Grammar Rules Research Articles

Can language models be used for real-world urban-delivery route optimization?

Language models have contributed to breakthroughs in interdisciplinary research, such as protein design and molecular dynamics understanding. In this study, we reveal that beyond language, representations of other entities, such as human behaviors, that are mappable to learnable sequences can be learned by language models. One compelling example is the real-world delivery route optimization problem. We here propose a novel approach based on the language model to optimize delivery routes on the basis of drivers' historical experiences. Although a broad range of optimization-based approaches have been designed to optimize delivery routes, they do not capture the implicit knowledge of complex delivery operating environments. The model we propose integrates this knowledge in the route optimization process by learning from driving behaviors in experienced drivers. A real-world delivery route that preserves drivers' implicit behavioral patterns is first analogized to a sentence in natural language. Through unsupervised learning, we then learn the vector representations of words and infer the drivers' delivery chains on the basis of the tailored chain-reaction-based algorithm. We also provide insights into the fusion of language models and operations research methods. In our approach, language models are applied to learn drivers' delivery behaviors and infer new deliveries at the delivery zone level, while the classic traveling salesman problem (TSP) model is embedded into the hybrid framework for intra-zone optimization. Numerical experiments performed on real-world data from Amazon's delivery service demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms pure optimization, supporting the effectiveness, efficiency, and extensibility of our model. As a versatile approach, the proposed framework can easily be extended to various disciplines in which the data follow certain grammar rules. We anticipate that our work will serve as a stepping stone toward the understanding and application of language models in tackling interdisciplinary research problems.

A RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY TEACHING PRACTICES FOR MORE EFFECTIVE FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION

As grammar was once perceived to be the essence of language instruction, for many years foreign language teachers have emphasized grammar rules in their English lessons. This practice was first challenged by text linguists who claimed that the context, the mind or achieving meaning are significant factors that need to be considered in language teaching. The second challenge came from researchers who conducted corpus studies. Their findings, based on the analysis of large sizes of corpora, started the ongoing ‘grammar’ or ‘lexis’ debate which is still valid today. This study investigates these two opposing views by providing a historical review of grammar and vocabulary teaching practices in foreign language education. By sharing different views related to the ‘grammar over lexis’ or ‘lexis over grammar’ dilemma, this reflective review discusses that grammar and vocabulary teaching should have equal importance in language classes in light of recent developments in foreign language education. To this end, this article discusses that in this era undertaking a lexico-grammatical approach, which blends grammar and vocabulary teaching with holistic attitudes, is a prerequisite for evidence-based contemporary foreign language teaching practices.

VISI KEPEMIMPINAN DAN STRATEGI PEMIMPIN DALAM TEORI NAHWU

This article describes the relationship between leadership vision and leader strategy based on Nahwu theory, one of the 12 sciences of Arabic. Nahwu theory provides a deep understanding of the structure of the Arabic language, enabling Arabic speakers to convey messages correctly and providing proper understanding of the Quran and Hadith. Sayyidina Ali bin Abi Talib, an Islamic figure, ordered the compilation of Arabic grammar rules (the science of Nahwu) in response to errors in reading the Quran among Muslims. Nahwu, as the science of grammatical rules, focuses on isim and fiil. This article discusses the concepts of isim and fiil, where isim refers to the name of a thing or idea, while fiil describes an action or activity involving a specific actor and time. In addition, the article discusses the concepts of mu'rob and mabni, related to the final state of the kalimah, and the discussion of nakiroh and makrifah which only apply to the isim kalimah. Leaders who understand Nahwu can apply effective leadership strategies, such as proper word selection, formation of effective sentence structures, adjustment to the context of communication, language consistency, and application of grammar rules. The success of the leader in creating a clean, structured and effective leadership vision will be reflected in his ability to convey messages clearly and in accordance with the desired norms and values.

