Routing Techniques Research Articles

Morphological and Optical changes with dopant concentration of Bi2O3 in Al2Bi2O6-δ nano-particulates

In present scenario, technologies based on nanomaterials applications are taken at the top priorties because of their advanced properties. The materials have colourful size-dependent properties at nanoscale because of its significant ratio of surface area to volume. In this study, different compositions of alumina nanocrystalline materials incorporated with Bi2O3 (5%,10%,20%) were prepared by using micro wave treated (at 100°C for 15 minutes) chemical route techniques at calcination temperature of 600°C for a duration of 2 hours resulted in uniform sized nano-particulates were obtained. The ultrafine powder samples were analyzed by using techniques including UV-Vis- NIR spectrum, XRD, HRTEM, FTIR & FESEM etc. The XRD data reveals that the crystallite size of the nano crystals increased from 28.9nm (Pure alumina), 30.1nm (5% Bi2O3doped), 36.8nm (10% Bi2O3doped), 41.21 nm (20% Bi2O3doped) respectively and indicates increasing trend with dopant concentration for fixed calcination temperature of 600°C for a duration of 2 hours. The IR spectrum were deployed to examine the functional group existing in samples and concluded that corresponding IR alps were found at different wave numbers for each dopant concentration, with multiple alps/peaks attributed at 3300cm−1and at 1600cm−1were due to-OH group’s vibration mode and water content in the surroundings respectively. The alp at 1300 cm−1 was related to the adsorption of NO2 and CO2 in the surroundings and nitrate salt used for preparing the samples, while other alps at 582 cm−1 (O-Al-O) and 512 cm− 1(O-Bi-O) were related to various metal oxide vibrations. In UV-VIS spectroscopy, the tauc plot revealed that the energy band gap was 1.67 eV, 1.85eV, 2.72eV and 2.89 eV respectively. The microscopy through field emission of scanning of electron (FESEM) image displayed truncated spherical particles that were agglomerated in nature. The HRTEM findings are consistent with the results obtained from XRD data and FESEM.

Cycle‐Consistent Generative Adversarial Network and Crypto Hash Signature Token‐based Block chain Technology for Data Aggregation with Secured Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

SummaryA fundamental component of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is routing, because it is responsible for data transmission to the base stations (BS). Routing attacks are attacks that have the ability to interfere with the operation of WSN. A reliable routing system is needed for guaranteeing routing security including WSN effectiveness. Many studies have been conducted to improve trust among routing nodes, cryptographic algorithms and centralized routing decisions. Nevertheless, most of the routing techniques are not practical because it is challenging to detect suspicious actions of routing nodes. Generally, there is lack of reliable technique for preventing malicious node attacks. Therefore in this manuscript, Cycle‐Consistent Generative Adversarial Network (CCGAN) optimized with Ebola Optimization Search Algorithm (EOSA) and Crypto Hash Signature (CHS) Token‐based Block chain (BC) Technology for Data Aggregation with Secured Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks (SR‐CCGAN‐EOSA‐BDA‐WSN) is proposed for data aggregation with secured optimum routing in WSN. The proposed methodology uses a Proof of Authority (PoA) method in the block chain network to authenticate the process of node transmission. A Cycle‐Consistent Generative Adversarial Network optimized with the Ebola optimization algorithm methodology (CCGAN‐EOSA) is used to select the validation group required for proofing and select the proper next hop as a forwarding node proficient of securely and easily transmitting messages. The performance metrics, like delay, average latency with energy consumption, block chain token transactions throughput is analyzed. The performance of SR‐CCGAN‐EOSA‐BDAWSN proposed method provides 76.26%, 65.57%, and 42.9% lesser delay under 30% spiteful routing environment; 73.06% are compared with existing methods.

