Routing Load Research Articles

Impact of Mobility on Different Routing Approaches in MANETs

In mobile ad hoc networks, the movement of the mobile nodes is one of the important characteristics because it can affect the performance of the routing protocol. The mobility pattern directly influences when communication links between nodes are established or broken, which is associated with the network topology. In this paper, the impact of the different mobility models on the performance of different routing approaches has been studied. AODV, DSR, LAR, and OLSR are taken as the candidate protocols for this purpose. The performance of these protocols is evaluated and analyzed for different mobility models like RWP, RPGM, GM and MH through simulation. The performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, normalized routing load, and throughput are evaluated for these protocols using network simulator NS2 under different scenarios.

The Robustness of RM-DSR Multipath Routing Protocol with Different Network Size in MANET

This paper evaluates the performance of Reliable Multipath Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (RM-DSR) protocol with different network size compared to DSR protocol. RM-DSR developed in the mobile ad-hoc network to recover from the transient failure quickly and divert the data packets into a new route before the link is disconnected. The performance of RM-DSR protocol is tested in the Network Simulator (NS-2.34) under the random way point mobility model with varying number of mobile nodes. The network size parameter is used to investigate the robustness and the efficiency of RM-DSR protocol compared to DSR protocol. The network size affects the time of the route discovery process during the route establishment and the route maintenance process which could influence the overall performance of the routing protocol. The simulation results indicate that RM-DSR outperforms DSR in terms of the packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load and packet drop.

Strategy modulates spatial perspective-taking: evidence for dissociable disembodied and embodied routes

Previous research provides evidence for a dissociable embodied route to spatial perspective-taking that is under strategic control. The present experiment investigated further the influence of strategy on spatial perspective-taking by assessing whether participants may also elect to employ a separable “disembodied” route loading on inhibitory control mechanisms. Participants (N = 92) undertook both the “own body transformation” (OBT) perspective-taking task, requiring speeded spatial judgments made from the perspective of an observed figure, and a control task measuring ability to inhibit spatially compatible responses in the absence of a figure. Perspective-taking performance was found to be related to performance on the response inhibition control task, in that participants who tended to take longer to adopt a new perspective also tended to show a greater elevation in response times when inhibiting spatially compatible responses. This relationship was restricted to those participants reporting that they adopted the perspective of another by reversing left and right whenever confronted with a front-view figure; it was absent in those participants who reported perspective-taking by mentally transforming their spatial orientation to align with that of the figure. Combined with previously published results, these findings complete a double dissociation between embodied and disembodied routes to spatial perspective-taking, implying that spatial perspective-taking is subject to modulation by strategy, and suggesting that embodied routes to perspective-taking may place minimal demands on domain general executive functions.

ANALYSIS OF UNI PATH AND MULTI PATH ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS.

A MANET is an interconnection of mobile devices by wireless links, which forms a dynamic topology. Routing protocols play a vital role in transmission of data across the network. The two major classifications of routing protocols are uni path and multi path. In this paper, we have evaluated the performance of a widely used on-demand uni path routing protocol called AODV and multi path routing protocol AOMDV and MDART . These protocol has been selected due to its edge over other protocols in various aspects, such as reducing delay, routing load etc. The evaluation of all the protocols is carried out in terms of different scenarios using NS2.

Research on half-mesh topology based on binary model and HTF-XY routing algorithm

Researches on network-on-chip NoC topology are ongoing in 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional space. However, for the current topology in 2-dimensional space, the long communications delay is the biggest problem; while, for the topology in 3-dimensional space, high complexity of the routing algorithm and difficulty of physical implementation cannot be solved. Therefore, we propose a novel kind of topology named half-mesh. The half-mesh introduces binary search, and based on mesh, processing unit in system central as an original point, along the X, Y direction, respectively, increases the head nodes and intermediate nodes. Therefore, it shortens the path length between nodes, and ensures the diversity of paths. As to half-mesh structure, we put forward to half-test-feedback-XY HTF-XY. According to the area where the destination node lies, we adopt a different routing strategy to achieve minimum latency between routers. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that half-mesh structure, compared with the mesh and torus, has the advantage of short routing path, throughput, and load balancing.

