Royal Decree Research Articles

PCV58 Cost Analysis of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Spain

The aim of this study was to assess the treatment cost of tinzaparin, enoxaparin (brand and biosimilar) and bemiparin for the prevention of recurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Spain. The cost analysis model was built to estimate the initial treatment (15 days) for all patients and over a 180-day period in the secondary prevention of VTE in patients with active cancer. Specific dosage was based on each Summary of Product Characteristics. We selected data of RIETE registry to calculate the weights of different doses of enoxaparin. Drug prices were ex-factory (01/2020) + VAT (4%) + Royal Decree law 08/2010. Robustness were checked by a one-way sensitivity analysis considering patient weights. Daily cost was 10.48€ for tinzaparin, 11.24€ for biosimilar enoxaparin, 11.84€ for enoxaparin and 15.21€ for bemiparin. Tinzaparin showed a cheaper initial treatment cost with reduction between 7% (biosimilar enoxaparin) and 31% (bemiparin). In the long-term, total average cost treatment was 1.577€ for tinzaparin, 2.050€ for biosimilar enoxaparin, 2.161€ for enoxaparin and 2.408 for bemiparin. Independently of patients’ weight (40kg-100kg), tinzaparin was cheaper for all patient’s initial treatment and for the secondary prevention of VTE in patients with active cancer. The range of cost-savings with tinzaparin was 12-49% vs enoxaparin, 12-40% vs biosimilar enoxaparin and 25-48% vs bemiparin. Tinzaparin is a cost-saving alternative versus the rest of low molecular weight heparins in the treatment of VTE in Spain. This savings was observed in the initial treatment of all patients with VTE as well as in the long-term treatment of cancer associated thrombosis.

TRANSFORMATION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSINGS FROM THE REAL ESTATE BUBBLE INTO NEARLY-ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS: CASE STUDIES

Spanish residential buildings built during the real estate bubble (200-2009) complied with the Spanish Basic Building Standard on building thermal conditions NBE-CT-79. In 2006, the Basic Energy Saving Document of the Spanish Technical Building Code (CTE-DB-HE) came into effect. This code developed the Spanish Organic Law on Buildings 38/1999 and it was also much more restrictive. Recently, this regulatory framework has been updated by the Spanish Royal Decree 732/2019 on energy efficiency. This Royal Decree transposes European Directives 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2018/844/EU on nearly-zero-energy consumption buildings (NZEB). In this paper, the energy, emissions and economic impact caused by this legislation change on a standard semi-detached house in the 153 cities of Andalusia is analyzed. In each location, the household’s original thermal behavior with the compliant with current legislation is compared. The calculations are performed with HULC energy simulation tool and the European PVGIS climate data, considering the most adverse orientations. The house adaptation involves a partial modification of the envelope, the inclusion of solar-thermal energy for the domestic hot water supply (DHW) and photovoltaic energy to reduce electricity consumption. Results show that European objectives are largely exceeded. Energy savings vary between 81% and 146%, emissions improve between 71% and 128% and the electricity and natural gas bill is reduced between 67% and 123%. Keywords: Spanish real estate bubble, energy efficiency, nearly-zero-energy building, thermal envelope, thermal insulation, solar-thermal energy, photovoltaic energy, technical building code, housing rehabilitation, Andalusia.

