Rubber Content Research Articles

Modeling and design optimization of dense graded modified crumb rubber asphalt mixtures using response surface methodology

Modification of asphalt pavement materials by using recycled waste tires in form of crumb rubber (CRM) is getting significant importance for saving resources as well as protecting ecosystem. So, in this study the crumb rubber size and percentage content effect on the performance properties of binder and mixtures were evaluated. A detailed experimental program has been performed using design expert software considering the variables like rubber size and content and their responses which were viscosity, Indirect Tensile strength (ITS), Tensile strength ratio (TSR) durability and Resilient Modulus (Mr). The viscosity of control binder with the addition of crumb rubber at high temperatures showed good improvement. The performance properties viz., ITS, TSR and Mr showed similar behavior as the size and content of crumb rubber increased under different loading conditions. The statistical models prepared using the analysis tool were found significant and well fitted based on high R2 (>0.80), high adequate precision value (>4), insignificant lack of fit and low p-value. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) model theoretical results generated by the response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were further validated by the experiments with <5 % of error showing good agreement between theoretical and experimental results. Study results showed that modified binder with 10 % crumb rubber passing sieve No. 40 in mixtures showed good improvement of mechanical properties indicating the potential source of recycled waste material usage in the pavement construction.

Effects of basalt fibre and rubber particles on the mechanical properties and impact resistance of concrete

The application of waste rubber particles and basalt fibre (BF) in concrete can not only improve the performance of the resulting concrete but also alleviate the environmental pressures related to waste tire disposal. In this study, the impacts of rubber particles and BF on the mechanical and impact performance of concrete are experimentally investigated. Additionally, the macroscopic test phenomenon is explained based on the appearance of the microstructure. The results show that for basalt fibre-reinforced concrete (BFC), when the BF content increases from 0 to 0.4 %, the cube compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease from 71.5 MPa to 62.5 MPa and 44.5 GPa to 41.0 GPa, respectively, while the bending strength increases from 5.9 MPa to 6.6 MPa and then decreases to 6.3 MPa. A BF content of 0.3 % is selected to prepare basalt fibre-reinforced rubber concrete (BFRC). As the rubber particle content of BFRC increases from 0 to 20 %, the cube compressive strength, elastic modulus and bending strength decrease from 64.3 MPa to 51.5 MPa, 41.9 GPa to 33.5 GPa and 6.6 MPa to 5.9 MPa, respectively. However, the reduction rate of the mechanical properties of BFRC is approximately half that of fibre-free rubber concrete at the same rubber content. The shapes of the stressstrain curves of the BFC and normal concrete (NC) are similar, whereas the descending stage of the stressstrain curve of the BFRC is obviously gentler, and the whole BFRC stressstrain curve is much fuller, reflecting typical ductile failure. Both the BF and rubber particles contribute to impact performance improvement, but the effect of the rubber particles is much greater than that of the BF. Compared with that of the NC, the incorporation of 0.3 % BF increases the initial crack impact energy (W1) and final crack impact energy (W2) by 71 % and 79 %, respectively, but when 20 % rubber particles are additionally added, the increase rates of W1 and W2 reach 668 % and 686 %, respectively. The impact life evolutions of BFC and BFRC can be described effectively by a two-parameter Weibull distribution function.

Optimization of Cohesive Parameters in the Interfacial Transition Zone of Rubberized Concrete Based on the Response Surface Method.

Rubber concrete has been applied to a certain extent in fatigue-resistant structures due to its good durability. Based on a cohesive model of rubber composed of a five-phase material containing mortar, aggregate, rubber, aggregate-mortar interfacial transition zone (ITZ), and rubber-mortar ITZ, this paper studies the influence of the cohesive parameters in the rubber-mortar ITZ on the fatigue problem of rubber concrete on the mesoscopic scale. As the weak part of cement-based composite materials, the ITZ has a great influence on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, but the performance of the ITZ is difficult to test in macro experiments, resulting in difficulties in determining its simulation parameters. Based on the cohesive model with a rubber content of 5%, this study uses Monofactor analysis and the Plackett-Burman test to quickly and effectively determine the primary and secondary influences of the cohesive model parameters in the rubber-mortar ITZ; further, the response surface method is used to optimize the cohesive parameters in the rubber-mortar ITZ, and the numerical simulation results after optimizing the cohesive parameters are compared and analyzed with the simulation results before optimization. The results show that, under the setting of the optimized parameters, the simulation results of each item of the optimal cohesive model parameters in the rubber-mortar ITZ are in line with the reality and closer to the experimental data, and they are also applicable to rubber concrete models with different rubber dosing.