Adaptive squirrel coyote optimization-based secured energy efficient routing technique for large scale WSN with multiple sink nodes

In general, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) require secure routing approaches for delivering the data packets to their sinks or destinations. Most of the WSNs identify particular events in their explicit platforms. However, several WSNs may examine multiple events using numerous sensors in a similar place. Multi-sink and multi-hop WSNs include the ability to offer network efficiency by securing effective data exchanges. The group of nodes in the multi-sink scenario is described through a distance vector. Though, the efficiency of multi-sink WSNs is considerably impacted by the routing of data packets and sink node placement in the cluster. In addition, many WSNs for diverse reasons existed in the similar geographical region. Hence, in this task, a secured energy-efficient routing technique is designed for a Wireless sensor network with Large-scale and multiple sink nodes. Here, the concept of an improved meta-heuristic algorithm termed Adaptive Squirrel Coyote Search Optimization (ASCSO) is implemented for selecting the accurate selection of cluster head. The fitness function regarding residual distance, security risk, energy, delay, trust, and Quality of Service (QoS) is used for rating the optimal solutions. The consumption of energy can be reduced by measuring the mean length along with the cluster head and multiple sink nodes. The latest two heuristic algorithms such as Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA) and Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA) are integrated for suggesting a new hybrid heuristic technique. Finally, the offered work is validated and evaluated by comparing it with several optimization algorithms regarding different evaluation metrics between the sensor and sink node.

Energy Efficient Cluster based Routing Scheme for WSN based IoT to Extend Network Lifetime

With the development and advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSN), the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has achieved prominence in the modern era. With the increasing number of connected devices, WSN has become a key factor in the communication component of the IoT. In IoT-based WSN infrastructure, devices are equipped with intelligent sensors that sense the environment to collect data, process data, and deliver information to the sink or base station (BS). WSN-assisted IoT has become a key technology for various data-centric applications such as health care, smart cities, and the military. Sensor nodes in IoT devices are equipped with bound and irreplaceable batteries. An increased number of connected devices face serious issues of energy depletion, maintenance, and load balancing, which might result in device failure. Energy efficiency is considered a vital parameter in the design of an IoT based WSN, and this can be accomplished through clustering and multihop routing techniques. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware multihop routing scheme (EAMRS) for hierarchical cluster-based WSN-assisted IoT. EAMRS considers the improved low-energy adaptive clustering algorithm (I-LEACH) to select optimal cluster heads (CH). During data transmission, multihop routing is involved by considering routing metrics such as residual energy, distance to BS and optimal route choice to balance the energy load. However, conventional routing schemes fail to achieve the flexibility and adaptability prerequisites of load balancing mechanisms. EAMRS decreases computation overhead and restricts energy usage, resulting in a prolonged network lifetime.

TBDD: Territory-Bound Data Delivery for Large-Scale Mobile Sink Wireless Sensor Networks

The hierarchical structure-based data dissemination is the most popular technique in mobile sink wireless sensor networks (MS-WSNs). An ingenious virtual structure design combined with a precise routing management strategy is significant to attaining efficient data dissemination in hierarchical approaches. This paper proposes a hierarchical protocol called TBDD that divides the network into multiple partitions called Regions, and spots the location of the mobile sink (MS) according to these partitions. TBDD dynamically assigns a defined role to each division by adopting the mobility of the sink. Thus, the protocol takes advantage of the sink’s movement and the Regions’ flexible role in balancing energy consumption throughout the network. A Region is designated as active if it contains the sink node or passive otherwise. By using the territory of the active region as a temporal location of the MS, the proposed protocol hides the local movements (i.e., moves inside the active region) of the sink from the rest of the network. In such a way, regardless of the exact position of the sink, sensed data flows from different network ends to the sink’s temporal location. Therefore, TBDD reduces the query request and response burden employed to get the position of the sink. Besides, TBDD implements a spanning tree to report the location information of the MS. Last; we applied an opportunistic routing technique that captures multiple network criteria to elect packet forwarder nodes. The proposed protocol is mathematically analyzed and experimentally evaluated and shows outstanding performance in terms of the number of hops, energy consumption, delay, network lifetime, and success ratio.

