faulty values using a process known as edit-imputation. Business establishment data also must be heavily redacted before being shared with the public; indeed, confidentiality concerns lead many agencies not to share establishment microdata as unrestricted access files. When microdata must be heavily redacted, one approach is to create synthetic data, as done in the U.S. Longitudinal Business Database and the German IAB Establishment Panel. This article presents the first implementation of a fully integrated approach to edit-imputation and data synthesis. We illustrate the approach on data from the U.S. Census of Manufactures and present a variety of evaluations of the utility of the synthetic data. The paper also presents assessments of disclosure risks for several intruder attacks. We find that the synthetic data preserve important distributional features from the post-editing confidential microdata, and have low risks for the various attacks.

Lock up your stories – here comes Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality(VR) is here to stay. Virtual Reality offers a unique personal experience that alters one’s perception of the environment around them. While VR headsets have many mechanic limitations, the immersion is strong enough that the elusive goal of presence is reached. Fundamentally, it works well enough and will improve over time. What does this mean for animation? We have seen several professional attempts to create VR animated stories with varying degrees of success. It is clearly evident that the rules of cinematography, staging and editing are all changed. Cinematography is replaced with environmental design, camera placement becomes viewer controlled and any editing must be very gentle on the participant. Moreover, if animation is seen as a linear narrative, a controlled communication from story-teller to listener, what is gained by giving the listener more freedom? In the same way that early 3D computer animation placed pressure on the aesthetics of traditional animation, VR will exert a pressure on the design and structure of animation.

KILKA UWAG O BŁĘDACH W DWUSTRONNYCH UMOWACH POLSKO-ROSYJSKICH

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the most frequent errors and mistakes in official international documents. The analysis is based on a collection of agreements between the Republic of Poland and Russian Federation. Errors and mistakes in diplomatic agreements are not acceptable, however, some examples of these are presented in the analysed corpora. The underlying causes of errors are mostly of non-linguistic character – they are mainly psychological or physiological. A large number of errors may indicate low-level language skills or translator’s lack of knowledge about text editing rules. Omissions, excessive information, different kinds of errors in the titles of international agreements, inconsistent terms used within the same document or misspellings can be found in this corpora. A part of errors occurs in high-frequent words or collocations. It is suggested that these language problems are worth taking into consideration when planning vocational training courses or constructing syllabi and didactic materials. The importance of critical approach to lexicographic sources and own language skills has also been highlighted.

Establishing research universities in Ukrainian higher education: the incomplete journey of a structural reform

ABSTRACTThe idea of the research university as a key institution for social and economic development in knowledge-intensive societies has been adopted by the Ukrainian government after the fall of the communist regime. Establishing research universities is a long journey during which many things might happen. To understand this journey better in the case of Ukrainian research universities, we applied an analytical framework derived from the concept of travel and translation of ideas. This concept analyses reform through three types of editing rules: the rules of context, logic and formulation. These editing rules have guided our analysis of data gathered from policy documents complemented by face-to-face interviews. We conclude that the idea as introduced came to little, as the turbulent political context precluded long-term planning and universities were faced with conflicting policies.

Kinetic analysis of RNA editing of Newcastle disease virus P gene in the early period of infection.

As aparamyxovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has the ability to edit its P (phosphoprotein) gene to synthesize three kinds of viral protein (P, Vand W). It is technically very difficult to differentiate P, Vand W mRNAs, and little was known about NDV regulation of RNA-editing frequency. To investigate the rules of NDV RNA editing, the ratio of the P gene-derived transcripts (P, Vand W) was determined by sequencing at different time points post-infection. The results showed unstable ratio of Vand W mRNA at different time points, and the frequency of NDV editing was significantly increased at the early period of infection (P Newcastle disease virus; phosphoprotein; RNA editing; G insertion.

Enriching data imputation with extensive similarity neighbors

Incomplete information often occur along with many database applications, e.g., in data integration, data cleaning or data exchange. The idea of data imputation is to fill the missing data with the values of its neighbors who share the same information. Such neighbors could either be identified certainly by editing rules or statistically by relational dependency networks. Unfortunately, owing to data sparsity, the number of neighbors (identified w.r.t. value equality) is rather limited, especially in the presence of data values with variances. In this paper, we argue to extensively enrich similarity neighbors by similarity rules with tolerance to small variations. More fillings can thus be acquired that the aforesaid equality neighbors fail to reveal. To fill the missing values more , we study the problem of maximizing the missing data imputation. Our major contributions include (1) the np-hardness analysis on solving and approximating the problem, (2) exact algorithms for tackling the problem, and (3) efficient approximation with performance guarantees. Experiments on real and synthetic data sets demonstrate that the filling accuracy can be improved.

