Connection Routing Research Articles

Optimizing ferry route networks for sustainable island development using social network analysis: A study of Mokpo, South Korea

South Korea’s over 3300 islands play vital roles in the nation’s geography, economy, culture, and national security. Despite their importance, these islands face significant challenges, including population decline, aging demographics, and a severe lack of healthcare, childcare, and education facilities. With only 20% of inhabited islands connected to the mainland by bridges, coastal ferries are the primary transportation mode. However, the infrequent ferry services and numerous intermediate stops cause considerable inconvenience. This study conducts an analysis of the coastal ferry route connectivity within the Mokpo Area, focusing on proposing improvements to enhance access to community infrastructure for local island residents. This study analyzes the Mokpo Area’s coastal ferry network, identifying Dochodo as a central hub island to improve connectivity for sustainable island development. By reorganizing routes around Dochodo with larger ferries for main routes and smaller ferries for local trips, the study aims to enhance service access and boost tourism for island communities.

How has the COVID-19 pandemic reshaped the aviation network? A comparative pre- and during-pandemic analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted international flights, leading to substantial economic repercussions for the global tourism industry. While existing research has explored the resilience and recovery of the air transport system during the pandemic, this analysis delves into the structural transformation of the air transportation network within “the Belt and Road” region through a quantitative analysis. The findings reveal three critical aspects: (1) The pandemic caused a marked reduction in air transport connectivity, with flight frequency and route connectivity between cities decreasing by 27.82% and 35.87%, respectively, although the basic aviation framework remained intact. This impact varied across different administrative levels, regions, and distances, due to the impact of different countries' pandemic policies. Transnational connections were particularly hard-hit, experiencing more severe disruptions than domestic routes. (2) Significant shifts occurred in the rankings of aviation hubs. For example, cities like Singapore and Doha rose in prominence, while traditional hubs such as Moscow and Beijing saw a decline in their rankings. This shift reflects a reconfiguration of key nodes within the aviation network. (3) The network structure underwent significant reorganization and decentralization, transitioning from a conventional core-periphery model to a hybrid structure that blends core-peripheries with local communities. This transformation demonstrates the network's adaptability and its capacity to develop alternative structures in response to sudden external shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic. The insights from this analysis offer valuable guidance for policy-making and the development of emergency measures to better prepare for and mitigate future disruptions in air transport. The analysis underscores the importance of flexible and adaptive strategies in managing aviation networks, particularly in the face of global challenges.

Molecular phylogeny of Boninia (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida), with description of a new species from the Pacific coasts of Panama.

Mesopsammic polyclad members in the family Boniniidae have attracted attention in terms of their evolutionary shifts of microhabitat and their unique morphology such as a pair of pointed tentacles extending from the anterolateral margins and prostatoid organs harbouring stylets. Here, we establish a new species of this family as Boninia panamensis sp. nov. from the Pacific coasts of Panama, based on its morphological characteristics of (i) four cerebral and 61-80 marginal eyespots, (ii) two prostatoid organs located anterior and posterior to the penis papilla, and (iii) two uterine canals departing from the anterior part of the Lang's vesicle. We also report Boninia cf. uru from Hawai'i, USA, based on its morphological identity with B. uru from Okinawa, Japan, along with their genetic distances for the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI ) sequences, which were beyond the range of intraspecific differences observed in congeners in this study. Boninia oaxaquensis is also reported from Panama as a new locality for the species. Involving the above-mentioned three species sequenced herein, we reconstructed molecular phylogenetic trees of Boninia based on the four gene markers (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI ). Our phylogenetic trees indicated the synapomorphy within the genus Boninia of the small numbers of stylets (2-4) and the connection route of the uterine canals to the Lang's vesicle. The results also showed a characteristic distribution pattern in which pairs of species in distinct lineages occurred sympatrically with different microhabitats, as observed in Boninia uru and Boninia yambarensis in Okinawa and B. panamensis sp. nov. and B. oaxaquensis in Panama. In addition, we discuss possible speciation pathways in this genus based on the tree topology. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D414BACD-C14A-4B34-8AF9-7ACBA28F46D0.

Emotional baggage: how objects created family across the nineteenth-century British empire

ABSTRACT This article examines the exchange of objects between family members by studying the lists of items detailed in the Terry family letters, dated from 1842 to 1852 and sent between British empire locations. It argues that these objects were crucial to creating and maintaining family ties across the empire, primarily through their emotional value. Economic and social considerations, though present, cannot account for the full extent of the objects exchanged. They likewise do not explain the repeating lists of items, themselves bearing no little cost of postage. Yet both objects and lists reinforced routes of connectivity by emotional signalling, such as demonstrating parental care or assuaging guilt. Building on both anthropological and historical insight, this study shows how the act of sending the objects constituted the strongest signal, as it placed the effort to stay in touch centre stage. This effort was best displayed by sending excessive objects, objects with little social or economic benefit that nonetheless required ingenuity in sending. Concentrating on the Terry family case study highlights the significant role of objects in creating family across distance, while providing a paradigm for an analysis of similar material exchanges.

