Editing Rules Research Articles

Multivariate outlier detection based on self-organizing map and adaptive nonlinear map and its application

To facilitate visualizing and detecting outliers in high dimensional complex data, a novel method integrating self-organizing map (SOM) with adaptive non-linear map (ANLM) was proposed for multivariate outlier detection. Firstly, the high dimensional complex data are pre-processed by robust scaling. Secondly, SOM is applied to map the pre-processed data onto the SOM plane to obtain the topology of the high dimensional complex data, and then the 2-dimensional projection plane of the trained SOM plane, on which the data distribution can be visualized easily, is obtained via ANLM. In sequel, based on the 2-dimensional plane and the topology, a quasi-3 δ edit rule was proposed to distinguish between the normal data and the outliers in high dimensional complex data. Finally, the proposed multivariate outlier detection was illustrated using synthetic data, two standard benchmark data sets and a real industrial process data. The empirical results show that the outliers in high dimensional complex data are visualized easily on the 2-dimensional plane and effectively detected and eliminated by the quasi-3 δ edit rule, and fully demonstrate its satisfactory ability on dealing with outliers in high dimensional complex data.

Towards certain fixes with editing rules and master data

A variety of integrity constraints have been studied for data cleaning. While these constraints can detect the presence of errors, they fall short of guiding us to correct the errors. Indeed, data repairing based on these constraints may not find certain fixes that are absolutely correct, and worse, may introduce new errors when repairing the data. We propose a method for finding certain fixes, based on master data, a notion of certain regions , and a class of editing rules . A certain region is a set of attributes that are assured correct by the users. Given a certain region and master data, editing rules tell us what attributes to fix and how to update them. We show how the method can be used in data monitoring and enrichment. We develop techniques for reasoning about editing rules, to decide whether they lead to a unique fix and whether they are able to fix all the attributes in a tuple, relative to master data and a certain region. We also provide an algorithm to identify minimal certain regions, such that a certain fix is warranted by editing rules and master data as long as one of the regions is correct. We experimentally verify the effectiveness and scalability of the algorithm.

Bringing about change in patient‐centred preventive care

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how healthcare organizations in Denmark transform modern ideas of patient‐centred preventive care into organizational practice. Specific attention is given to the influence of existing organizational practices.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative multiple case study design is used to explore “motivational interviewing”, a health behaviour concept that was introduced in preventive consultations in ten Danish clinics. From an institutional perspective, the concept may be understood as an “organizational recipe” that translates into organizational activities. Data are generated by observations, interviews and document reviews. Theory and data provide the framework for an analytical phase model.FindingsThe paper reveals how abstract ideas on preventive care translate into specific activities in organizations following pre‐existing, general rules of medical practice. Disparities between clinics are related to distinctive local practices, such as clinics' conditions and preventive treatment practices that form local sets of editing rules. Differences in clinic performances result in variations in achieving the ideal of patient‐centred, preventive care prescribed by motivational interviewing.Research limitations/implicationsIt is acknowledged in medical practice that there are different conceptions of the ideal of preventive care. The paper points to the value of promoting transparency in clinical practice and of paying attention to the mismatch between external expectations and organizational capabilities.Originality/valueThe paper adds to the understanding of organizational dynamics at the micro‐level.

3차원 인체치수 조사 자료의 품질 개선을 위한 연구

To inspect the quality of data collected from a large-scale body measurement and investigation project, it is necessary to establish a proper data editing process. The three-dimensional body measurement may have measuring errors caused from measurer's proficiency or changes in the subject's posture. And it may also have errors caused in the process of algorithm expressing the information obtained from the three-dimensional scanner into numerical values, and in the course of data-processing dealing with numerous data for individuals. When those errors are found, the quality of the measured data is deteriorated, and they consequently reduce the quality of statistics which was conducted on the basis of it. Therefore this study intends to suggest a new way to improve the quality of the data collected from the three-dimensional body measurement by proposing a working procedure identifying data errors and correcting them from the whole data processing procedure-collecting, processing, and analyzing- of the 2004 Size Korea Three-dimensional Body Measurement Project. This study was carried out into three stages: Firstly, we detected erroneous data by examining of logical relations among variables under each edit rule. Secondly, we detected suspicious data through independent examination of individual variable value by sex and age. Finally, we examined scatter-plot matrix of many variables to consider the relationships among them. This simple graphical tool helps us to find out whether some suspicious data exist in the data set or not. As a result of this study, we detected some erroneous data included in the raw data. We figured out that the main errors are not because of the system errors that the three-dimensional body measurement system has but because of the subject's original three-dimensional shape data. Therefore by correcting some erroneous data, we have enhanced data quality.