Covid-19, Educación y Derechos de la Infancia en España

Las medidas adoptadas en el Real Decreto por el que se declara el estado de alarma para luchar contra la epidemia producida por el Covid-19 en España impactan de manera directa sobre niños, niñas y adolescentes. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, en su primera parte, la compleja relación que existe entre el derecho a la protección de la salud, el derecho a la educación y los derechos de la infancia. La suspensión de la actividad docente presencial ha supuesto no solamente la posibilidad de que muchos niños y niñas vean ralentizados sus aprendizajes escolares, especialmente aquellos que proceden de entornos más vulnerables, sino también que dejen de estar protegidos y que pierdan la posibilidad de alcanzar unas mejores condiciones de vida, por el efecto positivo que la escuela tiene como herramienta de compensación de las desigualdades sociales. Parece, entonces, necesario que se aborde, en la segunda parte del artículo, una seria reflexión acerca de las condiciones y el momento en el que se debe volver a las aulas. Así como, sobre las medidas que se han de adoptar para garantizar la calidad y la equidad del sistema educativo teniendo en cuenta que la enfermedad seguirá estando presente en nuestras vidas y, por tanto, el riesgo de que se produzcan nuevos contagios. Disponer de un Plan Nacional de Digitalización; revisar el curriculum, y proporcionar programas de refuerzo son retos que enfrenta nuestro sistema educativo, pero que pueden convertirse en oportunidades para mejorar su calidad y equidad.

Nemzetek vagy nemzetiségek? – Törvények és törvénytervezetek a nemzetiségi egyenjogúságról az 1860-as években

Apart from the relation between the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the other realms of the Habsburg Empire, the primary issue of the 1860s Hungary and Transylvania to handle was the nationality equality — accordingly, the recognitions of a nation and the language policy. As soon as the national question came into view, both the Hungarian and non-Hungarian political élites formulated their outlines on how to adjust regulations, intended to be epoch-making, regarding the national and language affairs, while the emperor temporarily coordinated the case with royal decrees until the definitive Nationality Act of 1868. The Act and its preceding drafts administered many domains regarding all branches of power, with the special role of the declaration of nations, namely the recognition of such as a legal entity, a juridicial person, which would (have) allow(ed) further entitled rights, deriving from a declaration in the era. The Hungarian and non-Hungarian acts and drafts examined in the study show decisive discrepancies regarding the number of nation(alitie)s recognized as legal entities, how the minorities were defined, and what concept of a nation each draft laid down. In my study, I examine the dissimilarities of the 5 draft plans (and the Act) made by the Hungarian élite, 8 draft plans (and acts of the 1863—1864 national assembly of Transylvania) related to the nationality political élite, draft plans and royal decrees associated to the emperor and the Royal Hungarian Lieutenancy, and a joint independence opposition — nationality draft plan.

Los baños de Carlos III en Trillo. La extensión de la hidroterapia

Con el Real Decreto de 29 de junio de 1816 Fernando VII creaba el Cuerpo de Médicos de Baños. Se ha investigado la historia de este cuerpo y de la hidrología médica en España desde 1816. Los trabajos sobre el periodo anterior no parecen haber prosperado tanto y la iniciativa de Fernando VII pudo aparecer como un "arrebato legislativo". Tomando el caso de los baños de Trillo o "baños de Carlos III", se cuestiona este aspecto. Este caso permite ver en qué consistían las instalaciones de baños en torno a 1780, las obras realizadas, el reglamento y uso de las aguas, los conocimientos en cuanto a su composición y remedios para definidos achaques. También se entiende cómo se siguen estos puntos de desarrollo desde el Gobierno mediante el Consejo de Castilla lo cual, posiblemente, permite comprender mejor cómo esta situación prepara el Real Decreto de 29 de junio de 1816.

The Economic Impact of Drought on the Irrigated Crops in the Segura River Basin

Throughout history, the Segura River Basin, located in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula, has suffered from countless drought periods. They have largely been managed as occasional episodes of crisis through the reduction of the resources applied or the mobilisation of extraordinary resources. Recently, the phenomena of drought and water scarcity have been incorporated into Spain’s national hydrological plan. This has given rise to an improvement in their diagnosis and management and enables us to learn about how climate change affects their frequency and intensity. Agriculture is highly relevant in the basin, comprising mainly irrigated crops that represent more than 80% of total demand for a net area of more than 260,000 ha. There is an undeniable connection between this sector and the availability of water and in periods of drought, such as the recent episode in the Segura River Basin (drought declaration in the territorial area of the Segura River Basin through Royal Decree 356/2015 of 8 May), the reduction in the availability of water generates a significant impact on the agricultural sector. Therefore, by analysing the production value and net margin generated in the agri-food systems, both the values established in the 2015/21 Hydrological Plan and those estimated in the drought period 2015–2019, we seek to assess the economic impacts generated, as knowing the direct effect on the agricultural sector will enable us to quantify the opportunity cost resulting from not being able to apply 100% of the resources demanded.