Performance Analysis of Adjusted Counter Based Broadcasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a reliable system formed by co-operating and independent nodes that connect and communicate with each other wirelessly without pre-existing infrastructure. In such a network, the easiest way to broadcast the packets to all network nodes is flooding. However, flooding leads to serious drawbacks such as collision, contention and redundant retransmission. These drawbacks are known as the broadcast storm problem. This research proposes an adaptive algorithm in order to decrease the overall network overhead and minimize the problems associated to flooding. Moreover this research concentrates on studying the effect of using different mobility models that provide general idea about nodes movement, status and locations. In particular the performance of Random Waypoint and File mobility models in terms of their effect on network communication is evaluated. Moreover, this research provides performance evaluation of different traffic types such as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Traffic GEN. Results from Qualnet simulations have revealed that the new proposed algorithm outperforms flooding in terms of different metrics: reducing end-to-end delay in addition to minimizing the normalized routing load and maximizing the packets delivery ratio, in addition to concluding that Traffic GEN outperforms the CBR in terms of throughput. Moreover the CBR traffic has higher delay values than Traffic GEN.

GROUP MOBILITY MODEL BASED PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a dynamic network Topology without the aid of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Each node participating in the network acts as a host and as a router , means they have to forward packets and identify route as well. Random way point is the most common mobility model in most of the simulation based studies of various MANET routing protocols.The Group Mobility Model has been generated by Impact of Mobility Patterns on Routing in Ad-hoc Network(IMPORTANT). In the present communication, we have analyzed the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End to End delay, Average Throughput, Normalized Routing Load (NRL) and number of Drop packets in CBR and TCP traffic models using routing protocols namely AODV and DSDV. Research efforts have focused much in evaluating their performance with same number of nodes but divided in different number of groups. Simulations has been carried out using NS-2 simulator.

Mobility models and traffic pattern generation-based optimisation of reactive protocols

Mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the aid of any stand-alone infrastructure or centralised administration. Mobile ad-hoc networks are self-organising and self-configuring multi-hop wireless networks where the structure of the network changes dynamically. This is mainly due to the mobility of the nodes. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the performance measures of AODV, AOMDV and DSR routing protocols by using nomadic community mobility model, random direction mobility model and pursue mobility model. The metrics used for performance analysis are routing overhead, normalised routing load, average end-to-end delay, throughput, routing cost and packet delivery ratio.

Performance Evaluation and Statistical Analysis of MANET routing Protocols for RPGM and MG

Mobile Ad Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes forming temporary network. In MANET routing protocols are classified as Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. The work presented here evaluates performance of three Reactive routing protocols such as AODV, DSR and TORA under six performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet loss, normalized routing load, throughput and end to end delay The nodes follow two realistic mobility models such as Reference Point Group Mobility model (RPGM) and Manhattan Grid (MG) model. This work also presents the statistical analysis of AODV, DSR and TORA in Manhattan Grid (MG) model and Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM) model in low load with low speed, average load with average speed, high load with high speed and very high load with high speed. Contribution in this work is beneficial in deciding which protocol to choose for better QoS.

Performance Comparison of Various Routing Protocols in Different Mobility Models

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a infrastructure less network in which two or more devices have wireless communication which can communicate with each other and exchange information without need of any centralized administrator. Each node in the ad hoc network acts as a router, forwarding data packets for other nodes. The main issue is to compare the existing routing protocol and finding the best one. The scope of this study is to test routing performance of three different routing protocols (AODV, OLSR and DSDV) with respect to various mobility models using NS2 simulator. In this paper the parameters used for comparison are packet delivery fraction (PDF), average end to end delay (AEED), normalized routing load (NRL) and throughput.

Performance Analysis Of Dsdv And Dsr Under Variable Node Speed In Hybrid Scenario

The mobile ad hoc networks have gained immense popularity in the current decade due their less costly and rapid deployability, inherent support for mobility and the potential to provide ad hoc connectivity to devices. Routing in mobile ad hoc network is considered as a challenging task due to the drastic and unpredictable changes in the network topology resulting from the random and frequent movement of the nodes and due to the absence of any centralized control. Routing becomes even more complex in hybrid networking scenario where the MANET is combined with the fixed network for covering wider network area with less fixed infrastructure. Although, several routing protocols have been developed and tested under various network environments, but, the simulations of such routing protocols have not taken into account the hybrid networking environments. In this work we have carried out a systematic simulation based performance study and analysis of the two prominent routing protocols: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols in the hy-brid networking environment under varying node speed. We have analyzed the performance differentials on the basis of three metrics – packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing load using NS2 based simulation.