Writing your journal article in 12 weeks: a guide to academic publishing success

Acknowledgments Introduction: Using This Workbook Goals of the workbook. History of the workbook. Philosophy of the workbook. Pedagogy of the workbook. General instructions. Using the workbook according to your temperament, discipline, or career stage. Using the workbook by yourself, with a writing partner, in a writing group, with coauthors, or to teach a class. Feedback to the author. Week 1: Designing Your Plan for Writing Instruction: Understanding feelings about writing. Keys to positive writing experiences. Designing a plan for submitting your article in twelve weeks. Exercises: Selecting a paper for revision. Choosing your writing site. Designing your writing schedule. Anticipating and overturning writing obstacles. Week 2: Starting Your Article Instruction: Types of academic articles. Myths about publishable journal articles. What gets published and why. Abstracts as a tool for success. Getting started on your article revision. Exercises: Hammering out your topic. Rereading your paper. Drafting your abstract. Reading a model article. Revising your abstract. Week 3: Advancing Your Argument Instruction: Common reasons why journals reject articles. Main reason journal articles are rejected: no argument. Making a good argument. Organizing your article around your argument. Exercises: Drafting your argument. Reviewing your article for an argument. Revising your article around your argument. Week 4: Selecting a Journal Instruction: Good news about journals. The importance of picking the right journal. Types of academic journals: nonrecommended, questionable, and preferred. Finding suitable academic journals. Exercises: Searching for journals. Evaluating academic journals. Matching your article to suitable journals. Reading relevant journals. Writing a query letter to editors. Making a final decision about which journal. Week 5: Reviewing the Related Literature Instruction: Reading the scholarly literature. Types of scholarly literature. Strategies for getting reading done. Identifying your relationship to the related literature. Avoiding plagiarism. Writing about others' research. Exercises: Evaluating your current citations. Identifying and reading the related literature. Evaluating the related literature. Writing or revising your related literature review. Week 6: Strengthening Your Structure Instruction: On the importance of structure. Types of structures. Article structures in the social sciences and humanities. Solving structural problems. Revising for structure. Exercises: Outlining a model article. Outlining your article. Restructuring your article. Week 7: Presenting Your Evidence Instruction: Types of evidence. Writing up evidence in the social sciences. Writing up evidence in the humanities. Revising your evidence. Exercises: Discussing evidence in your field. Revisiting your evidence. Shaping your evidence around your argument. Week 8: Opening and Concluding Your Article Instruction: On the importance of openings. Revising your opening and conclusion. Exercises: Revising your title. Revising your introduction. Revisiting your abstract, related literature review, and author order. Revising your conclusion. Week 9: Giving, Getting, and Using Others' Feedback Instruction: Types of feedback. Exchanging your articles. Exercises: Sharing your article and getting feedback. Making a list of remaining tasks. Revising your article according to feedback. Week 10: Editing Your Sentences Instruction: On taking the time. Types of revising. The rules of editing. The Belcher diagnostic test. Editing your article. Exercises: Running the Belcher diagnostic test. Revising your article with the diagnostic test. Correcting other types of problem sentences. Week 11: Wrapping Up Your Article Instruction: On the perils of perfection. Finalizing your article. Exercises: Finalizing your argument, related literature review, introduction, evidence, structure, and conclusion. Week 12: Sending Your Article! Instruction: On the importance of finishing. Getting the submission ready. Exercises: Writing the cover letter. Preparing illustrations. Putting your article into the journal's style. Preparing the final print or electronic version. Send and celebrate! Week X: Responding to Journal Decisions Instruction: An exhortation. Waiting for the journal's decision. Reading the journal's decision. Types of journal decisions. Responding to journal decisions. Exercises: Evaluating and responding to the journal decision. Planning your revision. Revising your article. Drafting your revision cover letter. Requesting permissions. On the importance of persevering. End Notes Works Cited Recommended Reading Index About the Author

Cucumber, melon, pumpkin, and squash: Are rules of editing in flowering plants chloroplast genes so well known indeed?

