Routing Load Research Articles

A cross-layer optimization for delay-aware load balancing in multi-radio wireless mesh networks

In this paper, we propose a cross-layer optimization technique for multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) using new routing metric and load balancing mechanism. WMNs are an emerging technology and are used as a backhaul network to connect various types of networks to the internet. These networks consist of mesh routers with multi-radio support to enhance the capacity. As the traffic density is very high from the client mesh to the gateways, load balancing in these networks has become an important research issue. For this, multipath routing which can exploit the multi-radio capabilities to balance the traffic simultaneously through mesh routers is required. To address this, we analytically derive the routing metric using IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) delay model. Using this model, we propose a routing metric called Passive Interference and Delay Aware (PIDA) metric for multipath routing to find the interference free paths. We extend the work by performing load balancing on multiple paths as well as on multiple interfaces using the proposed metric. We implement our techniques using popular Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol in NS2. The results reveal that PIDA performs better in terms of throughput and average delay compared to recently proposed routing metrics with minimal routing overhead. In addition, load balancing mechanism with PIDA metric shows better results depending on the congestion level in the network.

A Stable Backbone-Based on Demand Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), high node mobility leads to frequent link breaks and creates complexities in route discovery, this effect on the quality of service (QoS) and degrades the systems performance. So, providing a high quality communication using stable links among mobile nodes is a challenging issue in MANETs. Existing stability based routing algorithms initiate estimation of route stability metrics during the routing process, results in increased delay and overhead. In order to overcome these issues, in this paper, we construct a stable backbone-based multipath routing protocol (SBMRP). Initially, the nodes with high residual bandwidth, residual power, link quality and low mobility are designated as candidate nodes. Then multiple paths are established between source and destination through these candidate nodes, thus forming a routing backbone. If any candidate node in the path tend to fail due to lack of bandwidth, energy or link quality, alternate path through other candidate node is established before path breaks. Proposed routing scheme has been compared with other three existing protocols: AODV, AOMDV and RSQR. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms of packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, delay and packet drop ratio.

A Novel Honeypot Based Detection and Isolation Approach (NHBADI) To Detect and Isolate Black Hole Attacks in MANET

Mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) suffer from various types of security attacks. In this paper, a novel probabilistic approach is proposed to detect and to isolate the Black Hole attack from MANET. Routing algorithms that are used nowadays are not designed to handle these types of attacks. This paper proposes a technique which is known as NHBADI, which uses Honeypot methodology to detect and isolate Black Hole attacks. Unlike existing techniques, the proposed Honeypot technique enhances the security of the MANET by reducing the network overhead. To measure the effectiveness of the proposed system, NS-2 simulator is used. The proposed technique not only detects malicious Black Hole nodes but also isolates the vulnerable Black Hole nodes from the network. The proposed NHBADI scheme reduces network overhead, normalized routing load and packet drop ratio.

On the Selection of Efficient Back-off with QoS Aware Routing in VANET

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a new communication paradigm creating a network on wheels. QOS becomes critical in VANET because of its unique characteristics, such as high mobility, frequent disconnections, rapidly changing topology, bandwidth constraints. It necessitates the need to assess the suitability of different routing protocols in various vehicular environments. In this paper, we enhanced the default back-off method of MAC 802.11p by embedding other methods, called Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) and Modified Back-off method (MBA).The three methods are compared and the best among these in terms of QoS parameters is selected for further analysis. Further, the resulting best back-off procedure is considered to evaluate the performance of various routing protocols AODV, OLSR and ZRP. The simulations are carried out using NS2.Nakagami propagation model with different modulation schemes, packet size variations and vehicle densities also used. The performance is investigated in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing load and end to end delay. The objective is to determine the suitable routing protocol in realistic urban scenarios with an efficient back-off mechanism.

Comparative Study of AODV andDSR Routing Protocols forGateway Placement Optimization

This paper considers mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in which mobile nodes can reach the Internet via stationary gateway node. The gateway works as bridge between MANET and the Internet. Several studies show that location of the gateway inside network topology has a significant effect on overall network performance. Two different scenarios, with varying number of nodes and two gateway locations, have been considered under the assumption that all mobile nodes are connected to Internet through the same gateway. Simulation has been done using NS-2 software, producing a computer model of AODV and DSR routing protocols. Comparison of these routing protocols is performed in terms of Average (end-to-end) delay, Throughput, Normalized routing load and Packet delivery ratio metrics. Simulation results suggest that AODV routing protocol has better performance in both scenarios. In addition, the results suggest that location of gateway at the center gives better results compared to gateway positioned at the edge.