Lexical Chunks between Investigation and Application: A Case Study of a BBC Radio 4 Interview

This study represents an approach to easily extract lexical chunks which are considered to be the essence of gaining a communicative skill similar to that of any native language speaker. Lexical approaches are very important in this respect; far from grammar rules, they concentrate on learning language in use. Therefore, it aims to investigate this field and its effect on the process of learning a language. It is hypothesized that lexical approaches have their direct effect on raising the students’ performance regarding L2 language fluency and production by means of lexical chunks. It is also hypothesized that it is difficult for the students to easily identify and extract lexical chunks in their natural contexts. Therefore, this study adopts Boers and Lindstromberg’s (2009) model as a way to facilitate the identification of lexical chunks and to open a way to easily identify them. A transcript of a BBC radio 4 interview (see the appendix) is chosen as the source of the data analysis in this study. The working procedures are thought to be beneficial for L2 learners future identification and extraction of lexical chunks.

Coordination versus separation: difference of gapping between Chinese and English and its prosodic attribution

Abstract In this paper, we have analyzed a whole set of data of gapping in Mandarin Chinese from a novel point of view and fleshed out a bi-sentential derivation analysis for the formation of this construction. While taking the canonical gapping in English as a reference, we have explored some idiomatic properties of the relevant structures in Chinese and summarized core differences: the gapping constructions in English follow a strict rule of sentence grammar while those of Chinese have demonstrated kind of inter-sentential effect. We propose that such differences can be attributed to the prosodic factors: The Constraint on Sentential Intonation in Chinese (CSIC for short), firstly proposed in Feng (Feng, Shengli. 2017. Hanyu jufa zhongyin yudiao xianghu zuoyong de yufa xiaoying. ‘On grammatical effects of interactions between intonation, stress and syntax’. Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistic Study] (1). 1–15), bans the occurrence of the coordinate [VP & VP] structures, and thus two parallel but separate sentences are used in the contexts where a sentence with VP coordination in English is used. Then, the verb in the second sentence is deleted at PF under the identity condition. Consequently, the gapping structures thus formed demonstrate their own unique properties and are different from the canonical gapping in English. The result of our discussion indicates that prosody can play a role in accounting for language specificities as well as cross-linguistic variations.

Kajian Terhadap Common Errors dalam Penerapan Aturan Subject-Verb Agreement Bahasa Inggris

English as a foreign language that is widely used in the world provides a challenge to every learner. Grammar rules in English are one of the challenges faced by learners, especially in Subject-verb Agreement rules. This article aims to analyze the types of common errors made by students and determine the types of common errors with the highest percentage of common errors found. With a qualitative and quantitative descriptive design, this study chose students in the English Education Study Program, FKIP UMSU as the research sample. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that there were three types of common errors found in the use of subject-verb agreement rules in English by students at the English Education Study Program, errors between singular/plural subjects, errors in tense selection, and types of errors in the form 'to' form of verb/split of verb. Furthermore, it can be obtained that the highest percentage of errors obtained is in the type of 'to' form of verb/split of verb in question no. 20 where there were 82 students who answered incorrectly with a percentage of 66.12%.

Language and Culture Amalgamation

For centuries, language researchers, theorists, linguists, educational psychologists, and an ocean of scholars have agreed that language and culture are closely related and affect each other in so many ways. They support each other in so many sensitive situations, they complement each other on many occasions, they reflect each other on many aspects, and they protect each other through conflicts and wars. Above all, for centuries, they somehow managed to survive by being inseparable; ‘like the skin and flesh of our body’. The meanings of a particular language anywhere in the world represent the culture of a particular social group. Therefore, without having direct access to its language, it is impossible to understand its culture, tradition, beliefs, values and customs of that particular social group. This is because of their intimate connection or bond they have singularly and together. Learning a language, therefore, is not only learning the alphabet, the letter sounds and the shapes, the meaning, the grammar rules, and the structure or arrangement of words, but it is also learning the behavior of the society and its cultural customs. Thus, language teaching should always contain some references to the culture. On the one hand, we are thankful to the language that provides us with important tools we use to express and communicate our thoughts and ideas on a daily basis. On the other hand, we are also thankful to the values and customs of our culture in the countries we live and grow up in the shape or construct the way in which we think and behave to a certain degree. The main purpose of this paper is to identify some of the characteristic relations or bonds that exist between any language and culture in anywhere in the world, with reference to Pashto Language and culture.