The similarities and differences in the chloroplast genes editing patterns of four species from one family (and two genera), which is the first-ever attempt at comparison of such data in closely related species, is discussed. The effective use of the chloroplast genes editing patterns in evolutionary studies, especially in evaluating the kinship between closely related species, is thereby proved. The results indicate that differences in editing patterns between different genera (Cucumis and Cucurbita) exist, and some novel editing sites can be identified even now. However, surprising is the fact of finding editing in the codon for Arg (in flowering plants detected before only in Cuscuta reflexa chloroplast genome, Funk et al.,[Funk H.T., Berg S., Krupinska K., Maier U.G. and Krause K., 2007. Complete DNA sequences of the plastid genomes of two parasitic flowering plants species, Cuscuta reflexa and Cuscuta gronovi. BMC Plant Biol. 7:45, doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-7-45.]), which was believed to have been lost during evolution before the emergence of angiosperms. In addition, the existence of silent editing in plant chloroplasts has been confirmed, and some probable reasons for its presence are pointed out herein.

Questioning the Rules of Continuity Editing: An Empirical Study

We investigated phenomenal continuity across mid-action cuts in motion pictures. When a change of perspective is used in the midst of a dynamic event, film directors tend to agree that a straight-match cut is not advisable if the impression of smooth continuity is desired. Such a cut would embody an instantaneous transition from one camera angle or position to the next. Some film theorists recommend that some overlap of the action is desirable, surmising that the visual system needs time to digest the cut and to reorient. Others disagree and prefer a gap. We report two experiments that provide an empirical test of competing continuity hypotheses. We systematically varied the temporal parameters of a dynamic scene that continued across a camera jump. Computer-animated sequences had to be adjusted until they looked maximally smooth and temporally correct. Observers very consistently preferred gaps (ellipses). Implications for film editing and film theory are discussed.

Edit Blindness: The relationship between attention and global change blindness in dynamic scenes.

Although we experience the visual world as a continuous, richly detailed space we often fail to notice large and significant changes. Such change blindness has been demonstrated for local object changes and changes to the visual form of whole images, however it is assumed that total changes from one image to another would be easily detected. Film editing presents such total changes several times a minute yet we rarely seem to be aware of them, a phenomenon we refer to here as edit blindness. This phenomenon has never been empirically demonstrated even though film editors believe they have at their disposal techniques that induce edit blindness, the Continuity Editing Rules. In the present study we tested the relationship between Continuity Editing Rules and edit blindness by instructing participants to detect edits while watching excerpts from feature films. Eye movements were recorded during the task. The results indicate that edits constructed according to the Continuity Editing Rules result in greater edit blindness than edits not adhering to the rules. A quarter of edits joining two viewpoints of the same scene were undetected and this increased to a third when the edit coincided with a sudden onset of motion. Some cuts may be missed due to suppression of the cut transients by coinciding with eyeblinks or saccadic eye movements but the majority seem to be due to inattentional blindness as viewers attend to the depicted narrative. In conclusion, this study presents the first empirical evidence of edit blindness and its relationship to natural attentional behaviour during dynamic scene viewing.

On Preprocessing of Speech Signals

Preprocessing of speech signals is considered a crucial step in the development of a robust and efficient speech or speaker recognition system. In this paper, we present some popular statistical outlier-detection based strategies to segregate the silence/unvoiced part of the speech signal from the voiced portion. The proposed methods are based on the utilization of the 3 σ edit rule, and the Hampel Identifier which are compared with the conventional techniques: (i) short-time energy (STE) based methods, and (ii) distribution based methods. The results obtained after applying the proposed strategies on some test voice signals are encouraging.

Tests of Cumulative Prospect Theory with graphical displays of probability

AbstractRecent research reported evidence that contradicts cumulative prospect theory and the priority heuristic. The same body of research also violates two editing principles of original prospect theory: cancellation (the principle that people delete any attribute that is the same in both alternatives before deciding between them) and combination (the principle that people combine branches leading to the same consequence by adding their probabilities). This study was designed to replicate previous results and to test whether the violations of cumulative prospect theory might be eliminated or reduced by using formats for presentation of risky gambles in which cancellation and combination could be facilitated visually. Contrary to the idea that decision behavior contradicting cumulative prospect theory and the priority heuristic would be altered by use of these formats, however, data with two new graphical formats as well as fresh replication data continued to show the patterns of evidence that violate cumulative prospect theory, the priority heuristic, and the editing principles of combination and cancellation. Systematic violations of restricted branch independence also contradicted predictions of “stripped” prospect theory (subjectively weighted additive utility without the editing rules).