Tensile strength prediction of crumb rubber concrete based on mesoscale modelling

ABSTRACT This study presents an experimental study and a mesoscale model for evaluating the tensile performance of crumb rubber concrete (CRC). In the experimental study, indirect tensile strengths of CRC with 6%, 12% 18% rubber contents were tested. Then the tested CRC samples were modelled as a five-phase material containing rubber, coarse aggregate, mortar, aggregate-mortar interface layer, and rubber-mortar interface layer. Numerical results from the mesoscale model agreed well with experimental tests. Parameter analysis was carried out to investigate the content, size, shape of rubber particle, thickness of interface layer on the tensile strength of CRC. Numerical results also indicated that rubber content was the governing influencing factor on the tensile strength reduction. As comparison, the influence from rubber size and rubber shape was relatively low. For a specimen with constant rubber content and size, changes in the distribution of rubber particles resulted in slight changes in the tensile strength of CRC as well. The effect of rubber particles on the tensile properties of concrete was similar to that of pores. Finally, tensile strength prediction formula was developed based on the pores model proposed in this study.

Environmentally Friendly Natural Coagulants in the Coagulation Process in the Rubber Industry

This research evaluates the use of natural coagulants, such as soursop and Aegle marmelos (Maja), in the latex coagulation process of the GT 1 clone type, compared with chemical coagulants such as formic acid and acetic acid, to gain an understanding of the characteristics of the rubber produced. Three types of crumb rubber (SIR 3 CV, SIR 3L, and SIR 3 WF) are produced from latex, while SIR 5, SIR 10, and SIR 20 are produced from treated latex coagulum. Rubber quality criteria are explained in the Indonesian Rubber Standard (SIR 3L/3WF) SNI 06-1903-2011. The use of natural coagulants, especially soursop, and Maja, in the coagulation of GT 1 clone latex shows an influence on coagulation time, Dry Rubber Content (DRC), initial plasticity (Po), Plasticity Retention Index (PRI), ash content, dirt content, and substance content evaporate. The results showed that natural coagulants had slower coagulation times, higher DRC values ​​(especially in maja), and better PRI values ​​compared to chemical coagulants. Despite having higher ash content, dirt content, and volatile matter content, all types of coagulants meet rubber quality standards. This research provides in-depth insight into the potential and advantages of natural coagulants, especially soursop, and maja, in the environmentally friendly rubber industry. In addition, analysis of rubber characteristics, such as plasticity, resistance to heating, and content of certain components, provides a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the use of natural coagulants on rubber quality.

Recent efforts on investigating the effects of recycled rubber content on the mechanical properties of structural concrete

Recent efforts on investigating the effects of recycled rubber content on the mechanical properties of structural concrete

A prediction model of rubber content in the dried root of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin based on near-infrared spectroscopy

BackgroundTaraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin (TKS) is a highly potential source of natural rubber (NR) due to its wide range of suitable planting areas, strong adaptability, and suitability for mechanized planting and harvesting. However, current methods for detecting NR content are relatively cumbersome, necessitating the development of a rapid detection model. This study used near-infrared spectroscopy technology to establish a rapid detection model for NR content in TKS root segments and powder samples. The K445 strain at different growth stages within a year and 129 TKS samples hybridized with dandelion were used to obtain their near-infrared spectral data. The rubber content in the root of the samples was detected using the alkaline boiling method. The Monte Carlo sampling method (MCS) was used to filter abnormal data from the root segments of TKS and powder samples, respectively. The SPXY algorithm was used to divide the training set and validation set in a 3:1 ratio. The original spectrum was preprocessed using moving window smoothing (MWS), standard normalized variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and first derivative (FD) algorithms. The competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm and the corresponding chemical characteristic bands of NR were used to screen the bands. Partial least squares (PLS), random forest (RF), Lightweight gradient augmentation machine (LightGBM), and convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms were employed to establish a model using the optimal spectral processing method for three different bands: full band, CARS algorithm, and chemical characteristic bands corresponding to NR. The model with the best predictive performance for high rubber content intervals (rubber content > 15%) was identified.ResultThe results indicated that the optimal rubber content prediction models for TKS root segments and powder samples were MWS–FD CASR–RF and MWS–FD chemical characteristic band RF, respectively. Their respective RP2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{R}}_{{\ ext{P}}}^{2}$$\\end{document}, RMSEP, and RPDP values were 0.951, 0.979, 1.814, 1.133, 4.498, and 6.845. In the high rubber content range, the model based on the LightGBM algorithm had the best prediction performance, with the RMSEP of the root segments and powder samples being 0.752 and 0.918, respectively.ConclusionsThis research indicates that dried TKS root powder samples are more appropriate for constructing a rubber content prediction model than segmented samples, and the predictive capability of root powder samples is superior to that of root segmented samples. Especially in the elevated rubber content range, the model formulated using the LightGBM algorithm has superior predictive performance, which could offer a theoretical basis for the rapid detection technology of TKS content in the future.