AODVSEC: A Novel Approach to Secure Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing Protocol from Insider Attacks in MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that can communicate with each other using multihop wireless links without requiring any fixed based-station infrastructure and centralized management. Each node in the network acts as both a host and a router. In such scenario, designing of an efficient, reliable and secure routing protocol has been a major challenging issue over the last many years. Numerous schemes have been proposed for secure routing protocols and most of the research work has so far focused on providing security for routing using cryptography. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to secure Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol from the insider attacks launched through active forging of its Route Reply (RREP) control message. AODV routing protocol does not have any security provision that makes it less reliable in publicly open ad hoc network. To deal with the concerned security attacks, we have proposed AODV Security Extension (AODVSEC) which enhances the scope of AODV for the security provision. We have compared AODVSEC with AODV and Secure AODV (SAODV) in normal situation as well as in presence of the three concerned attacks viz. Resource Consumption (RC) attack, Route Disturb (RD) attack, Route Invasion (RI) attack and Blackhole (BH) attack. To evaluate the performances, we have considered Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF), Average End-to-End Delay (AED), Average Throughput (AT), Normalized Routing Load (NRL) and Average Jitter and Accumulated Average Processing Time.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: A Detailed Performance Examination of AODV, DSR and DSDV

ABSTARCT The latest technology MANETs is being studied widely and attracting a large variety of applications. Due to varying network topology, The most common challenging factor in MANET is routing [2][3]. In this research paper, we study the performance of reactive routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and proactive routing protocol Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). We study the performance of MANETs routing protocol in high mobility case under low, medium and high density scenario. It becomes important to study the noticeable effect of high mobility on the performance of these routing protocols. We examine in detail the performance of routing protocol with respect to Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load (NRL), Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF) and Throughput. Simulation study with NS-2 confirms that AODV provide better performance as compared to DSR and DSDV

A more secure and scalable routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

ABSTRACTAn essential problem in mobile ad hoc networks is finding an efficient and secure route from a source to an intended destination. In this paper, we have proposed a new model of routing protocol named ARANz, which is an extension of the original Authenticated Routing for Ad Hoc Networks (ARAN). ARANz adopts the authentication methods used with ARAN and aims to increase security, achieve robustness and solve the single point of failure and attack problems by introducing multiple local certificate authority servers. Additionally, via dealing with the network as zones and using restricted directional flooding, our new model exhibits better scalability and performance. Through simulation, we evaluated ARANz and compared it with the original ARAN as well as Ad Hoc On‐demand Distance Vector. Simulation results show that ARANz is able to effectively discover secure routes within relatively large networks with large number of mobile nodes, while maintaining the minimum packet routing load. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Performance analysis of mobile ad hoc routing protocols using extensive metrics

A Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Each node operates not only as an end system, but also as a router to forward packets. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently . Routing is critical issue in MANET. Simulation is the research tool of choice for a majority of the mobile ad hoc networks community. We have conducted survey of simulation results of various MANET routing algorithm and analyzed them. The routing algorithms considered are classified into two categories proactive and reactive. The algorithms considered are AODV, DSDV, DSR, and TORA. Research has shown that these ad-hoc routing protocols work well for MANETs with different characteristics and requirements. In this paper, we investigate how these ad-hoc routing protocols perform in terms of these extensive metrics like Packet delivery fraction, Average end to end delay, Routing load, Data packet loss, Throughput, Simulation time, Transmission range, Terrain range.

Performance of Improved Directed Diffusion Protocol for Sensor Networks under Different Mobility Models

Problem statement: In sensor networks, some routing protocols performance differs under different mobility models. In ns2, there are two kinds of directed diffusion protocols, rate based gradient mechanism (diffusion/rate) and probability based gradient mechanism (diffusion/prob). In this research, we proposed a method to improve the performance of Directed diffusion/prob protocol by adding a new interest message propagation mechanism and analyzed the protocol under different mobility models. Approach: In this study, we describe a method for increasing the performance of diffusion/prob protocol and reduce the overhead with varying node speed and under different mobility models. We carried out the work using network simulator (ns2) and observed the performance improvement. Results: The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated in terms of power consumption, overhead and routing load with Random way point, Random point group and Manhattan mobility models. Moreover, it is been compared with the normal diffusion/prob protocol. Conclusion: We have successfully implemented the proposed diffusion/prob protocol and compared it with other diffusion protocols with different metrics. We hereby conclude that it will be suitable for mobile scenario and the performance of the protocols are varied on different mobility models.