On shadow elimination after moving region segmentation based on different threshold selection strategies

A popular approach for detecting moving object regions in video sequences is the application of the background subtraction technique. According to this technique the background (reference) image is subtracted from the current image frame and the moving parts are detected by the selection of a suitable threshold. In this paper we present our work to discriminate the moving pixels of the generated difference images from the relatively stationary pixels through the use of three different threshold selection strategies, namely, (i) ‘3 σ edit rule’, (ii) rule utilizing the Hampel identifier, and (iii) rule based on an ad hoc selection of threshold. Further, after segmentation a method of classification, based on a moving shadow search technique, previously developed by the authors, has been applied to segregate the moving shadow region from the actual moving object. The speed-up achieved through the use of the three aforementioned techniques on the core moving shadow search process, compared to that where no such process has been applied, has been documented. The final outcomes of applying the shadow detection technique after segmenting using each of the threshold selection strategies, one at a time, on some indoor video sequences have been demonstrated and comparison of the methods made.

Gain-Loss Separability and Coalescing in Risky Decision Making

This experiment tested two behavioral properties of risky decision making—gain-loss separability (GLS) and coalescing. Cumulative prospect theory (CPT) implies both properties, but the transfer of attention exchange (TAX) model violates both. Original prospect theory satisfies GLS but may or may not satisfy coalescing, depending on whether editing rules are assumed. A configural form of CPT proposed by Wu and Markle [Wu, G., A. B. Markle. 2004. An empirical test of gain-loss separability in prospect theory. Working Paper 06-25-04, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago] violates GLS, but satisfies coalescing. New tests were designed and conducted to test these theories against specific predictions of a TAX model. This model used parameters estimated from previous data, together with simple new assumptions to extend TAX to gambles with negative and mixed consequences. Contrary to all three forms of prospect theory, systematic violations of both coalescing and GLS were observed. Violations of GLS were confirmed by analyses of individual data patterns by means of an error model in which each choice can have a different rate of error. Without estimating any parameters from the new data, the TAX model predicted the majority choices in the new data fairly well, correctly predicting when modal choices would violate GLS, when they would satisfy it, and when indifference would be observed.

Lecture Video Enhancement and Editing by Integrating Posture, Gesture, and Text

This paper describes a novel framework for automatic lecture video editing by gesture, posture, and video text recognition. In content analysis, the trajectory of hand movement is tracked and the intentional gestures are automatically extracted for recognition. In addition, head pose is estimated through overcoming the difficulties due to the complex lighting conditions in classrooms. The aim of recognition is to characterize the flow of lecturing with a series of regional focuses depicted by human postures and gestures. The regions of interest (ROIs) in videos are semantically structured with text recognition and the aid of external documents. By tracing the flow of lecturing, a finite state machine (FSM) which incorporates the gestures, postures, ROIs, general editing rules and constraints, is proposed to edit videos with novel views. The FSM is designed to generate appropriate simulated camera motion and cutting effects that suit the pace of a presenter's gestures and postures. To remedy the undesirable visual effects due to poor lighting conditions, we also propose approaches to automatically enhance the visibility and readability of slides and whiteboard images in the edited videos

Audiovisual integration for tennis broadcast structuring

This paper focuses on the integration of multimodal features for sport video structure analysis. The method relies on a statistical model which takes into account both the shot content and the interleaving of shots. This stochastic modelling is performed in the global framework of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) that can be efficiently applied to merge audio and visual cues. Our approach is validated in the particular domain of tennis videos. The model integrates prior information about tennis content and editing rules. The basic temporal unit is the video shot. Visual features are used to characterize the type of shot view. Audio features describe the audio events within a video shot. Two sets of audio features are used in this study: the first one is extracted from a manual segmentation of the soundtrack and is more reliable. The second one is provided by an automatic segmentation and classification process. As a result of the overall HMM process, typical tennis scenes are simultaneously segmented and identified. The experiments illustrate the improvement of HMM-based fusion over indexing using only the best single media, when both media are of similar quality.