Statistical Disclosure Limitation in the Presence of Edit Rules

Abstract We compare two general strategies for performing statistical disclosure limitation (SDL) for continuous microdata subject to edit rules. In the first, existing SDL methods are applied, and any constraint-violating values they produce are replaced using a constraint-preserving imputation procedure. In the second, the SDL methods are modified to prevent them from generating violations. We present a simulation study, based on data from the Colombian Annual Manufacturing Survey, that evaluates the performance of the two strategies as applied to several SDL methods. The results suggest that differences in risk-utility profiles across SDL methods dwarf differences between the two general strategies. Among the SDL strategies, variants of microaggregation and partially synthetic data offer the most attractive risk-utility profiles.

A resolução 135/CNJ e o desafio da regulamentação da magistratura

O Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ), criado em 2004, é o órgão administrativo de cúpula do Poder Judiciário (artigo 103-B da Constituição Federal). Essa instituição conta com competência para editar normas que vinculam os Tribunais brasileiros, com exceção do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e para exercer o controle funcional da magistratura nacional. O presente artigo é um estudo de caso que explora um aspecto específico dessas funções do CNJ em sua atuação: o poder regulamentar em matéria de controle disciplinar da magistratura. Nosso objetivo central é entender a dinâmica institucional existente e como esse tema foi trabalhado ao longo da história do Conselho: que tipos de resistências foram encontrados neste processo e quais atores se envolveram nas discussões existentes. Será descrito e analisado um percurso que se inicia com uma regulação frágil por meio de normas do Regimento Interno, dá lugar a uma primeira resolução unificadora da matéria disciplinar e, finalmente, à norma definitiva, a Resolução 135/2011, a qual promove significativas mudanças no regramento disciplinar – e que, muito por isso, é objeto de uma Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade.

Some Individual Differences Influencing the Propensity to Happiness: Insights from Behavioral Economics

The present study investigated the differences between individuals with high and low level of happiness in regulatory focus, reference point setting and editing rules conformity. Participants (N = 570) responded to the general well-being (GWB) schedule. Those with GWB scores ±1 Z score from the sample mean (N = 182) were recalled to respond to the regular focus scale and self-frame questionnaire, and complete the editing rules test. The results suggested that compared to the individuals with low happiness, individuals with high happiness tend to be promotion focus rather than prevention focus, prefer to regard the current state as reference point, and more comply with editing rules that can produce the maximum psychological value. The current result further illustrated the subjectivity of happiness and suggested some practical ways to achieving more happiness.

Calibrated imputation of numerical data under linear edit restrictions

A common problem faced by statistical institutes is that data may be missing from collected data sets. The typical way to overcome this problem is to impute the missing data. The problem of imputing missing data is complicated by the fact that statistical data often have to satisfy certain edit rules and that values of variables across units sometimes have to sum up to known totals. For numerical data, edit rules are most often formulated as linear restrictions on the variables. For example, for data on enterprises edit rules could be that the profit and costs of an enterprise should sum up to its turnover and that the turnover should be at least zero. The totals of some variables across units may already be known from administrative data (e.g., turnover from a tax register) or estimated from other sources. Standard imputation methods for numerical data as described in the literature generally do not take such edit rules and totals into account. In this article we describe algorithms for imputing missing numerical data that take edit restrictions into account and ensure that sums are calibrated to known totals. These algorithms are based on a sequential regression approach that uses regression predictions to impute the variables one by one. To assess the performance of the imputation methods, a simulation study is carried out as well as an evaluation study based on a real data set.

The Translation of Hospital Management Models in European Health Systems: A Framework for Comparison

In this paper we develop a framework for comparing changes in the management of public hospitals across different national health systems, drawing on insights from institutional theory. Using a range of secondary sources we show how one particular form of hospital management, pioneered originally at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, has been translated differently in four health systems: England, Denmark, Italy and France. This analysis builds on the notion of editing rules, which derive from the institutional context, and illustrates how these rules broaden our understanding of variable translations of global templates for hospital management. The paper concludes by highlighting wider implications for theory and policy.

Konstanty Gaszyński – pierwszy edytor listów Zygmunta Krasińskiego

The first edition of selected letters by Zygmunt Krasinski was edited by his closest friend – Konstanty Gaszynski – and published in Paris in 1860. The volume Wyjątki z listow Zygmunta Krasinskiego included selected letters that were – pursuant to the title – fragmentary quoted, without introducing recipients’ names, which was compatible with the rules of contemporary editing and presented in the introduction to the book. The editor’s aim was not to publish an integral text of letters but to familiarise readers with more interesting extracts of both literary and philosophical values. The letters were not treated as a biographical source. On the contrary, some details of that kind were usually omitted.