Implementation of geographical location based routing protocols in vehicular environment

An important special class of mobile ad hoc networks in vehicular environment is VANET where vehicles communicate among each other and road side units. Since road structures are predefined and vehicles move with very high speed, the connectivity among vehicles breaks very often, therefore routing becomes a very challenge issue in VANET. Most of the authors used IEEE802.11b/g based routing protocols. The standard used for VANET is IEEE802.11p. This paper implements the IEEE802.11p based two geographical routing protocols location-aided-routing (LAR) protocol and zone-routing-protocol (ZRP) for city as well as highway vehicular environment. Vehicular movement traces are obtained with VanetMobiSim tool having intelligent driver model (IDM). IDM with intersection management and IDM with lane-changing modules are used. Packet delivery ratio, throughput, delay, normalized routing load and lost packet ratio metrics are used to evaluate LAR and ZRP routing protocols implemented in VANET.

Supervisory routing control for dynamic load balancing in low data rate wireless sensor networks

Routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are designed to select parent nodes so that data packets can reach their destination in a timely and efficient manner. Typically neighboring nodes with strongest connectivity are more selected as parents. This Greedy Routing approach can lead to unbalanced routing loads in the network. Consequently, the network experiences the early death of overloaded nodes causing permanent network partition. Herein, we propose a framework for load balancing of routing in WSN. In-network path tagging is used to monitor network traffic load of nodes. Based on this, nodes are identified as being relatively overloaded, balanced or underloaded. A mitigation algorithm finds suitable new parents for switching from overloaded nodes. The routing engine of the child of the overloaded node is then instructed to switch parent. A key future of the proposed framework is that it is primarily implemented at the Sink and so requires few changes to existing routing protocols. The framework was implemented in TinyOS on TelosB motes and its performance was assessed in a testbed network and in TOSSIM simulation. The algorithm increased the lifetime of the network by 41 % as recorded in the testbed experiment. The Packet Delivery Ratio was also improved from 85.97 to 99.47 %. Finally a comparative study was performed using the proposed framework with various existing routing protocols.

AN OCTOPUS-INSPIRED INTRUSION DETERRENCE MODEL IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEM

The study formulated and evaluated a model for effective management of maliciousnodes in mobile Ad-hoc network based on Ad-Hoc on- demand distancevector routing protocol. A collaborative injection model called CollaborativeInjection Deterrence Model (CIDM) was formulated using stochastic theory.The definition of the model was presented using graph theory. CIDM wassimulated using three different scenarios. The three scenarios were then comparedusing packets delivery ratio (PDR), routing load, throughput and delayas performance metrics. The simulation result showed that CIDM reduce considerablythe rate of packets dropped caused by malicious nodes in MANETnetwork. CIDM did not introduce additional load to the network and yet withproduce higher throughput. Lastly, the access delay with CIDM is minimalcompared with convectional OADV. The study developed a model to mete outa punitive measure to rogue nodes as a form of intrusion deterrence withoutdegrading the overall performance of the network. The well known CRAWDADdataset was used in the simulation.

MT-SECURER: Multi Factors Trust for Secure and Reliable Routing in MANETs

Routing, having pivotal role in MANETs, assumes nodes' cooperation for its processes. However, this assumption exposes routing to various insider and outsider attackers. In this paper a trust management scheme named 'multi-factors trust for secure and reliable routing in MANETs (MT-SECURER)' is proposed to make routing secure and reliable against insider attackers to launch greyhole and blackhole attacks. This scheme develops trust using node's cooperation, relationship maturity and mutual friends. These factors are acquired using observer node's personal observations and neighbours' recommendations. Furthermore, neighbours' recommendations are passed through a 'dissimilarity factor based filter' to remove false recommendations. The proposed scheme is integrated in AODV routing protocol and simulations are conducted to examine its effectiveness in presence of insider attackers to launch blackhole and greyhole attacks. Experimental results show significant improvement in packet delivery ratio, throughput and normalised routing load with slightly increased average end-to-end delay when compared to contemporary schemes.