Caught in the war against gambling: A critical analysis of law history and policy making in video games in Greece

The advent of the video game industry brought about new cultural policies in both the national and international levels. In particular, incentives and flexible funding programmes for the production of video games have become a key pillar of support for small, domestic, but also global game companies. In Greece, video game policy history has followed the developments and legal entanglements of gambling regulation, with serious national and international consequences. From the Royal Decree of 1971 to Law 3037/2002 that banned all games in public and private places until the most recent Law 4487/2017, which established a cash rebate scheme for audio-visual productions, this article aims to analyse Greece’s video game policy-making as captured through scattered laws, media articles and personal testimonies.

Margins of documents, center of power: a case study on the Consejo de Indias’ annotated paperwork and the construction of legality in an imperial archive

This article focuses on a set of reports sent from the Spanish overseas territories in the New World to the Consejo de Indias (Council of the Indies) in Spain. Special attention will be paid to the annotations that appear in the margins of the documents, since they bring light to the activities that were taken over by a wide array of the Consejo’s officials in order to treat the information that came from America. We will demonstrate that such activities—classifying, summarizing, but also linking documents to one another across time and space—were at the core of the process of decision-making in the Spanish monarchy. The main challenge of this research, however, is that most of the marginal annotations were anonymous, and that not all of them were written by the same person, nor did they have the same functions. In order to overcome those obstacles, we will combine a visual, paleographic, and textual study of the sources aimed at exploring the links between the overseas reports, the marginal annotations and the royal decrees to which they had given rise. In doing so, we will highlight the paradoxical nature of the archive which, through its classifying process, gives access to a wide range of documents and, at the same time, separates them from one another and even tends to erase the connections that used to exist between them. Examining the margins of the documents will thus enable us to better understand the relationship between archival techniques, political communication and the development of imperial legality in the Spanish monarchy.

La nodriza pasiega: transición de la actividad biológica a la laboral (1830-1930)

Las nodrizas son las encargadas de la lactancia, educación y cuidados de hijos ajenos. Estas mujeres han tenido un papel en la sociedad desde la Antigüedad. Esta figura adquirió especial relevancia en España durante 1830-1930 ligada a la monarquía. El contrato de sus servicios tenía como causa problemas de salud de la madre biológica, pero se convirtió en un privilegio. La elección de estas mujeres se basaba en exámenes realizados por médicos y sacerdotes, que garantizaran la buena salud física y moral. Las amas de leche norteñas comenzaron a ser demandadas, especialmente las procedentes del Valle del Pas, las cuales emigraron a las zonas urbanas, como Madrid. Estas mujeres eran consideradas más saludables y aptas para realizar este oficio debido a su estado físico de robustez y su vida en la naturaleza. El contrato tenía implícito un sueldo y estaba regulado por leyes (1904 Protección a la Infancia y Real Decreto 1910). Sus servicios se realizaban en casas de expósitos y en hogares de las familias, incluso de la realeza. Cabe destacar la importancia de la nodriza, en un periodo histórico con altas tasas de mortalidad infantil, ya que fomentaron la supervivencia de los recién nacidos.

Il censimento della razza del 22 agosto 1938 a Milano. Modalità attuative e gestione burocratica

The use of original sources has led to the reconstruction of happenings tied to the preparation, realization and management of the race census conducted by the fascist regime on August 22nd 1938 in Milan, organized and managed by the prefecture and by the city of Milan. A thorough reconstruction of the work carried out by Milan’s bureaucratic machine has shown just how the census led to an intrusion of the very lives of the individuals it accounted for. Additionally, it represented the initial phase of a wide-scale and in-depth persecutory action that gave rise to the proclamation of royal legislative decree 1728/1938. This dealt with a general yet genuine backing of the fascist-led administrative and bureaucratic apparatus, which was shown off in Milan for its considerable efficiency.