Rubberized Concrete: Effect of the Rubber Size and Content on Static and Dynamic Behavior

Rubberized concrete (RC) has received widespread attention due to its energy absorption and crack resistance properties. However, due to its low compressive strength, it is not recommended for structural applications. The rubber size and content affect RC’s mechanical properties. This study investigated and formulated the behavior of RC with different particle sizes and contents under dynamic and static loading. Quasi-static compressive and dynamic tests were conducted on RC with varying content of rubber (0–30%) and rubber sizes (0.1–20 mm). It was found that the rubber particle size was 0.5mm and the rubber content was 2%. An equation was derived from the experimental data to forecast the impact of rubber size and content on compressive strength. Additionally, by combining the literature and this research’s data, a model was established based on neural networks to predict the strength of RC. SHPB tests were carried out to study the stress–strain curves under dynamic load. The peak stress, fragment analysis, and energy absorption of RC with varying content of rubber and rubber sizes at three different strain rates (100 s−1, 160 s−1, and 290 s−1) were investigated. Equations describing the relationship between dynamic increase factor (DIF), rubber material content, and strain rate on different particle sizes were obtained by fitting. The DIF increased as the content of the rubber increased. By analyzing energy absorption data, it was found that the optimal ratio for energy absorption was RC-0.5-30, RC-0.1-30, and RC-10-30 at strain rates of 100 s−1, 160 s−1, and 290 s−1. This study could be a good guideline for other researchers to easily select the content and size of the rubber in RC for their applications. It also has a positive significance in promoting the development of green building materials.

Design and development of a system based on transient hot wire technique to determine dry rubber content in natural rubber latex

Design and development of a system based on transient hot wire technique to determine dry rubber content in natural rubber latex

Assessing the rheological properties of bio modified asphalt cement

The production of asphalt cement binder in Iraq is conducted through the distillation of crude oil. The byproduct of such distillation is the asphalt cement which does not practice any further processing further processing of the binder is considered vital to control its physical properties and chemical composition. The implementation of bio-modifiers before using such asphalt cement binder for paving work is a sound practice to enhance its sustainability and reserve the required rheological properties. In the present study, the asphalt cement binder was modified by implementation of extender oil (used diesel engine oil) and scrap tire rubber. The aim of this work is to improve and provide a sustainable and proper rheological quality of the binder for paving work. Various percentages of scrap tire rubber and extender oil have been tried to optimize the modifiers which can exhibit a suitable control on the required rheological properties of the asphalt binder such as the stiffness modulus, its temperature susceptibility in terms of penetration index and penetration viscosity number, and temperature of equivalent stiffness of the binder. The stiffness of asphalt cement binder was digested at hot, moderate, and cold environments. It was observed that the implementation of extender oil was able to reduce the penetration index (PI) by 36.3%, 54.5%, and 27.2% when 15%, 10%, and 5% of extender oil by weight of the mixture were added respectively to the control binder. The addition of scrap tire rubber to the binder-oil mixture was able to reduce the PI up to 10% of rubber content and exhibited further control of the temperature susceptibility of the binder. It can be revealed that the extender oil increases the negative values of penetration viscosity number (PVN) while the scrap tire rubber can improve the PVN of the binder. When high percentage of extender oil 15% is implemented, the stiffness of the binder declines by 50%, 90%, and 75% when the testing temperature change from 4 to 25, and 60 ℃ respectively. It was concluded that implication of 15% of scrap tire rubber and 15% of extender oil into the asphalt cement binder produced by Qayarah oil refinery is recommended to provide a sustainable binder for pavement, control its temperature susceptibility, and provide a binder with lower prone to pavement distresses.