Efficient Fuzzy Logic Based Probabilistic Broadcasting for Mobile Ad hoc Network

AbstractIn Mobile Ad hoc networks broadcasting is the one of the most important and crucial phenomenon. Broadcasting can be taken up in many ways and the simplest method of broadcasting is simple flooding which can significantly increase the overheads and can result in redundant messages which can further cause the Broadcasting Strom problem. In this paper, we propose an efficient fuzzy logic based probabilistic broadcasting for AODV protocol in order to reduce overheads. The fuzzy based logic criteria make decisions which are based on some of the important parameters affecting broadcasting like number of neighbors, bandwidth available and remaining energy. The simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient and reliable with respect to the consumed power, throughput, overhead, collision rate and it also maintains low normalized routing load as compared to AODV and other routing protocols proposed in the literature in which simple flooding or fixed probability broadcasting is used.

Survey of secure routing protocols in MANET

Mobile ad hoc network MANET is a wireless network without fixed infrastructure. Routing of MANET and its security are critical challenges due its unique features. There are many secure routing protocols presented. In this paper, an extensive survey of various secure routing protocols in MANET is presented. The secure routing protocols are analysed in terms of end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, minimum power, total energy consumed, normalised routing load, packet loss cost, battery capacity, drain rate and control overhead.

Modified Fidelity Based On-Demand Secure (MFBOD) Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Abstract With advent of technology MANET is becoming more and more ubiquitous, and so is the vulnerability of such networks to attacks. In this paper, we propose a secure, lightweight, on-demand routing protocol for MANETs. It uses the concept of fidelity to allocate trust to a neighbor, thereby taking the decision whether to send data via that neighbor or not. To combat attacks efficiently new packets like report and recommendation are used. After receiving a few of these packets a node can conclude about the behavior of a node, thereby identifying and blacklisting the malicious nodes. We try to impose bounds for the fidelity with reference to the battery of the node, which restricts a node to increase its fidelity to infinity and become dominant in the network. This protocol not only finds a secure route to transmit data, but also identifies the malicious nodes in the network. Our protocol exhibits high packet delivery fraction, with low normalized routing load and low end to end delay; which has been observed while simulating in GloMoSim platform. We have observed that our protocol performs not only better than other existing secure routing protocol in a malicious environment, but also combats, many attacks which have not been dealt with these protocols.

Optimization of Value of Parameters in Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Using Magnetic Optimization Algorithm

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks is one of the emerging research areas of Mobile adhoc network. One of the key problems of VANET is changing topology of vehicles which leads to frequent disconnections. Therefore, for communication among the running vehicles, routing of the message becomes a challenging problem. Although, many routing protocols have been proposed in the literatures, but the performance of these protocols, in different scenarios, depends on the value of parameters used in. The objective of our work is to find best fitness function value for Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol, in real scenario map by obtaining an optimal value of parameters using Magnetic Optimization Algorithm. Therefore, in this paper, we have proposed an algorithm based on Magnetic Optimization Algorithm which finds the optimal value of parameters for Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol in a given scenario. The fitness function guides Magnetic Optimization Algorithm to achieve the best fitness value. The experimental results, using the optimal value of parameters obtained by Magnetic Optimization Algorithm, show 81.41% drop in average end-to-end delay, 39.24 % drop in Normalized Routing Loads, and slight rise (0.77%) in the packet delivery ratio as compared to using default value of parameters in Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol.

Performance Analysis of AODV, OLSR and GPSR MANET Routing Protocols with Respect to Network Size and Density

The aim of this study is to compare the performance of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) routing protocols with respect to network size and density. Each of these protocols represents the three categories of MANET routing protocols which are proactive, reactive and geographical routing protocol, respectively. The evaluation was done through simulation and the performance was measured in terms of throughput, average End-to-End (E2E) delay, Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF) and Normalized Routing Load (NRL). The results of the simulations show that the GPSR protocol is superior to OLSR and AODV in most cases. The results also show that throughput, end-to-end delay and packet delivery fraction are largely affected by the network size, while normalized routing load is largely affected by the number of nodes in the network.

A NEW IDS SCHEME AGAINST BLACKHOLE ATTACK TO ENHANCE SECURITY IN WIRELESS NETWORK

The aim of this paper is to protect the wireless network against the blackhole attack. Blackhole attack, as the name suggest, drops all the packets forwarded to it. In this paper, we have proposed an intrusion detection system (IDS) scheme to detect the malicious node (blackhole node) and to nullify its effect in the network. The proposed IDS scheme in the presence of blackhole attack gives approximately similar result as that of in the absence of attack. The network comprises for the three modules (i) Default AODV, (ii) AODV in the presence of blackhole attack and (iii) IDS scheme in the presence of attack by considering some parameters such as end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load etc. The proposed algorithm has been simulated on Network Simulator version-2 (NS-2).