The Nomination of International Judges by \u2018the Enlightened Few\u2019: A Comment on the Royal Decree of 23 January 2020 Concerning the Establishment of a Dutch National Group at the Permanent Court of Arbitration

On 23 January 2020, the Government of the Netherlands adopted a Royal Decree concerning the Establishment of a Dutch National Group at the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The Decree aims to provide fairness, transparency and consistency in terms of the composition of the national group and its function of nominating candidates for election to international courts. This contribution puts the Dutch national group in context in the relevant international legal framework, analyses the specifics of the Decree and critically evaluates its strengths and weaknesses. It will be argued that while the Decree offers a number of welcome procedural specifications and innovations, it contains elements that deserve refinement and improvement in order to prevent that the Dutch national group acts (or is perceived to act) as a rubber stamp institution that simply carries out the will of the Government when making nominations for the international judiciary.

Importance of Smart Channel for National Statistics and Information in the Context of Sultanate of Oman

The National Center for Statistics and Information (NCSI) in Oman was established in accordance to the Royal Decree 31/2012 affiliated to the Supreme Council for Planning. It is one of the most important sources for the development and sustainability of Oman's economy and is one of the entities, which have an information bank that helps to create Oman’s strategic plan. Most of this information is being used by high-level planners, which include governments, semi governments, and private sectors through the portal and other media sources. However, the majority of the information in terms of statistics is made available to the public through newspapers and magazines. This research paper focuses on the need for developing an information system channel through which NCSI can communicate and pass its information to every individual in the Sultanate of Oman with ease. Some information is required for study at the school level as well and thus, by considering various HCI (human-computer interaction) principles, the authors will be proposing a framework for a new electronic platform, which will be based on interactive media platform, which could be made available on Smart devices as well. This will increase the scope of this research and the outcomes will benefit the majority of the people. The need for the proposed system is evaluated through a survey and the outcomes are analyzed. It was found that the majority of the participants do not have clear information about various services and data provided by NCSI. Further, it was noted that most of the participants agreed that such an e-channel would facilitate to receive various statistics on a timely basis. This research would also include the study of similar systems in other countries and provide recommendations to design an effective framework.

Estudio axiológico del currículo básico de Lengua Castellana y Literatura

Introducción. Las normas legales se fundamentan en unos principios y valores que las instituciones escolares asumen y expresan en las diferentes dimensiones de su planificación y, sobre todo, en su acción. En aras de hallar los valores comunes que se supone impregnan los hechos educativos de cualquier escuela española, nos hemos decantado por realizar un estudio axiológico del currículo básico, que es el texto legal que orienta los desarrollos curriculares autonómicos y, en última instancia, de cada centro y equipo docente. Presentamos un estudio axiológico del Real Decreto 126/2014, de 28 de febrero, por el que se establece el currículo básico de la Educación Primaria, en concreto del área a la que se atribuye mayor compromiso para alcanzar las competencias previstas para el final de la etapa: Lengua Castellana y Literatura. El principal objetivo de nuestro trabajo se centra en descubrir los valores con los que esta área contribuye al modelo de persona subyacente en el real decreto, teniendo como referencia el modelo axiológico de educación integral indicado. Método. Determinamos la jerarquía axiológica implícita, así como sus implicaciones educativas, mediante una metodología de investigación documental, fundamentalmente cualitativa, basada en la técnica de análisis de contenido (Bardin, 2002). Resultados. Los resultados revelan el dominio de los valores intelectuales y la preeminencia, de entre el resto, principalmente de los sociales, a los que siguen los valores estéticos e instrumentales. También se extraen datos significativos como la escasa representación de los valores afectivos o espaciales, e incluso la ausencia de valores ecológicos y corporales. Discusión. Será imprescindible, en aras de que la educación sea integral, que estos sean atendidos en otras áreas. Es más, dentro de la conveniencia de un planteamiento transversal, resultaría necesario que los valores ausentes fuesen también atendidos en los diferentes momentos de concreción curricular de esta materia.

