Grammar Rules Research Articles

Compositional Generalization in Multilingual Semantic Parsing over Wikidata

AbstractSemantic parsing (SP) allows humans to leverage vast knowledge resources through natural interaction. However, parsers are mostly designed for and evaluated on English resources, such as CFQ (Keysers et al., 2020), the current standard benchmark based on English data generated from grammar rules and oriented towards Freebase, an outdated knowledge base. We propose a method for creating a multilingual, parallel dataset of question-query pairs, grounded in Wikidata. We introduce such a dataset, which we call Multilingual Compositional Wikidata Questions (MCWQ), and use it to analyze the compositional generalization of semantic parsers in Hebrew, Kannada, Chinese, and English. While within- language generalization is comparable across languages, experiments on zero-shot cross- lingual transfer demonstrate that cross-lingual compositional generalization fails, even with state-of-the-art pretrained multilingual encoders. Furthermore, our methodology, dataset, and results will facilitate future research on SP in more realistic and diverse settings than has been possible with existing resources.

Legislative drafting and gender: some linguistic insights into English and Italian

ABSTRACT Languages vary widely in terms of gender systems showing differences in the number of classes, underlying assignment rules and how and where gender is marked. The legislative drafting policy conventionally known as the ‘masculine rule’, whereby ‘he includes she’, raised opposition in the 1970s (under the pressure of feminist movements in the United States and Europe), and the adoption of plain English style forced legislative drafters to basically avoid sentences of undue length, superfluous definitions, repeated words and gender specificity with the aim of achieving clarity, minimising ambiguity, and enhance gender-neutrality. Given the prevalence of English as lingua franca, an increasing number of international organisations (i.e. the European Union) and non-English-speaking jurisdictions (i.e. the Italian jurisdiction) have recently shown some instances of a drafting style much more inclined to gender equality. Anything that causes drafters to challenge fixed old habits (i.e. formulaic expressions, grammar rules and social norms, repetitive use of form-meaning associations, common patterns of thought) might be seen as an opportunity for innovation and improvement (unusual collocations, unpredictable compounds). That must be welcome in the environment of English-speaking legislative drafting techniques where considerable reliance on precedent is inevitable and often desirable, a factor which certainly introduces a resistance to change in legislative language and makes it inclined to archaism. In light of the above, the aim of this research is to analyse the lexico-grammatical specificities of the selected languages (English and Italian), and the lexico-grammatical strategies proposed by the EU institutions to implement the EU normative acts into the Italian legislation aiming at gender fair and symmetric representation of men and women.

Translating Speech to Indian Sign Language Using Natural Language Processing

Language plays a vital role in the communication of ideas, thoughts, and information to others. Hearing-impaired people also understand our thoughts using a language known as sign language. Every country has a different sign language which is based on their native language. In our research paper, our major focus is on Indian Sign Language, which is mostly used by hearing- and speaking-impaired communities in India. While communicating our thoughts and views with others, one of the most essential factors is listening. What if the other party is not able to hear or grasp what you are talking about? This situation is faced by nearly every hearing-impaired person in our society. This led to the idea of introducing an audio to Indian Sign Language translation system which can erase this gap in communication between hearing-impaired people and society. The system accepts audio and text as input and matches it with the videos present in the database created by the authors. If matched, it shows corresponding sign movements based on the grammar rules of Indian Sign Language as output; if not, it then goes through the processes of tokenization and lemmatization. The heart of the system is natural language processing which equips the system with tokenization, parsing, lemmatization, and part-of-speech tagging.