The SRTM Data “Finishing” Process and Products

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) successfully acquired terrain elevation data for 80 percent of the Earth’s landmass in February 2000. The radar system and data collection scheme designed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) met the global requirements of the U.S. Department of Defense for Level 2 Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED ® ). JPL processed the raw data into unfinished DTED ® 2 and other products that were delivered to two contractors of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. The contractors edited the unfinished DTED ® 2, updated the associated products, and generated finished products for distribution. Automated processes were developed by each contractor to identify, delineate and set heights for lakes, rivers, and ocean coastlines in conformance with an extensive set of editing rules created to maintain consistency and uniformity in the final products. The finished DTED ® is significantly better than the 16 m vertical accuracy required by the original specification.

Translating Management Ideas

Accounts of the spread of management ideas emphasizing the role of ‘supply-side’ actors underplay the active role recipients play in translating them into new and different forms. Comparing firms undergoing a similar process and looking at how a specific event unfolded, this paper aims to extend understanding of the concept of translation. It examines how ideas are rendered appropriate to a new setting through translation from the broad policy level into a set of specific practices. To do this, it looks at how a proposal to introduce lean management into the construction industry was applied within a set of firms and the projects they were undertaking. In the context of large ‘distance’ between the original arenas of the idea and its new one, the paper uncovers how the editing rules that are said to guide the process of translation are operationalized using a set of change interventions.

The psychology of film: perceiving beyond the cut

First-order editing violations in film refer either to small displacements of the camera position or to small changes of the image size. Second-order editing violations follow from a reversal of the camera position (reversed-angle shot), leading to a change of the left-right position of the main actors (or objects) and a complete change of the background. With third-order editing violations, the linear sequence of actions in the narrative story is not obeyed. The present experiment focuses on the eye movements following a new shot with or without a reversed-angle camera position. The findings minimize the importance of editing rules which require perceptually smooth transitions between shots; there is also no evidence that changes in the left-right orientation of objects in the scene disturb the visual processing of successive shots. The observed eye movements are due either to the redirecting of attention to the most informative part on the scene or to attention shifts by motion transients in the shot. There is almost no evidence for confusion and/or for activities to restore the spatial arrangement following the reversal of the left-right positions.

Experimental Evaluation of Video Editing Based on Participants' Gaze for Face-to-face Multiparty Conversations

This paper presents experiments conducted to evaluate a video editing rule based on participant's gaze for clearly conveying face-to-face multiparty conversations, such as meetings, to viewers. Systems that record meetings and those that support teleconferences are attracting considerable interest because of their potential for facilitating human communication, Conventional systems use a fixed-viewpoint camera and simple camera selection based on the participants utterances. Unfortunately, such systems fail to adequately convey who is talking to whom and nonverbal information about participants etc., to viewers. To solve these problems, we previously proposed a video editing rule that uses the majority decision of participants' gaze direction. This paper describes experiments in which videos of entire conversations with 3 participants were presented to viewers. The results confirm the effectiveness of our video editing rule.

Optimization-Based Automated Home Video Editing System

In this paper, we present an optimization-based system that automates home video editing. This system automatically selects suitable or desirable highlight segments from a set of raw home videos and aligns them with a given piece of incidental music to create an edited video segment to a desired length based on the content of the video and incidental music. We developed an approach for extracting temporal structure and determining the importance of a video segment in order to facilitate the selection of highlight segments. Additionally we extract a temporal structure, beats, and tempos from the incidental music. In order to create more professional-looking results, the selected highlight segments satisfy a set of editing rules and are matched to the content of the incidental music. This task is formulated as a nonlinear 0-1 programming problem and the rules, which are adjustable and increasable, are embedded as constraints. The output video is rendered by connecting the selected highlight video segments with transition effects and the incidental music. Under this framework, we can choose the best-matched music for a given video and support different output styles.

Calibrated random imputation for qualitative data

In official statistics, when a file of microdata must be delivered to external users, it is very difficult to propose them a file where missing values has been treated by multiple imputations. In order to overcome this difficulty, we propose a method of single imputation for qualitative data that respect numerous constraints. The imputation is balanced on totals previously estimated; editing rules can be respected; the imputation is random, but the totals are not affected by an imputation variance.