Prenos športnega dogodka kot televizijska kulturna forma

Direct TV broadcasting of sport events is undoubtedly the focal point of interest of sport fans in sports media as well as of sponsors and investors responsible for the global mediatisation of popular sports. In this article, the centrality of direct TV broadcasts in the televisual coverage of sports, as well as in the presence of sports in new media in general is explained in the context of the impact of the mediatisation of sports upon cultural forms of TV coverage of sports. The complexity of these forms and its main features (the role of the commentator, the rules of editing, dramatisation and narrativisation in direct broadcasts) are analysed.

Refashioning Print Literature:

In addressing the issue of modern China and world literature in the age of globalization, we should not neglect this fact: in contemporary Chinese society as well as elsewhere, the elite literary market has been increasingly shrinking, with more and more readers reading online rather than in the libraries, for there have appeared numerous netizens who write and publish online. I think it's hard to say whether or not the Internet will ruin or contrib- ute to the popularization of serious literature: a lot of print literature, chiefly serious literature, is likely to be published on the Internet, but although that means fewer books will be printed on paper, it also means that it will pos- sible for more and more readers to get access to serious literature, including translated world literature online. Since translated literature comprises a large part of the literary market, Internet writing might well contribute a bit to the popularization of world literature in China as well. But my concern in this article is the extent to which the Internet will help to popularize literature. Obviously, the emergence of the Internet in our daily lives provides us with a new way to communicate and express our feelings and opinions. As a global system of interconnected computer networks, the Internet con- nects billions of users (or their computers) worldwide by using the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). Thus, for most users, it is the first time that they have not been limited by space and time in communicating with others, and they now have the opportunity to know other people's (public or private) stories and share their experiences in just a matter of seconds. Speed changes everything and makes things go more smoothly in our lives. Not only do the younger generations like to communicate online, but even the older scholars are gradually taking interest in communicating through the Internet.

Editing, Digital Image Design, World-Building

When Sam Peckinpah turned over his raw footage for Ride the High Country (1962) to the MGM studio editor, she declared that the material he had filmed for the final gunfight was incompetent and that it could not be edited together in a coherent way. Viewed today, the scene does not seem especially transgressive in its treatment of continuity, but in that earlier period when studio editing rules were more conservative, Peckinpah’s disregard for standardized camera set-ups and conventional coverage perplexed and infuriated MGM’s editor.

The Attentional Theory of Cinematic Continuity

The intention of most film editing is to create the impression of continuity by editing together discontinuous viewpoints. The continuity editing rules are well established yet there exists an incomplete understanding of their cognitive foundations. This article presents the Attentional Theory of Cinematic Continuity (AToCC), which identifies the critical role visual attention plays in the perception of continuity across cuts and demonstrates how perceptual expectations can be matched across cuts without the need for a coherent representation of the depicted space. The theory explains several key elements of the continuity editing style including match-action, matchedexit/entrances, shot/reverse-shot, the 180° rule, and point-of-view editing. AToCC formalizes insights about viewer cognition that have been latent in the filmmaking community for nearly a century and demonstrates how much vision science in general can learn from film.

Towards certain fixes with editing rules and master data

A variety of integrity constraints have been studied for data cleaning. While these constraints can detect the presence of errors, they fall short of guiding us to correct the errors. Indeed, data repairing based on these constraints may not find certain fixes that are guaranteed correct, and worse still, may even introduce new errors when attempting to repair the data. We propose a method for finding certain fixes, based on master data, a notion of certain regions, and a class of editing rules. A certain region is a set of attributes that are assured correct by the users. Given a certain region and master data, editing rules tell us what attributes to fix and how to update them. We show how the method can be used in data monitoring and enrichment. We also develop techniques for reasoning about editing rules, to decide whether they lead to a unique fix and whether they are able to fix all the attributes in a tuple, relative to master data and a certain region. Furthermore, we present a framework and an algorithm to find certain fixes, by interacting with the users to ensure that one of the certain regions is correct. We experimentally verify the effectiveness and scalability of the algorithm.

CerFix

We present CerFix, a data cleaning system that finds certain fixes for tuples at the point of data entry, i.e. , fixes that are guaranteed correct. It is based on master data, editing rules and certain regions. Given some attributes of an input tuple that are validated (assured correct), editing rules tell us what other attributes to fix and how to correct them with master data. A certain region is a set of attributes that, if validated, warrant a certain fix for the entire tuple. We demonstrate the following facilities provided by CerFix: (1) a region finder to identify certain regions; (2) a data monitor to find certain fixes for input tuples, by guiding users to validate a minimal number of attributes; and (3) an auditing module to show what attributes are fixed and where the correct values come from.