EELCR: energy efficient lifetime aware cluster based routing technique for wireless sensor networks using optimal clustering and compression

EELCR: energy efficient lifetime aware cluster based routing technique for wireless sensor networks using optimal clustering and compression

Routing approaches in named data network: a survey and emerging research challenges

Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a promising information-centric networking paradigm that addresses the limitations of the traditional IP-based Internet architecture. The core principle of NDN relies on content naming instead of host addressing, to provide efficient, secure, and scalable content delivery. Routing is a critical component of NDN and is responsible for discovering and maintaining optimal paths to named content. This paper presents a comprehensive review of routing techniques in NDN, focusing on the design principles, algorithms, and performance metrics, especially in wired network architecture. We first summarize the NDN architecture and discuss its key components. We then delve into the fundamental routing concepts in NDN and categorize and examine various routing techniques, including link state, distance vector, and centralized approaches based on Software Defined Network. We also summarize the relevant research efforts proposed to address NDN routing challenges by focusing more on wired network architecture. Finally, we identify open research issues and future directions in NDN routing, emphasizing the need for scalable, efficient, and secure routing techniques that can fulfill the growing demands of the modern Internet. In conclusion, this review serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in NDN, offering a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art routing techniques, limitations, and potential future advancements.

A Trust and Node Capability Model for Reliable and Secure MANET Communication

The Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a rapidly deployable network. That is valuable for industrial and domestic applications due to flexible, mobile, and wireless communication. But the network is constrained with resources and security. In this paper, we are presenting a node capability based trusted routing named TNC-AODV for MANET. It is a hybrid approach for maintaining route reliability and security. The model is composed of the property of node capability and Trust. The Node capability is defined by the quality of service parameters like remaining energy, available bandwidth, buffer length, and mobility pattern. The aim is to ensure the discovery of reliable routes. Additionally, the trust is implemented by using a local and global trust for securing the network. The TNC-AODV is implemented through modification of AODV routing. That routing technique has been tested on three security threats namely Black-hole, wormhole, and DOS flooding attack. The simulation has been carried out using the NS2 simulator. The experimental results demonstrate that TNC-AODV provides security against attacks. Additionally, improve the packet delivery ratio, and throughput. Finally, the possible and feasible future extension of the work has also been proposed.

A novel energy‐efficient routing protocol for industrial WSN using hybrid COOT‐LS algorithm with LSTM‐based DOM prediction

SummaryIndustrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) are very important to improve and simplify the way to manage, monitor, and control industrial factories. IWSNs have many benefits, but because of their vulnerability to extremely complex and variable industrial contexts, they also limit some of the potential that is currently available and present difficulties on numerous fronts. The proposed work develops energy‐efficient routing technique to minimize the overall energy consumption. Heterogeneous mobile nodes are randomly deployed in the experimental region; then, region‐based grid formation is done in the proposed method. In each grid, the base node is selected utilizing the parameters like residual energy and distance of mobile nodes. Hybrid COOT‐HOA optimization is used in the proposed method for selecting the optimal base node in each grid. A deep learning‐based machine learning algorithm called long short‐term memory (LSTM) is utilized to predict the future direction of movement (DOM) of each mobile node in the grid. Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) is utilized to find an active zone from the sender node to direction of base node. Then, the sender node transmits the data to its nearest node in the active region. This proposed energy‐efficient routing algorithm is tested with several metrics which attains better performance like 94% packet delivery ratio, 7% packet loss, average residual energy of 9.5 J, and 3.4 Mbps throughput. Thus, the energy‐efficient routing protocol used in the proposed approach transfers the data in an energy‐efficient manner for IWSN.

Multiple Mobile Sinks for Quality of Service Improvement in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks.

The involvement of wireless sensor networks in large-scale real-time applications is exponentially growing. These applications can range from hazardous area supervision to military applications. In such critical contexts, the simultaneous improvement of the quality of service and the network lifetime represents a big challenge. To meet these requirements, using multiple mobile sinks can be a key solution to accommodate the variations that may affect the network. Recent studies were based on predefined mobility models for sinks and relied on multi-hop routing techniques. Besides, most of these studies focused only on improving energy consumption without considering QoS metrics. In this paper, multiple mobile sinks with random mobile models are used to establish a tradeoff between power consumption and the quality of service. The simulation results show that using hierarchical data routing with random mobile sinks represents an efficient method to balance the distribution of the energy levels of nodes and to reduce the overall power consumption. Moreover, it is proven that the proposed routing methods allow for minimizing the latency of the transmitted data, increasing the reliability, and improving the throughput of the received data compared to recent works, which are based on predefined trajectories of mobile sinks and multi-hop architectures.