La actuación de las Cortes Generales durante el estado de alarma para la gestión de la crisis del COVID-19

Mediante el Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, el Gobierno declaraba el estado de alarma en todo el territorio nacional para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Esta figura, con antecedentes en nuestra historia constitucional y prevista ahora en el artículo 116.2 de la Constitución, cuenta con el único precedente de 2010 cuando, el 4 de diciembre, se declaró el estado de alarma para la normalización del servicio público esencial del transporte aéreo, como consecuencia de la crisis de los controladores aéreos. Sin embargo, la peculiaridad que subyace a la actual declaración, pues son razones de salud pública las que han llevado a su adopción, obliga a una nueva reflexión en torno a esta institución. En particular, se hace preciso un estudio de cómo el Parlamento, institución democrática por excelencia, ha tratado de adecuar su funcionamiento, exigido por el artículo 116.5 de la Constitución, a las medidas sanitarias impuestas. Asimismo, se concluye con el análisis de una serie de cuestiones constitucionales que, como consecuencia de la declaración del estado de alarma, se han ido planteando. En concreto, se abordan tres cuestiones principales: la adecuación de la declaración del estado de alarma, el efectivo funcionamiento de las Cortes durante su vigencia y la articulación de sesiones telemáticas.

مترجم یا سفیر: پرنس ارفع دانش

The nineteenth century was a transitional era in the history of Iran, and among all dynasties that had ruled over the country, it was the Qajar dynasty who had built a bridge between tradition and modernity. A big part of modernization in Iran was and has been the duty of translators throughout modern history. During the Qajar era, translators were mostly found among the students who had furthered their studies in Western countries. They were mostly employed in the government sector after graduation. One of the influential translators of the time was Mirza Reza also known as Prince Arfa’, who first had served as a translator in the Embassy of Iran in Tbilisi [in present-day in Georgia] and proceeded to be an ambassador of Iran to the Ottoman court. Based on historical shreds of evidence traced from six royal decrees displayed at the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, this study tries to draw a timeline on Prince Arfa’, highlighting his contributions in diplomatic services as well as the Persian literature. This paper draws on a descriptive framework based on a certain timeline to explain Prince Arfa’s biography in relation to historical context.

Las políticas del agua en España: bases para un desarrollo turístico equilibrado, en el contexto de la desglobalización

Las actividades económicas relacionadas con el turismo necesitan, a diferentes escalas, de una política relacionada con el agua, en nuestro caso en España. El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es mostrar las directrices que marcan, o debieran señalar, el camino para la utilización de un recurso escaso como es el agua, para que las actividades turísticas puedan desarrollarse de forma equilibrada, marcando y favoreciendo el crecimiento de los diferentes destinos turísticos, coadyuvando al logro de unas condiciones de vida más ecuánimes. De esta forma, al analizar la política de Aguas con detenimiento, se determina como en España, desde la aparición en la época democrática actual, de la Ley de Aguas de 1985, hasta aproximadamente la presentación del Real Decreto que aprueba el reglamento de la Planificación Hidrológica, se ha ido denotando un progresivo desarrollo en cuanto a los asuntos que han tenido que ir afrontando las diferentes políticas hídricas. En esta línea, las directrices legales relativas al recurso hídrico, han ido amoldándose a las exigencias de las circunstancias, principalmente a las tendencias comunitarias encarnadas en la renombrada Directiva 2000/60/CE, que exigía esencialmente, que se garantizase una disponibilidad de aguas racional, de tal forma que se revitalizase las diversas actividades sociales. Economic activities related to tourism need, at different scales, a policy related to water, in our case in Spain. The main objective of the present investigation is to show the guidelines that mark, or should indicate, the path for the use of a scarce resource such as water, so that the tourist activities can be developed in a balanced way, marking and favoring the growth of the different tourist destinations, contributing to the achievement of more equanimous living conditions. Thus, when analyzing the Water policy in detail, it is determined as in Spain, since the appearance in the current democratic era, of the Water Law of 1985, until approximately the presentation of the Royal Decree that approves the regulation of Hydrological Planning, it has been denoting a progressive development in terms of the issues that have had to face the different water policies. Along these lines, the legal guidelines related to water resources have been adapting to the demands of the circumstances, mainly to the community trends embodied in the renowned Directive 2000/60/EC, which essentially required that rational water availability be guaranteed, so that the various social activities were revitalized.