Efficient synthesis of high vinyl polybutadiene based on continuous flow microchannel reactor

AbstractThe traditional batch synthesis of liquid rubber faces issues such as low monomer polymerization concentration, poor uniformity of the reaction system, and inadequate heat dissipation, resulting in an unsatisfactory synthesis efficiency. This study presents a method for the rapid and efficient synthesis of high vinyl 1,2‐polybutadiene liquid rubber using butadiene as the monomer and n‐butyllithium as the initiator. By applying continuous flow microchannel reactors, the limitation of traditional synthesis method can be overcome. The addition of a modifier in the raw material promotes the formation of high vinyl structure. The preparation of liquid rubber requires the addition of a large amount of metal lithium initiator. However, for aerospace sealants, there is a requirement for low metal ion content. To address this, we employed different methods to reduce the metal ion content in the liquid rubber and increase its purity. Ultimately, we achieved the synthesis of high‐purity polybutadiene liquid rubber with 1,2‐vinyl content exceeding 88%, narrow molecular weight distribution, and tunable molecular weights. This research will provide technical guidance for the industrial application of polybutadiene synthesis in continuous flow microchannel reactors.

Mechanical Performance of Steel-Fiber-Incorporated Rubberized Concrete for Rigid Pavement Applications

Sustainable solutions are required to mitigate waste tire accumulation. Using rubberized concrete (RuC) in rigid pavements is a viable and relatively environmentally friendly strategy for partially replacing fine/coarse aggregates with crumb rubber. However, crumb rubber affects the mechanical properties of concrete. Although RuC is more flexible (ideal for road pavements) than conventional concrete, its strength is lower than that of the standard concrete used in rigid pavements. Consequently, the crumb rubber generated from discarded tires cannot be used sustainably. The primary objective of this study was to characterize RuC mixed with manufactured steel fibers to improve the strength of the mixture. Fine aggregates (sand) were partially substituted with various proportions (10%, 20%, and 40%) of crumb rubber (size:1.70–2.36 mm) while incorporating 0.5% steel fibers (by volume). The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete deteriorated with increasing rubber content, consistent with the previously reported results. However, steel fiber incorporation improved the mechanical behavior of RuC, thus enhancing the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of the pavement structure. The developed steel-fiber-incorporated RuC design enhances the usability and economic value of RuC as well as minimizes the adverse environmental impact of concrete pavement technology.

Effect of Varied Cure Temperature on the Cure Behavior, Mechanical Properties and Heat Build-Up of Solid Tire Tread Compound Containing Different Particles Sizes of Ground Tire Rubber

This work investigates the effect of variation in vulcanization temperature on the cure behavior, tensile properties, tear strength, hardness, Akron abrasion loss and heat build-up of vulcanized tire tread compound in which the total rubber was replaced with 10% and 20% ground tire rubber (GTR) of 40, 60 and 80 mesh sizes. The first step was the characterization of the GTR using optical microscopy and a thermogravimetric analyzer. The first step of mixing each rubber compound was carried out using an internal mixer (Brabender) at 60°C and 40 rev/min rotor speed and the second step was done on a two-roll mill. The mooney viscosity of each rubber compound was investigated. the cure behavior of the rubber compounds was studied at 140°C, 150°C, and 160°C respectively. Results show that the introduction of GTR reduced vulcanization time, while increased cure temperature resulted in a lower vulcanization time. No significant difference was observed in the vulcanization time at a particular temperature of the rubber sample with different particle sizes and varied amounts of GTR. The introduction of ground tire rubber in the rubber vulcanizate however resulted in decreased tensile strength, tear strength and elongation, and increased hardness, abrasion resistance, modulus and heat build-up. An increase in the vulcanization temperature from 140°C to 150°C and 160°C did not impart a significant reduction in the tensile strength of the vulcanizates containing GTR. Vulcanization at higher temperatures resulted in reduced hardness, and modulus, slightly increased abrasion loss and increased elongation of the vulcanizates containing GTR. The heat build-up increased as the cure temperature increased. Generally, the control sample with no content of ground tire rubber exhibited the best properties. If GTR is to be introduced in rubber matrix at an amount up to 20%, the results suggest that 60 mesh size particles will impart better properties. The optimal vulcanization temperature recommended based on the findings from the work is 150°C.