تعليم اللغة العربية باستخدام كتاب "حديثنا العربي" في مؤسسة تربية اللغة العربية سبلاك جومبانج

The textbook entitled "Haditsuna Al-‘arabi" is a textbook for elementary classes in the educational activities of the Splak Jombang Arabic Language Education Institute. There are differences in this textbook with other Arabic language textbooks. Because this book uses Indonesian in its teaching materials. Apart from focusing on textbooks, this study will discuss how to use these textbooks, and how to evaluate the results of using the book " Haditsuna Al-‘arabi ". The research methodology is a qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive approach, collecting data using document and interview methods, as well as observing data validity methods, including: Triangulation method. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) Teaching Arabic at the Seblak Jombang Arabic Language Education Institute of four packages, the first package uses the book " Haditsuna Al-‘arobi ", the second package uses the book "Mukhtasor Jiddan", the third package uses the book "Kasyifatuss Saja”, the fourth package is accurate teaching or educational practices. Books and their translations into Indonesian. 3) The advantage of teaching Arabic using the book "Haditsuna al-‘arabi" is that the language used in this book is Indonesian, equipped with Arabic vocabulary in boxes, educational material in the form of stories and the book " Haditsuna al-‘arabi " is small. Weaknesses of teaching this is Arabic using the book " Haditsuna al-‘arabi "Most of the Arabic vocabulary is not done in the vocabulary box and the grammar rules are not recorded.

Exploring Architectural Shapes Based on Parametric Shape Grammars: A Case Study of the “Three Lanes and Seven Alleys” Historic District in Fuzhou City, China

With the development of information technology, the introduction of information technology into architectural modelling and façade design and the systematic definition of historic districts is a problem that the architectural industry continues to explore and pursue. As a shape-based and self-defining generation rule, shape grammar provides significant help in the process of the automatic generation of architectural shapes to obtain design results that meet the requirements of the original historic district. Based on the simple combination of the application of shape grammar in architectural design, combined with the field investigation method, the representative buildings in the “Three Lanes and Seven Alleys” historic district are investigated and understood in detail, and the corresponding shape grammar rules are established. The courtyard types of the historic district are divided into: “” shape, “T” shape, “=” shape, “” shape, “” shape, “” shape, “” shape, “U” shape, “” shape, and garden. In detail, the façade components include the entrance, patio, main seat, wings, cloister, pavilion, etc. The elements of its façade include saddle walls, grey sculptures, carved stones, grey tiles, wooden grilles, wooden railings, wood grain flowers, etc. On this basis, parametric design is introduced to convert the design syntax into parametric programs. Grasshopper in Rhino is mainly used to visualize and simulate the regulation, and finally, achieve the purpose of automatically generating the architectural shape and façade of the “Three Alleys and Seven Alleys” historic district by adjusting its parameters.

LSOIT: Lexicon and Syntax Enhanced Opinion Induction Tree for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a subtask of sentiment classification, and the difficulty is how to capture the sentiment aspect and sentiment polarity pairs in a sentence. Early studies applied serialization models with attention mechanisms to mine sentiment information. These models are simple and effective, but cannot accurately capture sentiment pairs when encountering complex sentences. Recently, scholars have applied dependency information to construct various graph neural networks for the ABSA task. Compared with serialized models, these structured models demonstrate the graph neural network is powerful in capturing information, and further illustrates the syntactic information is effective for sentiment analysis. However, these syntactic models are usually influenced by syntactic parsers, especially for complex sentences. Hence, this paper builds a Lexicon and Syntax Enhanced Opinion Induction Tree for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (LSOIT). Specifically, inducing knowledge-aware opinion induction trees for each aspect word applied by reinforcement learning and attention mechanisms that integrate the lexicon knowledge (i.e. sememe knowledge) and syntax knowledge (i.e. phrase structures, and dependency relationships). Finally, we establish graph neural networks on knowledge-aware opinion induction tree for ABSA. Experimental results on four benchmarking datasets (i.e., Rest14, Laptop14, Twitter and MAMS) demonstrate that LSOIT significantly improves 2.21%, 0.47%, and 0.18% on Rest14, Laptop14, and MAMS comparing with state-of-the-art models, respectively. Ablation Study and Case Study manifest that external knowledge is useful, especially for datasets with standardized grammar rules.