Evaluation of Errors in Written Texts Created by Foreigners Learning Turkish Online

The Covid 19 pandemic, which started to be seen in Turkey in March 2020, required some changes to the education process in our country and all over the world, and during this period, the courses were carried out online. Therefore, education activities for foreigners residing in different parts of the world in Turkish education were carried out following the new situation. However, this situation has brought various problems. This study aims to detect the errors in the written texts created online by the students studying in the form of distance education at Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University TÖMER in the spring semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. For this purpose, 26 students were given topics such as fellowship, friendship, family, travel, technology, daily life, memories, cities, and countries. Then, they were asked to write a text about any of the topics of their own choice. The texts written by the students were evaluated by content analysis from qualitative data analysis. A total of 517 errors were detected as a result of the review, and the errors were categorically collected under three headings: Narrative disorders, spelling errors and punctuation errors. Nearly half of the errors detected are due to narrative disorders (49.51%). In second place are spelling errors (32.30%) and punctuation errors (18.18%) in last place. When looking at the errors evaluated at the level of narrative disorders, it was observed that impairments caused 71% of the 256 errors detected in the grammar level and 29% were caused by disorders in the level of meaning. Accordingly, it has been concluded that the students did not have sufficient feedback from the teacher on the language level disorders in the written texts created by the students during the online Turkish teaching process and that the students did not succeed at the desired level in applying the grammar rules. In this context, it is recommended that the lecturers show the necessary sensitivity to the application process of writing skills in online Turkish teaching to foreigners.

Erroneous Analysis in English Writing Assessments among Undergraduates in a Public University

A number of studies on morphological error analysis has been carried out in different settings, contexts, and levels of study to observe, analyze and describe the errors related to English grammar rules. Using Surface Strategy Taxonomy by Dulay et al. (1982), this current study focused on the investigation of the types and factors of errors in English writing assessment specifically among undergraduates in a public university in Malaysia. This current study employed a qualitative research method by using case study. 30 samples of English writing assessment were analyzed based on the taxonomy and the framework of Sources of Errors by Richard (1974). The findings revealed In general, it was observed that the students made a total of 248 errors on 30 transcripts; 95 were omission errors, 91 were misformation errors, 54 were addition errors and only 8 were misordering errors. The results also highlighted that omission was recorded as the top error committed by learners followed by misformation, addition and the least common error reported to be misordering. As for the source of error, intralingual error marked as the most prevalent factor contributed to the errors. The findings of the study may provide some light in emphasizing the possible interventions to assist learners in their writing as well as developing remedial program to help learners to master English grammar.

Sentiment Analysis of Restaurant Reviews in Artvin Province by Rule-based Sentiment Analysis and Machine Learning

The purpose of this study was to investigate customer sentiments of restaurants in Artvin province. It was determined that 73.9% of the reviews were positive, and 26.1% were negative. 7 topics including place, view, price, food, service, staff and taste were extracted from the reviews. While the most reviews were about the place with 33.89%, it was followed by view with 15%, and the fewest reviews were about taste with 5.83%. It was found that the view topic was the most liked among these topics. 23.53% of those who commented on the price stated that the prices were high, while the percentage of those who indicated that the service was slow was 21.98%. In general, it was noticed that the service, place, food, and view topics were closely related to each other, and a customer who likes one of them is likely to appreciate the others and vice versa. It can be concluded that the application of RBSA and ML methods together is appropriate in terms of enabling both grammar rules and artificial intelligence methods and obtaining satisfactory results.

Arabic sentiment analysis using dependency-based rules and deep neural networks

With the growth of social platforms in recent years and the rapid increase in the means of communication through these platforms, a significant amount of textual data is available that contains an abundance of individuals’ opinions. Sentiment analysis is a task that supports companies and organizations to evaluate this textual data with the intention of understanding people’s thoughts concerning services or products. Most previous research in Arabic sentiment analysis relies on word frequencies, lexicons, or black box methods to determine the sentiment of a sentence. It should be noted that these approaches do not take into account the semantic relations and dependencies between words. In this work, we propose a framework that incorporates Arabic dependency-based rules and deep learning models. Dependency-based rules are created by using linguistic patterns to map the meaning of words to concepts in the dependency structure of a sentence. By examining the dependent words in a sentence, the general sentiment is revealed. In the first stage of sentiment classification, the dependency grammar rules are used. If the rules are unsuccessful in classifying the sentiment, the algorithm then applies deep neural networks (DNNs). Three DNN models were employed, namely LSTM, BiLSTM, and CNN, and several Arabic benchmark datasets were used for sentiment analysis. The performance results of the proposed framework show a greater improvement in terms of accuracy and F1 score and they outperform the state-of-the-art approaches in Arabic sentiment analysis.