Effect of Silicone Rubber on the Properties of Epoxy/Recovered Carbon Black (rCB) Conductive Materials

The primary focus of this study is to investigate the effect of silicone rubber (SR) content on the mechanical, thermal, electrical conductivity, and morphological properties of epoxy/recovered carbon black (rCB) conductive material. The conductive material is used to produce the electrostatic discharge (ESD) tray for the electronic packaging industry. This study investigated the effect of silicone rubber content (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 vol.%) on the properties of epoxy/SR/rCB conductive materials, with the rCB content fixed at 15 vol.% for its optimum electrical conductivity. The silicone rubber acts as a toughening agent for epoxy. Through the fracture toughness result, it can be identified that silicone rubber plays a role in improving the toughness properties of the epoxy/SR/rCB conductive material. The optimum results for mechanical properties were recorded at 5 vol.% SR. The addition of SR to the epoxy matrix enhances the electrical properties of the epoxy/SR/rCB conductive material. The effect of thermal aging on epoxy/SR/rCB conductive materials was also studied to determine the properties of the conductive material materials at high temperatures for a long period of time. After thermal aging, the mechanical, thermal, electrical conductivity, and morphological properties of the epoxy/SR/rCB conductive material were slightly reduced.

Natural coal-derived graphite as rubber filler and the influence of its progressive graphitization on reinforcement performance

This study introduces a reinforcing rubber filler, natural coal-derived graphite (NCDG), evaluating how its progressive structural evolution from meta-anthracite (MA), semi-graphite (SG) to cryptocrystalline graphite (CG) during the natural graphitization process affects their reinforcing performance to styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites. The highly graphitized NCDG fillers exhibit good filler dispersion, more bound rubber content, and well compatibility between filler and rubber matrix when compounded with SBR, and significantly enhance the mechanical properties of SBR composite (tensile strength can reach 22.8 MPa), as well as improving the storage modulus, wet-skid resistance, wear resistance, and electrical conductivity. The formation of microcrystalline multilayer graphene and graphene nanoplatelets exfoliated by mechanical shear stress during ball grinding and rubber compound mixing plays an important role in improving the reinforcement performance of rubber composites. This research provides valuable insights into the utilization of NCDG as a cost-effective and environment-friendly reinforcing filler for rubber composites.

Positive regulation of the Eucommia rubber biosynthesis-related gene EuFPS1 by EuWRKY30 in Eucommia ulmoides

Eucommia rubber is a secondary metabolite from Eucommia ulmoides that has attracted much attention because of its unique properties and enormous potential for application. However, the transcriptional mechanism regulating its biosynthesis has not yet been determined. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase is a key enzyme in the Eucommia rubber biosynthesis. In this study, the promoter of EuFPS1 was used as bait, EuWRKY30 was screened from the cDNA library of EuFPS1 via a yeast one-hybrid system. EuWRKY30 belongs to the WRKY IIa subfamily and contains a WRKY domain and a C2H2 zinc finger motif, and the expressed protein is located in the nucleus. EuWRKY30 and EuFPS1 exhibited similar tissue expression patterns, and yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase experiments confirmed that EuWRKY30 directly binds to the W-box element in the EuFPS1 promoter and activates its expression. Moreover, the overexpression of EuWRKY30 significantly upregulated the expression level of EuFPS1, further increasing the density of the rubber particles and Eucommia rubber content. The results of this study indicated that EuWRKY30 positively regulates EuFPS1, which plays a critical role in the synthesis of Eucommia rubber, provided a basis for further analysis of the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.