Language Teaching and Language Testing: Integrating Teaching and Testing in English as a Second Language Classrooms

This paper examines Language Teaching and Language Testing: Integrating Teaching and Testing in English as a Second Language Classrooms. The paper discusses concept of language testing and purposes for language learning and language testing. This study reviews literature and gives a scholarly background to the study by reviewing some contributions made by various researchers and institutions on assessment in English Language instruction, standards in testing and ethics in language testing. An important part of this paper also explores practical classroom testing and assessment practice. The paper also highlights ways of integrating teaching and testing in English as a Second Language Classrooms. The major conclusion of the study is that while language testing has traditionally focused on sampling what students know (e.g., the rules of grammar or vocabulary in the language classroom), contemporary language teaching practice advocates assessing what students can do with the language and less on what they know. The paper then recommends that Classroom test should reinforce the learning that has taken place, not go out of their way to expose weakness. They can also help in deciding on changes for future teaching programmes where students do significantly worse in (parts of) the test than might have been expected.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Academic Writing: Potential, Ethics, and Responsible Use

Dear Editors, I read your editorials with interest [1,2]. Artificial intelligence has become increasingly popular in recent years. Moreover, it is seen that valuable comments made on the article focus on issues such as potential harms in the academic use of artificial intelligence, publication ethics, and the ontological position of artificial intelligence [3-6]. As with other technological developments in our life, artificial intelligence seems to be increasingly present in our lives [7]. The use of artificial intelligence in article writing is a current topic of discussion. Writing an article from scratch with artificial intelligence doesn't seem quite right. The fact that artificial intelligence doesn't have an entirely independent thought structure, and that it obtains its information only based on the web, could lead to plagiarism. Also, it will not be fully understood whether it provides correct references and whether it violates the privacy of personal data. Furthermore, we do not find it correct to accept it as a co-author. Authorship carries a responsibility that an AI tool, no matter how advanced, cannot bear. Conversely, artificial intelligence will be incapable of assuming responsibility. So, should we stay away from artificial intelligence in this case? We believe the answer to this question is no. We can use artificial intelligence while writing an article, and it can facilitate our work. Finding a title after writing the article is an important issue. It must be impressive, and some journals have a character or word limit for the title. Artificial intelligence can help us in finding a title. Artificial intelligence can also assist in creating an abstract. Each journal has different rules about the abstract section. When rejected from one journal, it's necessary to create a new abstract for another journal. Artificial intelligence can speed up this process. When the article is ready, it needs to be checked for grammar and spelling rules. Artificial intelligence will be very useful in this situation. Preparing a good cover letter is important to attract the editor's attention. Artificial intelligence will assist in writing the cover letter. Although we think that artificial intelligence cannot be a co-author and cannot be used to write an article from scratch, we believe that we can benefit from artificial intelligence while writing our article. Using artificial intelligence will save us time. It will also help us write higher quality articles. In conclusion, artificial intelligence is now a part of our lives. Instead of avoiding it, we believe that we need to take advantage of artificial intelligence in a way that will facilitate our work. Sincerely yours,

Teaching the Greek Language in Multicultural Classrooms Using English as a Lingua Franca: Teachers’ Perceptions, Attitudes, and Practices

The present study examines teachers’ perceptions, attitudes, and practices regarding the use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) to teach Greek as a second language (L2) in multicultural classrooms in Greece, a largely underexplored area in the field of applied linguistics. The research was based on self-reports collected through questionnaires, written accounts, metaphor elicitation, and semi-structured interviews provided by 20 teachers of young learners with a migrant background in public schools in Greece. The findings showed that the classroom discourse takes place mainly in the target language, i.e., Greek, and ELF was also reported to be used by both teachers and learners for specific functions, such as vocabulary translation, explanation of grammar rules, and checking for comprehension. As reported by the participants, both teachers and learners welcome the idea of ELF use because a sense of security and comfort is provided through its employment. The study suggests that ELF may allow a smooth transition into the new social reality of the host country and a better approach of L2 Greek for young learners with a migrant background in the context of multilingual and intercultural education.