QoS Comparison of MANET Routing Protocols

The primary concern for the deployment of MANET is to promote flexibility, mobility and portability. This mobility causes dynamic change in topology and poses challenges for designing routing algorithms. In the past few years, many ad hoc network protocols have been developed and research is still going on. It becomes quite difficult to say which protocols may perform well under different network scenarios such as varying network size, mobility of nodes and network load etc. This paper analyzes the performance of proactive protocols like DSDV, OSLR, reactive protocols like AODV, DSR and hybrid protocol such as ZRP. The analysis guides us to the evaluation of various performance metrics such as throughput, packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average end to end delay under different scenarios such as varying network size, speed of the node and pause time. The focus of this paper is to have quantitative analysis to guide which protocol to choose for specified network and goal.

Hardware Implementation of Fidelity based On Demand Routing Protocol in MANETs

With the advent of real applications in fields like defense and domestic fields, MANET is becoming more popular. MANET does not require any infrastructure, moreover it can behave as mobile networks. These features have boosted up the popularity of MANET in the community. As more and more fields get dependent on MANET, the system needs to be more robust and less expensive. For example, in defense field security is the major issue, while in the domestic field maintaining the QoS is the major issue. To commercialize MANET the routing protocols need to be lightweight, secure and the hardware on which it is to be implemented should be low cost at the same time. We propose a lightweight, secure and efficient routing model for MANETs; which uses fidelity to allocate trust to a neighbor, thereby taking the decision whether to send data via that secure neighbor or not. It also uses new packets like report and recommendation that help the protocol to detect and eliminate the malicious nodes from the network. To observe the results we implement this protocol in hardware, on the Arduino platform in ZigBee network. We observe that our protocol exhibits high packet delivery fraction, low normalize routing load and low end to end delay, compared to existing secure routing protocols. Thereby, maintaining a constant tradeoff between the QoS and the security of the network. Index Terms—Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs),

Investigating the Impact of Black Hole Attack on AODV Routing Protocol in MANETS under Responsive and Non-Responsive Traffic

MANETs are vulnerable to different kinds of attacks due to inherent properties such as wireless medium, dynamic topology, distributed operation and constrained capability. One of the well-known attacks is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the on-demand routing protocols such as AODV. In this paper, we simulate the Black-hole attack in AODV using NS2 Simulator for both SANETS and MANETS by varying node density in the context of responsive and nonresponsive traffic. From the simulation results, the impact of Black-hole attack on the performance of AODV QOS metrics i.e., throughput, packet delivery ratio is less, for end-to-end delay, routing load is high in MANET and SANET under responsive (TCP) and non-responsive traffic (UDP). General Terms TCP, mTCP, UDP, mUDP.

Study of Route Stability in MANET using Quality of Services

Mobile ad hoc network is collection of mobility nodes which have no infrastructure. They are communicating with each other without central access point or base station. Nodes are randomly a move in network because of that topology is frequently changed. Due to changed topology link between nodes breaks repeatedly. When the link breaks MANET required route discovery process again and which increase the routing load in the network. Some of the recently proposed works consider that quality of matrix is effective to enhance the route stability. In this we studied different published paper which gives the reliable routing protocol which used quality of matrix to enhance the stability of the route and network performance.

A Location Routing Protocol based on Smart Antennas for Wireless Sensor Networks

The task of finding and maintaining routes in a Wireless Sensor Networks is a nontrivial task since energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status (e.g. failure) cause frequent and unpredictable topological changes. This work introduces a novel location routing protocol that uses smart antennas to estimate nodes positions into the network and to deliver information basing routing decisions on neighbor’s status connection and relative position, named LBRA. The main purpose of LBRA is to eliminate network control overhead as much as possible. To achieve this goal, the algorithm employs local position for route decision, implements a novel mechanism to collect the location information and involves only route participants in the synchronization of location information. In addition, the protocol uses node battery information to make power aware routing decisions. In order to asses LBRA a series of simulations were designed with the help of the Network Simulator 2 (ns2). The experiment results showed that LBRA succeed in reducing the control overhead and the routing load, improving the packet delivery rate. Additionally, network power depletion is more balanced, since routing decisions are made depending on nodes’ battery level.