Collaborative Writing Tools for Predicting Verb Tense Using Syntax Parsing on Learning Networks

Collaborative writing tools and Natural language processing are plays a vital role in learning networks. These tools are involved with the dealings among computer systems and human languages. It processes the data through syntax analysis, parsing and lexical analysis, and etc. Syntax analysis is used for syntactic parsing deals with the syntactic structure of a sentence. The collaborative writing tools and natural language processing applications are used for verb tense prediction and it it encodes the temporal order of activities in a sentence. Recognizing the syntactic structure is beneficial in identifying the means of a sentence. The model in this paper is introduced to predict verb tense based on lexical and syntactic features. This model works on English articles, every article will be split to sentences using the tokenization process. Every token in sentences will be analyzed and model will parse the sentences the use of tenses algorithms that represent grammar rules of the English language. This model is given precise accuracy when it is examined on articles/ stories.

An English Writing Grammar Error Correction Technology Based on Similarity Algorithm

Students are the focus of English writing instruction, which emphasizes their initiative and creativity in the classroom, fosters the development of their self-directed learning and comprehensive language skills, raises their overall English level and mastery ability, and cultivates well-rounded English learners. It is to get yourself out of the dilemma of Chinese English. This study proposes an automatic error correction method for English writing grammar based on a similarity algorithm, which is applied to students during the English writing process. To address the issue of grammatical errors, this study proposes an ontology and grammar rules based on the English writing corpus. Our experimental results demonstrate that our highlighting algorithm can effectively correct grammatical errors in written English, demonstrating the algorithm’s efficacy.

La faute de grammaire entendue comme mal et le mal de la faute de grammaire dans le Taṯqīf al-lisān de Ibn Makkī al-Ṣiqillī

Abstract The Taṯqīf al-lisān wa talqīḥ al-ǧanān by the grammarian and linguist, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar Ibn Ḫalaf Ibn Makkī al-Ḥamīrī al-Māzirī al-Ṣiqillī, is an example of the Arabic language spoken in 10th-century Sicily, when the island was an Islamic Emirate. In its 50 chapters, the treaty lists grammatical errors made by Sicilians whether common people (al-ʿāmma) or cultivated speakers (al-muḫaṣṣiṣūn). The typology of this treatise falls within those classified as laḥn al-ʿāmma, a field of linguistic science that is dedicated to correcting forms that deviate from the grammar rules of the standard language accepted by grammarians and lexicographers. This study will focus on two chapters concerning the incorrectness in the recitation of the Qur’an and in the transmission of aḥādīṯ. The study aims at analyzing the grammatical error concerning the sacred language and the Sunna that can lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation of Islamic doctrines.

American Sign Language Translation Using Wearable Inertial and Electromyography Sensors for Tracking Hand Movements and Facial Expressions.

A sign language translation system can break the communication barrier between hearing-impaired people and others. In this paper, a novel American sign language (ASL) translation method based on wearable sensors was proposed. We leveraged inertial sensors to capture signs and surface electromyography (EMG) sensors to detect facial expressions. We applied a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract features from input signals. Then, long short-term memory (LSTM) and transformer models were exploited to achieve end-to-end translation from input signals to text sentences. We evaluated two models on 40 ASL sentences strictly following the rules of grammar. Word error rate (WER) and sentence error rate (SER) are utilized as the evaluation standard. The LSTM model can translate sentences in the testing dataset with a 7.74% WER and 9.17% SER. The transformer model performs much better by achieving a 4.22% WER and 4.72% SER. The encouraging results indicate that both models are suitable for sign language translation with high accuracy. With complete motion capture sensors and facial expression recognition methods, the sign language translation system has the potential to recognize more sentences.