Generative design experiments with artificial intelligence: reinterpretation of shape grammar

Purpose“Can artificial intelligence produce architectural plan schemes?” discussion is the starting point of this study. The aim of this paper is to question whether this will be a new method in architectural design by producing plans with artificial intelligence interfaces working with human–computer interaction and to create a discussion environment.Design/methodology/approachThe main research topic is the evaluation of architectural design decisions with the text-to-image generation AI algorithms method based on shape grammar rules. First, a sample space consisting of Palladio plans or plan diagrams was created. Plan diagram production experiments were made with different interfaces (Midjourney, Dall-e2, Stable Diffusion, Craiyon, Nightcafe), and alternative plan diagrams were recorded as outputs. The discussion of the outputs has been made over architectural design and space.FindingsIn the conceptual design phase of the architectural discipline and in the production of architectural plan scheme, AI algorithms are trending. This interaction imposes a new responsibility on architects. AI can create paradigm shifts in architectural processes with its tools with high data processing potential. On the other hand, in this study, it is emphasized that architecture is not just an act of producing visuals, but a functional act of producing visuals.Originality/valueThe technology is effective in producing architectural plans and directing them to artificial intelligence algorithms. With this study, multi-alternative architectural plan productions were tried with text-to-image bots with fast results. In this direction, a new method proposal has been developed for the conceptual design phase in architecture.

Ta’li’mul Insya’ Fie Qismi Ta’liimil LughatilA‘arabiyyati Bi Jami’atil Islamiyyatil Hukumiyyati Langsa Bainal Musykilati Wa Hululiha

Insya' is the process of writing ideas and opinions and transferring knowledge, information, and experience in good language, good structure, and beautiful language style. The purpose of this study is to find out the problems faced by Arabic Language Education Study Program students in learning inches (composing), as well as to find out what social skills are given by lecturers to solve the problems they face. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis method, and the instruments used are observation and interviews. The results of the study show that the problems faced by students in learning Insya' are that students experience difficulties in writing what comes to their mind in a language that complies with the rules of grammar, lack of vocabulary, lack their ability to translate into correct Arabic, limited supervision from lecturers and they do not have an adequate environment to support them in writing and it is difficult to develop their opinions due to lack of reading. The solution to this problem is that students need to increase their insight, both inside and outside the classroom, by reading or forming a language environment such as language groups, and lecturers must pay attention to grammar because grammar is an important element in teaching language skills. , and students must familiarize themselves with language practice because with practice students can improve their ability to master vocabulary so that it is easier to master linguistic skills, especially in production skills, namely speaking and writing skills.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF “HASHIYA ‘ALA AL-KASHSHAF” IN TAFSIR STUDIES

IIn the introduction, it is stated that Sakkaki's work “Miftah al-Ulum” played an important role in the development of tafsir studies, that most of the commentaries of “al-Kashshaf” began to be written after the in-depth study of this work, and this can be seen in the hashiyas written by Taftazani and Jurjani on “al-Kashshaf”. At the same time, it is substantiated that Zamakhshari's level was high in Jurjani's eyes, and the scholar revealed Zamakhshari's style of interpretation in his essay to “al-Kashshaf”. Jurjani explained the difficult to understand passages of Zamakhshari's tafsir and clarified the author's purpose, the rules of language and rhetoric used by him. In “Hashiya ala al-Kashshaf”, Jurjani attaches great importance to language rules, vocabulary and directions of i’rab. He explains words according to usage and grammar rules. He even gives evidence for this from Arabic poetry. He also discusses issues related to Aqidah and the concept of Islam. He comments on the details of recitations and the science of Tajweed and criticizes the author of “al-Kashshaf” in some places. Jurjani explained some of the sentences used by the author of "al-Kashshaf" through his other works. For example, Zamakhshari's works such as “al-Faiq”, “al-Mufassal”, “Asas al-balagha” were used as sources. In the conclusion, it is noted that “Hashiyah ‘ala al-Kashshaf” is one of the important sources that reflects the tradition of vocabulary and language rules typical of other exegetical works written in Mawarannahr, and has been studied among Sunni tafsirs for centuries.