El diagnóstico de la situación como fase previa a la elaboración de planes de igualdad

Resumen. El Real Decreto Ley 6/2019 de 1 de marzo, de medidas urgentes para garantía de la igualdad de trato y de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres en el empleo y la ocupación, ha modificado, entre otras, la Ley Orgánica 3/2007, de 22 de marzo, para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres. Entre otras cuestiones de gran interés, ha resultado modificado el Capítulo III, dedicado a los planes de igualdad de las empresas y otras medidas de promoción de la igualdad. Dentro de la regulación de tales instrumentos de ordenación empresarial de la igualdad de oportunidades entre géneros destacan las variaciones que han afectado a la elaboración de los diagnósticos previos a la implantación de los planes de igualdad. Se trata de cambios que ya se reclamaban por parte de la doctrina y se podían entrever en otras normas de origen público dirigidas al fomento de la elaboración de planes de igualdad. Por ejemplo, se atiende a la recomendación sobre la elaboración del diagnóstico de forma negociada con los representantes de los trabajadores. Además, se desarrolla el contenido del mismo mediante la enumeración de materias a tratar en un listado abierto al tratamiento de otros asuntos que sirvan a los efectos de analizar la situación concreta en la empresa en aras a la elaboración de un plan de igualdad eficaz.Palabras clave: diagnóstico previo, Comisión Negociadora del Plan de Igualdad, plan de igualdad, igualdad de oportunidades, Ley Orgánica de igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, negociación colectiva.

Об отчуждении земель под железнодорожное строительство в Русском Туркестане

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of seizure of land by the tsarist government for railway construction in Central Asia. Legislative documents prove that the alienation of land was carried out on the base of nominal royal decrees and material compensation withdrawn from the treasury. The author believes that the acceleration of the region's economic development under the Russian government was the main condition for the civilizational modernization of the life of the indigenous population of pre-revolutionary Central Asia.

Assessment of the Royal Decree 244/2019 in the Spanish Electrical Regulatory Framework Considering Power Quality Issues related to Harmonic Distortion associated to Nonlinear loads in Grid-connected Microgrids

Assessment of the Royal Decree 244/2019 in the Spanish Electrical Regulatory Framework Considering Power Quality Issues related to Harmonic Distortion associated to Nonlinear loads in Grid-connected Microgrids

El Catálogo Monumental y Artístico de la provincia de Navarra de 1916: crónica de una oportunidad perdida

Siguiendo sendos reales decretos de 1900 y 1902 que ordenaban recoger "todas las riquezas monumentales y artísticas" de la nación, en 1916 se encargó al escritor y periodista Cristóbal de Castro la ejecución del catálogo correspondiente a la provincia de Navarra. El presente artículo estudia la gestación y desarrollo de dicho catálogo, así como la metodología y bibliografía empleadas. Ofrece también su descripción física y examina y valora el material fotográfico y textual de sus cinco volúmenes, poniendo de manifiesto el carácter fragmentario e incompleto de la obra, así como sus abundantes errores, imprecisiones y nulas aportaciones.