Strategic Maritime Boundaries for Trilateral Cooperation: Indonesia, Australia, and Papua New Guinea

Purpose: This study examines the development of trilateral economic cooperation between Indonesia, Australia, and Papua New Guinea, focusing on maritime transport connectivity, fisheries management, and tourism and education collaboration. The research highlights how these initiatives can support regional integration and promote sustainable economic growth in border areas. Study Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach by analysing secondary data on transportation networks, fisheries production, and cross-border trade. It integrates theoretical perspectives on international trade, blue economy, and regional cooperation to evaluate the potential and challenges of trilateral partnerships. Findings: The study finds that improved sea route connectivity can reduce transportation costs, enhance export competitiveness, and stimulate investment and trade. Collaboration in fisheries can boost local livelihoods through increased production, job creation, and technology transfer. Furthermore, tourism and education cooperation can strengthen regional ties, improve human resource quality, and support sustainable economic development. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature on regional economic cooperation by providing insights into the strategic potential of trilateral partnerships in eastern Indonesia. It highlights practical recommendations for enhancing connectivity, fostering resource sustainability, and promoting social and economic development in maritime border areas.

An intelligent fuzzy reinforcement learning-based routing algorithm with guaranteed latency and bandwidth in SDN: Application of video conferencing services

Online video conferencing services connection by multipoint control units leads to communication bottleneck and high latency. Due to the dynamic traffic in routing connection requests to video conferences, the existing routing algorithms face problems such as communication bottlenecks, high latency, congestion, path redundancy, and local optimum. In recent years, the implementation of video conferencing systems using Software-Defined Networking (SDN) provides new opportunities to improve Quality of Service (QoS) with low latency. In this paper, an Intelligent Fuzzy reinforcement learning-based Routing Algorithm is proposed, which simultaneously Guarantees Latency and Bandwidth for online video conferencing services in SDN (named IFRA-GLB). Fuzzy logic mainly performs online routing between an ingress–egress pair. Meanwhile, through ongoing training, reinforcement learning lowers the average number of hops on the path determined by fuzzy model. Enhancements to the convergence capability of IFRA and reduced reliance on network topology are achieved by adjusting link weights using a weighted shortest path algorithm focused on critical nodes. When the network encounters congestion, a deferral module is applied to assign higher priority to requests with lower resource demands. Experimental results demonstrate that IFRA-GLB significantly improves performance and convergence compared to existing solutions, enhancing the QoS for video conferencing services. Specifically, IFRA-GLB increases the average admission rate by 1.96% for MIRA topology and 2.71% for ANSNET topology with 3.5% lower latency.

The Evolution and Economic and Social Effects of the Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Transport Superiority Degree in Southern Xinjiang, China

Transportation significantly influences economically underdeveloped arid regions, impacting economic growth and social progress. Analyzing Transport Superiority Degree (TSD) and its implications in such regions is crucial. A new arid region-specific evaluation framework addresses traditional limitations by considering indicators like route connectivity and desert interference. This article conducts an empirical study using Southern Xinjiang as a research case. It combines comprehensive evaluation methods, spatial autocorrelation methods, spatial Durbin models, and coupling coordination models to depict Transport Support Capability (TSC), Transport Access Capacity (TAC), and Transport Guarantee Capacity (TGC) at different scales in Southern Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020. The study reveals spatial patterns, evolutionary characteristics, economic impacts, and social effects of TSD at various scales. Key findings include: (1) Rapid expansion of transportation infrastructure in Southern Xinjiang. The levels of TSD at different scales have gradually increased, and spatial and temporal pattern differences are evident. At the county level, TSD forms a “core-periphery” spatial pattern centered around the Southern Xinjiang Railway, with “high-high” agglomeration areas centered around Kashgar city and “low-low” agglomeration areas centered around Qiemo County. (2) Prefectural-level TSD improvements have limited impacts on regional development, while county-level TSC, TAC, TGC, and TSD positively affect economic and social growth but also exhibit competitive effects. (3) TSD is transitioning from non-coordinated to coordinated development with economic and social progress at different scales. This research informs transportation facility evaluation in arid regions.

Simulation modeling as a means of integrating infrastructure for individual mobility in urban environments

The article presents the concept of sustainable development of the territory of the Moscow city district by introducing paths for individual mobility into the transport network. A simulation model of the street road network is created to substantiate the efficiency of implementation, traffic safety, and connectivity of street routes. The accuracy and validity of the obtained model is determined by the use of research methods, which provide a detailed description of the problem area, structured processes and objects, and also establish features of their interaction. To visualize the obtained results, a graph of conflicting and connecting flows in the transport network of the district and graphical models of their behavior are developed.