Indonesian Lexical Interference in the Students’ Descriptive Writing Texts of Politeknik Negeri Jember

This study aimed at analyzing the interference of Indonesian lexical made by students of Automotive Engineering Study Program of Engineering Department of Politeknik Negeri Jember in their descriptive writing texts. This is a descriptive study, the data were collected and documented using elicitation teqchnique, and then analyzed by using theory of language interference. This study revealed that there were 40 students made 239 lexical errors in their descriptive writing texts. The identified lexical errors were classified based on their frequencies. From the lexical errors analyzed, the result showed that the category of lexical errors committed by the students in their descriptive writing texts were 5 categories, lexical errors in the form of borrowing (17errors/7%), lexical errors in the form of calque (75 errors/31%) lexical errors in the form of misspelling (72 errors/30%), lexical errors in the form of misselection (53 errors/23%) lexical errors in the form of semantic confusion (22 errors/9%), The students made lexical errors in attempting to follow English sentence construction standards. The differences between the grammatical aspects of the English language and the Indonesian language mean that distinct of lexical errors are committed. The interference of the students' native tongue and their insufficient comprehension of some English grammar rules are to blame for these errors. To construct a decent and acceptable sentence, it is important to teach the students about the distinctions between the two languages' structural differences. The way that topics are handled in Indonesian and English has to be emphasized by the teachers.

Evolving Multi-Output Digital Circuits Using Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution

Grammatical Evolution is a Genetic Programming variant which evolves problems in any arbitrary language that is BNF compliant. Since its inception, Grammatical Evolution has been used to solve real-world problems in different domains such as bio-informatics, architecture design, financial modelling, music, software testing, game artificial intelligence and parallel programming. Multi-output problems deal with predicting numerous output variables simultaneously, a notoriously difficult problem. We present a Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution better suited for tackling multi-output problems, specifically digital circuits. The Multi-Genome consists of multiple genomes, each evolving a solution to a single unique output variable. Each genome is mapped to create its executable object. The mapping mechanism, genetic, selection, and replacement operators have been adapted to make them well-suited for the Multi-Genome representation and the implementation of a new wrapping operator. Additionally, custom grammar syntax rules and a cyclic dependency-checking algorithm have been presented to facilitate the evolution of inter-output dependencies which may exist in multi-output problems. Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution is tested on combinational digital circuit benchmark problems. Results show Multi-Genome Grammatical Evolution performs significantly better than standard Grammatical Evolution on these benchmark problems.

Design of a User Comment Management System Based on Text Mining

Presently, text mining in e-commerce reviews predominantly focus on singular sentiment analysis, yet constraints persist in sentiment score computation, semantic inclination discernment, and lexicon construction. To address these limitations, this study establishes an e-commerce user comment management system based on text mining. It performs part-of-speech tagging and dependency grammar analysis on the historical corpus of e-commerce, unveiling collocations that potentially convey users' emotive predispositions. Subsequently, a dependency grammar rule table is formulated for the extraction of emotional words. The enhanced BiGRU model is employed for bidirectional extraction of textual features, which are subsequently fused with the TextCNN model. Test results evince that the system effectively accomplishes the desired objectives, with positive comments attaining accuracy and recall rates of 93.49% and 96.98%, respectively, thereby mitigating the drawbacks associated with laborious operations and inadequate precision inherent in extant e-commerce comment analysis systems.

Crisis Grammatical Use: Revealing Causes on EFL Students' Grammatical Erros

This study aimed to find out the causes on EFL Students' grammatical errors in speaking skills for students of English Language Department of Hamzanwadi University. This research employed descriptive qualitative research design. The participants of this study were 27 students from the second semester. The data were collected by three research instruments which were observation, interview, and documentation. The observation results showed that students often used their mother tongue for class interactions, rarely applying English during the learning. Moreover, the results of the interview showed that students faced challenges in applying grammar to speaking skills due to a lack of vocabulary, comprehension, writing-focused approach, and lack of practice. In conclusion, it is important to learn and practice grammar in speaking skill because fluency in grammar and language rules is crucial for students to become qualified teachers and avoid mistakes. Learning and practicing grammar in speaking skill is also essential for long-term capability.