A high-performance fully adaptive routing based on software defined network-on-chip

Adaptive routing techniques have been proven to be effective solutions for handling network congestion and enhancing the performance of Network-on-Chip (NoC). Traditional adaptive routing algorithms may degrade flexibility and lead to the issue of high hardware implementation overhead. In this paper, we propose a fully adaptive routing (FAR) based on Software Defined NoC (SDNoC) to address these issues. The proposed FAR decouples path selection from packet forwarding. The routing path is determined by software techniques in the control layer according to the global congestion status and is encapsulated into the packet to control the forwarding of the packet. Evaluation results show that the proposed FAR yields an improvement of performance over the typical routing schemes in average packet latency and saturation throughput up to 8.2% and 6.1% respectively. The layout area and power consumption are at least 6.2% and 3.9% less compared with the typical routing schemes as well.

Mobile wireless ad-hoc network routing protocols comparison for real-time military application

Mobile wireless Ad-hoc has become more popular because it forms quickly, has an easy setup, and has easy extensibility. The mobile ad-hoc wireless networks can be further classified according to their applications as follows: Regular user ad-hoc networks are commercial communication that applies to vehicles to help avoid collisions and accidents and live connections to transfer data from car to car. Another application is disaster rescue ad-hoc networking, usually used when a normal infrastructure network is destroyed by storms, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. Nowadays, a lot of applications, particularly those related to the military and emergency situations, rely on mobile ad hoc wireless networks, where security needs are more challenging to provide than in regular networks. We present the tactical network needs for the military. This platform attempts to assess the possible advantages of mobile ad hoc networks in tactical military applications. This work proposes route discovery using reactive (on-demand) routing protocols where nodes need to just transfer data. This eliminates the requirement for each node to store and maintain any routing tables. This study presents and contrasts the benefits and drawbacks of two fundamental mobile ad hoc routing systems (AODV and DSR). Both protocols are On-Demand routing techniques, and when data needs to be sent, the discovery phase begins. The results of the simulation, the AODV routing approach outperforms the DSV routing method under identical simulated conditions.

PAtCH: Proactive Approach to Circumvent Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks.

The occurrence of hole regions in Wireless Sensor Networks is a significant challenge when applying a greedy technique in a geographic routing approach. The local minimum phenomenon is commonly attributed to physical obstacles, energy depletion of the nodes, failures in communication between neighbors, or even the incorrect deployment of the nodes in the sensing field. To address the problem of hole regions, most approaches choose to abandon the traditional greedy forwarding mechanism to temporarily adopt the well-known perimeter routing scheme applied to nearby nodes or along the edge of a region of a hole. However, this mechanism does not satisfy the network load balance requirement, because it imposes too much traffic to the nodes in the hole's edge, making them overloaded when compared to other network nodes more distant from holes. In this work, we propose a novel location-free geographic routing technique called PAtCH (Proactive Approach to Circumvent Holes in Wireless Sensor Network) to avoid routing holes in WSNs. Our solution can circumvent hole regions and create routing paths toward the destination. We consider that our sink has a higher communication range, and the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is used to assist the construction of the routing paths. Our results show the efficiency achieved by our proposed solution in scenarios with hole regions, also maintaining all the benefits of a classic greedy forwarding technique.