Dynamic compressive behavior of environmentally friendly high-strength concrete: Experimental investigation and modelling

In this study, the mechanical properties of rubber powder and recycled steel fiber made from waste tires as fine aggregate and reinforced fiber of environmentally friendly high strength concrete (E-HSC) were investigated, especially the dynamic response of E-HSC under dynamic loading. The failure mode, stress-strain curve and energy dissipation capacity of E-HSC were investigated with different rubber powder replacement rates (0%, 5%, 20%, 35%, 50%) and different RSF volume fractions (1%, 2%, 3%) by using a separated Hopkinson pressure bar with a diameter of 100 mm. Additionally, the environmental benefits of E-HSC were assessed through carbon emission evaluation. Results indicated that rubber powder and RSFs enhanced the compressive ductility of high-strength concrete. With an increase in the ratio of rubber powder replacement, the static compressive strength of E-HSC decreased, the strain rate sensitivity of E-HSC significantly increased, while the dynamic toughness of E-HSC was notably improved. The failure modes of E-HSC under impact loading changed with increasing rubber content, showing an increase in crack quantity and severity of fragmentation. The influence of RSF content on the strain rate sensitivity of E-HSC's dynamic failure mode and toughness were not significant. A viscoelastic correction model considering impact damage was proposed, which can effectively describe the stress-strain behavior of E-HSC under impact loading across various strain rates. Furthermore, E-HSC demonstrated lower carbon emission indicators compared to traditional high-strength concrete.

Shear modulus and damping ratio of granulated rubber-sand mixtures: Influence of relative particle size

Rubber-sand mixtures (RSM) have gained recognition as a valuable, lightweight, and cost-efficient energy-absorbing material with extensive potential application in engineering construction. However, the small-strain dynamic properties and prevailing mechanisms of RSM have not been thoroughly understood. This study conducted a series of resonant column tests on the small-strain dynamic modulus and damping ratio of RSM, considering the effects of particle size ratio (PSR), rubber content (RC), and confining pressure. The results reveal that the dynamic shear modulus of RSM generally decreases with increasing RC and increases with rising confining pressure. For all RC and confining pressure levels, the maximum dynamic shear modulus of RSM reaches the minimum value as the PSR approaches 1.0. In this case, the dynamic shear modulus of RSM decreases most gently with the strain. The addition of rubber consistently augments the damping ratio, whereas the PSR initially diminishes the damping ratio before eventually enhancing it. Simultaneously, as the PSR is nearing 1.0, the damping ratio achieves its lowest point. Furthermore, new empirical equations were developed to quantitatively analyze the dynamic properties of RSM, in which the predicted values of the dynamic shear modulus and the modulus attenuation coefficient show good agreement with the observed values. This work will facilitate the preparation of artificial RSM-cored geotechnical seismic isolation layers tailored to specific engineering requirements.

Study on the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of rubber composites filled with silica

Silica-filled rubber composites exhibit nonlinear viscoelastic behavior depending on filler dispersion and matrix interaction. This study investigated the effects of silane treatment on dynamic mechanical properties of precipitated and fumed silica-reinforced polybutadiene rubber composites. The silane coupling agent improved filler dispersion and interfacial adhesion as characterized by microscopy and bound rubber content. Payne effect measurements showed enhanced storage modulus and network stability for silanized composites due to better filler networking. Cyclic tensile loading displayed reduced stress-softening in treated composites attributable to minimized damage formation. Modeling using Kraus and damage mechanics approaches provided quantitative correlations between the microstructure and magnitude of nonlinear response. The results demonstrate that silane treatment optimizes the viscoelastic performance of silica-filled rubber composites.

Effect of ground tyre rubber content on self-healing properties of natural rubber composites

Abstract In this investigation, we study the influence of the loading of ground tyre rubber (GTR), referred to as rubber dust 40 mesh (RD40), on the intrinsic self-healing natural rubber (NR) based on metal-thiolate ionic networks. The loading of RD40 particles was varied at 10, 20, and 30 phr to assess the optimum amount for interfacial bonding, mechanical and dynamic properties, and healing efficiency. The quantitative measurement of metal-thiolate ion networks and covalent crosslinks was assessed through swelling tests. The effects of RD40 loading on the dynamic mechanical properties and morphological characteristics were also investigated. Tensile properties of the rubbers before and after healing were measured using universal testing tester to obtain healing efficiency of the materials. The results showed that the developed materials have the ability to autonomously repair themselves at room temperature without the need for manual intervention. The results also revealed the tensile strength and elongation at break of self-healing NRs filled with 10 phr of RD40 were recovered 92 % and 93 %, respectively. The findings demonstrated the benefits of utilizing GTR as an effective sustainable filler and advanced the understanding of self-healing strategies and the interaction between ground tyre rubber and rubber matrices.