Leveling up the Performance of EFL Students by Using Personal Response Approach

Abu al-Qasim al-Tamanini (died 442 AH) is considered one of the famous grammarians in the fifth century of migration, and his book on Sharh al-Lama’ by Ibn Jinni is one of his most famous works. Abi Al-Fath Othman Ibn Jinni until he excelled and explained (Kitab Al-Lama’), as well as (Al-Tasrif Al-Malki), which Ibn Jinni understood, he sought to encompass the art of language. And all of those who translated into the eighties praised his knowledge and literature, and I found no mention of his flaws or defects or defamation of his personality, until Al-Dhahabi said about him: (One of the great imams of Arabic was taken from Abu Al-Fath Othman Ibn Jinni, and others, and from him Abu Al-Muammar bin Tabataba Al-Alawi took), then He went back to mentioning his description in the biography of the nobles’ flags, in which he says: (And the sheikh of Arabic Abu al-Qasim Umar ibn Thabit the eighty, the owner of Ibn Jinni), and among those who testified to them with literature and the credit of al-Suyuti as well, he said in it: (Ali ibn Thabit Abu al-Qasim, the octogenarian, the blind grammarian, was a virtuous imam, a complete writer). It was called the eighty after the eighty market, a small town in the land of Mosul in the direction of Qardi, it is said that it was the first city built after the flood, and it was named so because they claimed that those who survived from the ship were eighty human beings. This research introduces the famous grammarian eighty, and another of his important grammar books, which is the book (Al Muqeed fi Grammar). The research dealt with the definition of the eighty, his life and his scientific biography, and the approach he followed in his book (Al-Muqeed), which is considered an important grammatical text in collecting the rules of Arabic grammar.

English Proficiency Evaluation Model of College Students by Using Intuitive Fuzzy Information Theory

English is a required university course in China and is a long-standing and consistent undergraduate-level course in China’s universities. It uses English as the medium and language of instruction to promote general education. As the most important content of undergraduate foreign language education, college English has different characteristics from other courses. It is only when its objectives, content, teaching activities, and assessment system fully reflect its unique requirements that it can truly achieve the ultimate goal of teaching this subject. With the advent of the information age, global economic integration and international exchange are deepening in various industries and fields. It is increasingly common for countries to require professionals to have foreign language skills, especially English as an international language. As a result, the demand for deeper English proficiency has become more prominent. In international communication, the English intercultural communication ability of key personnel directly affects the process of international communication, science and technology exchange, and the smooth transition of cultural conflicts in various fields and even determines the ultimate success of project cooperation. In this context, the effective use of English and cross-cultural communication skills is very important. Therefore, our higher education institutions are mainly responsible for training foreign language talents. However, the core problem facing English teaching in Chinese universities is the teaching value orientation. In particular, it seriously restricts the effectiveness of university English teaching. First, the value orientation of university English teaching deviates from the teaching objectives. It emphasizes the basic knowledge and skills of the English language, which makes teaching mainly stay on the foundation of the language. In other words, it is still limited to learning English for the sake of learning English, and the examination-oriented education is obvious, with a preference for instrumental teaching. Secondly, university English teaching focuses too much on the accumulation of English grammar rules and imitation drills, and the teaching style is dull and the teaching context is empty. This approach deviates from the characteristics of English intercultural communication, which makes the gap between the actual university English teaching and the real intercultural communication more and more obvious. Third, university English teaching lacks integration with other teaching values, especially with the humanistic orientation of university English teaching. Nowadays, a single teaching value orientation dominates university English teaching. As a result, the teaching around various English examinations has become a strange phenomenon in college English teaching.