Minimization of Average Delay, Routing Load and Packet Loss Rate in AODV Routing Protocol

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is characterized by energy-limited nodes, bandwidth-constrained, variablecapacity wireless links and dynamic topology, leading to frequent and unpredictable connectivity changes. Since the number of nodes can be large in the network, finding a route to a destination requires frequent exchange of routing control information among the nodes. In this paper we have implemented AODV protocol for ad hoc network, which optimizes delay routing loss rate in ADOV routing through simulator. The network simulator (NS2) is used to show that AODV protocol can reduce network end-to-end delay, increases packet delivery ratio and balance network overload.

Performance Analysis of Proactive and Reactive MANET Routing Protocols using TCP Traffic for Freeway and Random Waypoint Mobility Model

Mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the aid of any stand-alone infrastructure or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attribute such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. In this paper we have investigated the performance of two MANET routing protocol (Proactive and Reactive) by using Freeway and Random Waypoint mobility model for mobility of nodes using TCP traffic. Freeway Mobility model has been generated by IMPORTANT (Impact of Mobility Patterns on Routing in Ad-hoc NeTwork) tool, whereas Random Waypoint by inbuilt setdest tool in NS2. A detailed simulation has been carried out in NS2 with TCP traffic sources and AODV as reactive and DSDV as proactive routing protocols. The metrics used for performance analysis are Packet Delivery Fraction, Average end-to-end Delay, Packet Loss, Routing Overhead, Normalized Routing Load and throughput. It has been observed that (proactive routing protocol) DSDV performance is better than (reactive routing protocol) AODV but at the cost of higher average end-end delay in both mobility models. Both routing protocols give optimized result in Random Waypoint mobility model as compared to Freeway Mobility Model.

On the Use of Smart Ants for Efficient Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks

Routing in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) has been an active area of research for the last several years. In this paper, we address the problem of packet routing for efficient data forwarding in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) with the help of smart ants acting as intelligent agents. The aim of this paper is to study the use of such biologically inspired agents to effectively route the packets in WMNs. In particular, we propose AntMesh, a distributed interference-aware data forwarding algorithm which enables the use of smart ants to probabilistically and concurrently perform the routing and data forwarding in order to stochastically solve a dynamic network routing problem. AntMesh belongs to the class of routing algorithms inspired by the behaviour of real ants which are known to find a shortest path between their nest and a food source. In addition, AntMesh has the capability to effectively utilize the space/channel diversity typically common in multi radio WMNs and to discover high throughput paths with less interflow and intra-flow interference while conventional wireless network routing protocols fail to do so. We implement our smart ant-based routing algorithm in ns-2 and carry out extensive evaluation. We demonstrate the stability of AntMesh in terms of how quickly it adapts itself to the changing dynamics or load on the network. We tune the parameters of AntMesh algorithm to study the effect on its performance in terms of the routing load and end-to-end delay and have tested its performance under various network scenarios particularly fixed nodes mesh networks and also on mobile WMN scenarios. The results obtained show AntMesh's advantages that make it a valuable candidate to operate in mesh networks.

Performance Evaluation of Extended Aodv Using Different Scenarios

The mobile Ad Hoc networks have become a major component of the future network development due to their ease of deployment, self configurability; flexibility and independence on any existing network infrastructure Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. Routing protocol election in MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) is a great challenge, because of its frequent topology changes and routing overhead. In mobile ad hoc network research, simulation plays an important role in determining the network characteristics and measuring performance. For this reason, constructing simulation models closer to the real circumstances is very significant. For widening the coverage area of the MANET there is a growing need to integrate these ad hoc networks to the Internet. For this purpose we need gateways which act as bridges between these two different protocol architectures. The gateway discovery in hybrid network is considered as a critical and challenging task. In this paper the AODV reactive routing protocol is extended to support the communication between the MANET and the Internet. We have carried out a systematic simulation based performance evaluation of the different gateway discovery approaches using NS2 under different network scenarios. The performance differentials are analyzed on the basis of three metrics – packet delivery fraction, average end to-end delay and normalized routing load.