Energy Optimization Using Reptile Search in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy saving in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a critical problem for diversity of applications. Data aggregation between sensor nodes is huge unless a suitable sensor data flow management is adopted. Clustering the sensor nodes is considered an effective solution to this problem. Each cluster should have a controller denoted as a cluster head (CH) and a number of nodes located within its supervision area. Clustering demonstrated an effective result in forming the network into a linked hierarchy. Thus, balancing the load distribution in WSNs to make efficient use of the available energy sources and reducing the traffic transmission can be achieved. In solving this problem we need to find the optimal distribution of sensors and CHs; thus, we can increase the network lifetime while minimizing the energy consumption. In this paper, a Reptile Search Algorithm (RSA) for preserving location privacy and congestion avoidance with less delay guaranteed is proposed. With this routing technique, the complete sensor field is divided into different subdivisions and each subdivision elects a target area by computing its transmission distance. The backbone of the dynamic routing protocol consists of a virtual ring called bell nodes and a radial line called tentacle nodes employs more nodes to construct the network. The amount of radial line and radius of the virtual ring in a network are conjointly determined to ease the communication path from the node to sink. The radial line paths are routed directionally and bell nodes are routed with angular directions probabilistically. From the routing path, the tentacle nodes collect the data to dynamic sink which will assure that the information is going to be collected with less delay and attacker cannot guess their positions. The experimental results show that the proposed RSA method accomplishes enhanced performance in terms of energy consumption, packet delivery delay and lifetime.

A Hybrid Model for Performance Evaluation of Fixed VANETs using Novel 1C3N and Topology-Based Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols with Packet Loss Control Methods

Vehicular ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) play a significant role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Design. Intelligent Transportation Systems are the first mandatory requirements for any smart city. Researchers are vigorously working on ITSs for smart cities and so VANETs have received a lot of attention. In VANETs, Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) message transmissions are carried out using wireless access technologies like IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609 WAVE family of standards. The crucial challenge in the implementation of VANETs involves the task of deciding the routing protocol because unlike MANETs, handover in VANETs is extremely high. In this paper, a novel routing technique, One Caption for 3 Nodes (1C3N) algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is implemented along with other topology-based existing routing protocols for the implementation of VANETs in the Coimbatore-Urban Area (Indian Smart City). The performance evaluation is carried out by comparing metrics like goodput, Overhead, Packet delivery ratio (PDR), Packet loss ratio (PLR) and end-to-end delay for four existing VANET routing protocols. The results show that a proper combination of packet loss model with routing protocol enhances the goodput and reduces the overhead for a fixed VANET. It is observed that the proposed 1C3N routing technique provides 60-65% better goodput than the other four algorithms.

Paracolic Gutter Routing: A Novel Retroperitoneal Extra-Anatomical Repair for Infected Aorto-Iliac Axis.

We describe and analyze outcomes of a novel extra-anatomical paracolic gutter routing technique for surgical repair of aorto-iliac infections. A double-center, observational, cohort study of all consecutive patients with aorto-iliac infections treated using extra-anatomical paracolic gutter technique. Between May 2015 and December 2022, six patients with aorto-iliac infections were treated with the paracolic gutter routing technique. Cases were identified retrospectively in an institutional database, and data were retrieved from surgical records, imaging studies, and follow-up records. Aorto-bifemoral vascular reconstructions were performed using this technique in six patients. During mean follow-up of 52 ± 44 months, there was one case of graft thrombosis (17%) with subsequent successful thrombectomy. Primary and secondary graft patency rates were 83% and 100%, respectively. There was one mortality (17%) due to candida sepsis. All graft prostheses were patent at last follow-up. The paracolic gutter technique is a useful technique in patients with extensive aorto-iliac infections, arteriovenous and iliac-ureteric fistulas, or at a high risk of vascular graft infection and is associated with favorable reinfection and patency rates.

Energy efficient secured-quality of service routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network using multi-objective optimization

This article proposed a hybrid energy-efficient secured quality of service (QoS) based multipath routing protocol. A modified crow search combined with the tunicate swarm butterfly optimisation algorithm (TSBO) with a density-based clustering technique strategy is proposed for the selection of cluster heads after the initial cluster formations. Among all the nodes, the cluster head is selected, and employing the collaborative trust-based approach (CTBA), which employs the trust factor for mobile ad hoc network (MANET) data transmission, a node's authentication is supplied. Finally, to implement the safe routing technique, this article suggested a hybrid multipath routing protocol combining multi-objective grey wolf optimisation (MO-GWO) with a fruit fly algorithm. The NS3 simulator is used to assess the proposed work. The packet delivery ratio metric performs 4% better than the current models. As a result, the suggested approach performs better for the end-to-end delay, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and throughput; it also uses less energy and has a shorter delay. Additionally, single-path nodes with the same energy value have lower throughput than multi-path nodes.