Medical Text Classification Based on an Optimized Machine Learning and External Semantic Resource

Automatic classification of texts is a well-known topic in natural language processing (NLP), and it involves categorizing unstructured texts into specific groups. Classification algorithms for a given problem are searched for, as well as the appropriate features to use as input. These models have been used for analysis of data with a large number of sparse dimensions. In medical field, categorization of medical texts is a difficult task because these types of texts contain several terminologies that define medical ideas and words. Medical data also lack proper sentence structure and do not adhere to the standard rules of natural language grammar. The main problem in this classification task is to choose an appropriate representation as input. To solve the representation problem, we propose a new extension model for medical text personification. Our model starts with the preprocessing of medical text. Then, we use external terminology resources to expand the text. After that, we use a combination of different text vector representations. To speed up the process, we try to increase the accuracy while selecting the optimal classification parameters. In this topic, we use an adaptive particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to select the best parameters of a machine learning model. The PubMed, Hallmarks and AIM dataset were used to test our model. Our categorization text model outperforms the competition and provides much higher retrieval accuracy than previous models.

On Elimination of Erasing Rules from E0S Grammars

The present paper describes an alternative algorithm for the removal of erasing rules from E0S grammars. As opposed to the standard way of eliminating erasing rules in most E0S-like grammars, such as context-free grammars, this method requires no predetermination of symbols that derive the empty string. The proposed algorithm is formally verified. In the conclusion of the paper, the applicability of the algorithm to E0S grammars that work in a semi-parallel way is demonstrated. Furthermore, two open problems are formulated.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF WRITING SKILL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDENTS OF BHAKTA KAVI NARSINH MEHTA UNIVERSITY, JUNAGADH, GUJARAT

Writing skill is one of the most essential skills among Four major skills of communication. The effective writing skill with proper use of grammar, punctuations and with usage of correct spelling plays a very vital role in Writing. Accounting chronological order the way Listening is very first and kin essential skill which take Great Passion and constant consciousness while listening with positive mindset, the finally the writing skill is as much as important and harder it's required skill for fruitful communication. In chronological order writing skill is the last skill after three. It's harder in comparison to the other three, because here it's required not only passion, Thoughts, consciousness, it's required right knowledge of language, Grammar rules, clear concepts and so on. As per as required of good writing skill in contemporary Era especially in the Master students of English language and literature. Researcher Try to find effectiveness, awareness, and error of the writing skill on Selected Students of post-graduation of Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University, Junagadh, Gujarat.

FORMING GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE WHILE TEACHING PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN NON-LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITIES

The article deals with teaching grammar in Ukrainian education community. Students start learning grammar at secondary, sometimes even at primary schools, and continue acquiring it while studying at institutions of higher education. However, qualitative progress in grammar usage while writing and speaking English is rarely seen. One possible explanation is that there is a widely adopted approach in Ukrainian education system according to which the formation of grammatical competence goes through a number of fixed steps from grammar knowledge to speech practice. It is assumed that detailed and thorough knowledge of rules of English grammar and their difference from grammar rules of the Ukrainian language contributes to better understanding of peculiar features of the English language and further it positively influences the acquisition of all language skills and abilities. Unfortunately, considering the real situation of teaching English at Ukrainian universities under conditions of insufficient class-room academic hours, such an approach does not bring desired results. Communicative approach of teaching foreign languages and competencies that are to be developed demands a different approach to teaching grammar that is a holistic approach.

형상 문법(shape grammar) 규칙에 기반한 한화상석(漢畵像石) 테두리 장식 문양 활용 연구

The border decorative patterns of Hanwha Sangseok is usually engraved on the edge of the painting in the form of a band, and it can be said to be the same as the frame of the picture screen. The existence of the border decorative patterns meets the decorative demand of Hanwha Sangseok and at the same time harmonizes with the main designs of Hanwha Sangseok to give artistry to the picture screen. The decorative patterns of Hanwha Sangseok forms an art element with very distinct ethnic characteristics through its own unique expression method and implements excellent innovation and value in use. With the application of Hanwha Sangseok border decoration patterns as the research topic, this paper organizes border decoration patterns by pattern type and explores the aesthetic significance of Hanwha Sangseok border decoration patterns from an aesthetic and humanistic perspective. In addition, by extracting the elements of the border decoration pattern, a new pattern is created and applied to the design of daily necessities through combination with the shape grammar system. The decorative pattern created using the rules of shape grammar is not too bound by the typical frame of the original decorative pattern while making use of the art elements of the Hanwha Sangseok border decorative pattern. This study more effectively implements the ethnicity and redesign potential of decorative patterns by seeking a contact point between decorative patterns with ethnic characteristics and modern design through the combination of shape grammar systems and Hanwha Sangseok border decorative patterns.

English Grammar Rules as an External Barrier Faced by EFL Students for Effective Communication

The key objective of the study was to 'investigate English grammar rules as an external barrier faced by EFL students for effective communication and to examine the impact of English grammar rules as an external barrier faced by EFL students for effective communication'. To fulfil the preceding purpose this research utilizes the mixed method approach and for the proper execution of this work, the researcher collected data through a questionnaire. Research data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of data analysis illustrate the respondents of the study responded with medium to low degree mean values. The results of the current study reveal that most of the foreign language learners indicated that in the two preceding situations and atmospheres the external barrier such as silent letters, difficult spellings, wrong pronunciation, variation in pronunciation due to complex spelling systems, pronunciation of words matches with their spellings, and lengthy words learners feel a high degree of difficulty and English grammar rules work as a hurdle for effective communication.

The Importance and Place of the Book of Sa‘leb Named Al-Faṣîḥ in Laḥn and Taṣḥîḥ Literature

Fetihler ve tercüme faaliyetlerin sonucunda Arap olmayan farklı millet ve kültürlerin Araplarla karşılaşması üzerine, Arapçaya ve Arap dil kurallarının gelişmesine katkı sağladığı gibi kıraatte hatalı okuyuşlara, hadislerde ifade bozukluklarına ve farklı açılardan Arap dilinin bozulmasına da neden olmuştur. Buna karşı fasih Arapçanın muhafazası için yazının geliştirilmesi, dilbilgisi kurallarının tespiti, şairlerin desteklenmesi ve lügat çalışmaları gibi bir takım önlemler alınmıştır. Bu önlemlerden biri de fasîh dil için standartlar belirlemek ve bu standartlara uymayan kullanımlara dikkat çekmektir. Arap dil bilginleri tarafından laḥn olarak nitelendirilen bu hatalı kullanımların tespit, teşhir ve tasḥiḥine yönelik II/VII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren “Laḥnü’l-ʻâmme, Mâ telḥanu fîhiʼl-ʻâmme, laḥnü’l-ʻavâm, laḥnü’l-havâṣ” gibi konu başlıklarıyla, konuşmalarda ve yazılı metinlerde yapılan dil hatalarına dair farklı içerik ve üslupta birçok eser kaleme alınmıştır. Bu eserler, dilin korunmasına katkı sağladıkları gibi aynı zamanda yazıldıkları dönemde kullanılan kelime ve ifadelerin geçirdiği değişime yönelik izleme imkânı da sağlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda telif edilmiş eserlerden biri de Ebü’l-Abbâs Sa‘leb’in Kitâbü’l-Faṣîḥ adlı dil kitabıdır. Söz konusu eserin birçok meziyeti olmakla birlikte en önemli yönü ise eserde halk arasında konuşulan dilin tespiti ve bunların en fasih olanının okuyucuya sunulmuş olmasıdır. Zengin kelime içeriğiyle sözlük ve lügat çalışmalarına bol ve faydalı materyal içermesi ve alandaki birçok esere kaynaklık etmesi gibi özellikleriyle laḥn ve taṣḥîḥ literatürü alanında önemli bir yer edinmiştir. İlim erbabı tarafından büyük ilgi gören eser, farklı zamanlarda ve ilmî ortamlarda şerḥ, ḥâşiye, naḳd, zeyl, iḫtisâr ve nazm gibi çalışmalarla ele alınmış olup sahanın önemli eserlerinden kabul edilmiş bir yapıttır.