Long Lasting Persistent Photo-Luminescence Properties of EuxM1-xMgAl10O17(M = Ba, Ca, Sr, Zn) Phosphors

In this work, the EuxM1-xMgAl10O17[M = Ba, Ca. Sr, Zn, and x = 0.05)] phosphors were prepared through a combustion route technique. The complexing reagents namely urea (fuels) were used to synthesis for EuxBa1-xMgAl10O17 (BAM: Eu), EuxCa1-xMgAl10O17 (CAM: Eu), EuxSr1-xMgAl10O17 (SAM:Eu), and EuxZn1-xMgAl10O17 (ZAM:Eu) phosphors. The crystallinity of the synthesized compound, elemental analysis and surface morphology were measured using the PXRD FE-SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy respectability. The average crystallite size (<Ds>) of BAM: Eu, CAM:Eu, SAM: Eu, and ZAM: Eu were found 80, 30, 29, and 26 nm respectively. The photoluminescence emission spectra of phosphor were found broadband by the monitoring using common excitation (350 nm) and emission (450 nm). The CIE-1931 color- coordinates were calculated for each sample in the blue region. The overall PL emission was found near the blue [BAM: Eu, SAM: Eu, and ZAM: Eu ] and blue-red [CAM:Eu] regions with high quantum efficiency and high color purity. Long-lasting PL decay was also recorded of samples with respect to all samples BAM:Eu was calculated from 0.46 to more than 40 min. Therefore, the BAM: Eu and other synthesized phosphors would be used as a blue-emitting phosphor in widely varying fields of lightings.

Hybrid Dynamic Source Routing Technique and Security Implementation in Adhoc Network Topology

Routing protocols that are developed with the error-prone environment and resource constraints of mobile nodes in mind perform better in wireless Ad Hoc environments. A good and dependable routing method is required to meet the packet transition aim. When the network is small, most existing routing algorithms operate fine, but when the network is large, there is a problem with link breakage in multipath routing algorithms, especially on demand routing algorithms. As a result, we investigated many forms of routing protocols in order to identify all of the existing algorithms' flaws. In this study, we examine existing protocols in terms of network factors such as delay, throughput, energy consumption, control overhead, and so on.

GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FE DOPED TIO2 NANOPARTICLES USING LAWSONIA INERMIS LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS AS REDUCTANT FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY

Recently, the improvement and advancement in synthesizing nanoparticles via eco-friendly technique have been intensively explored since the used conventional physical and chemical methods always associated to the intensive energy usage and toxic waste pollution Therefore, nanoparticles synthesized from green route technique has initiate an interest among researchers due to its clean and eco-friendliness approach. In this study, the Fe doped TiO2 were synthesized using lawsonia inermis aqueous leaf extracts that act as reducing agent as well as capping and stabilizing agent. The green synthesized powder was then calcined and characterized using XRD, FESEM, EDX, FTIR and UV-Vis while photocatalytic activity was evaluated based on photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB). The new obtained green calcined powder was found to have a crystalline phase (anatase structure) with crystallite size, 6.79 nm identified by XRD. The FESEM test shows the average particle size of the green synthesized calcined Fe doped TiO2 is in the range of 54.5 nm with capping agent (phyto-constituents) authorized by FTIR spectra. From EDX analysis, Fe ions was successfully incorporated into TiO2 compound during synthesis process confirmed by the presence of Fe element. It was observed that the band gap energy for green calcined Fe doped TiO2 is approximately 2.66 eV. The green synthesized calcined Fe doped TiO2 sample presented the highest photocatalytic activity efficiency under uv light irradiation for 3 hour which is 92.2% with only 7.8% of MB remained, this value is slightly higher than that of commercial P25 powder which is 90.7%. In conclusion, the green synthesis technique of using lawsonia inermis as natural resources as reduction agent was able to produce nanoparticles Fe doped TiO2. Moreover, the properties of Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles has strong potential to be used as a photocatalyst since this sustainable green synthesis technique able to produce better nanoparticles properties as compared to conventional synthesis.