Mobility and raw material procurement by Fishtail people in Uruguay: Evaluation of silcrete long distance transport between campsites and outcrops during the late Pleistocene (ca. 12,900–12,250 cal BP)

Lithic artifacts from late Pleistocene manufactured in silcrete are used to understand Fishtail behaviors linked to mobility, land use and raw material acquisition during early prehistory in Uruguay. The data analyzed here include three categories of silcrete evidence: (1) a database of Fishtail points, (2) regional outcrops of these lithic resource, (3) debitage and unifacial tools from campsites. We calculated the cumulative cost of movement between campsites and the nearest lithic resources in space, located within the silcrete area, the distances involved in such movements, and the possible connection routes between campsites and silcrete resources. We analyzed the raw materials, density and spatial distribution of Fishtail points, and generated a Predictive Model of Transit Pathways. The results obtained indicate that silcretes were transported over long distances in mobility networks by an extensive Paleoamerican social landscape from outcrops located in the western and southwestern to campsites in northwestern Uruguay at distances ranging between ∼ 179 and 482 km. This new data confirms long distance displacements, the high social value, and the preference of this lithic resource for the production of tool assemblages by the Fishtail peoples of Uruguay.

Tau deposition patterns within the medial temporal lobe follow the connectivity of the entorhinal cortex – a combined post‐mortem and 7T fMRI study

AbstractBackgroundIn aging, tau pathology develops in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), but spreads extensively to the cortex in the presence of amyloid‐beta, driving neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia development. This suggests that earliest age‐related MTL tau is a pre‐requisite for cortical tau spreading and the development of AD. Using tau‐PET in AD, we found previously that functional connectivity routes the cortical expansion of tau, supporting the concept of trans‐neuronal tau spreading. However, it is unclear whether MTL tau accumulation follows within‐MTL connections, in particular those of the entorhinal (EC) and transentorhinal cortex (A35), i.e. the earliest sites of tau accumulation. To address this, we combined post‐mortem histopathological MTL tau assessments with high‐resolution 7T functional MRI to determine MTL subregional connectivity.MethodsWe included 3D post‐mortem quantitative histopathological tau assessments of 14 MTL subregions (Fig.1A) in 18 participants with overall low AD neuropathological change to capture earliest tau (Fig.1B), and 7T resting‐state fMRI from young and healthy controls (n = 29) to characterize MTL functional connectivity. Using post‐mortem data, we assessed the covariance of AT8‐stained tau among MTL subregions (Fig.1C) and assessed the correlation with functional connectivity among the same regions (Fig.1D). Further, we determined seed‐based connectivity to determine which MTL subregions connectivity pattern was the best predictor of MTL‐wide tau patterns.ResultsPost‐mortem tau levels were highest in the amygdala, followed by A35 and the EC (Fig.2A). As hypothesized, we found an association between MTL connectivity and covariance in MTL tau (r = 0.42, p<0.001, Fig.2B), where closely connected regions showed correlated tau. When assessing seed‐based connectivity as a predictor of MTL tau patterns, EC connectivity was the best predictor for MTL tau deposition patterns (Fig.2C).ConclusionsClosely connected MTL subregions show correlated histopathologically‐assessed tau load, suggesting connectivity to route earliest within MTL tau spreading. Despite highest tau in the amygdala, EC connectivity was the best predictor of MTL tau patterns, suggesting that the EC is a key source for within MTL tau spreading. This can be critical to assess EC connectivity as a potential treatment target to prevent cortical tau spreading and thus neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD.

Tau deposition patterns within the medial temporal lobe follow the connectivity of the entorhinal cortex – a combined post‐mortem and 7T fMRI study

AbstractBackgroundIn aging, tau pathology develops in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), but spreads extensively to the cortex in the presence of amyloid‐beta, driving neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia development. This suggests that earliest age‐related MTL tau is a pre‐requisite for cortical tau spreading and the development of AD. Using tau‐PET in AD, we found previously that functional connectivity routes the cortical expansion of tau, supporting the concept of trans‐neuronal tau spreading. However, it is unclear whether MTL tau accumulation follows within‐MTL connections, in particular those of the entorhinal (EC) and transentorhinal cortex (A35), i.e. the earliest sites of tau accumulation. To address this, we combined post‐mortem histopathological MTL tau assessments with high‐resolution 7T functional MRI to determine MTL subregional connectivity.MethodWe included 3D post‐mortem quantitative histopathological tau assessments of 14 MTL subregions (Fig.1A) in 18 participants with overall low AD neuropathological change to capture earliest tau (Fig.1B), and 7T resting‐state fMRI from young and healthy controls (n = 29) to characterize MTL functional connectivity. Using post‐mortem data, we assessed the covariance of AT8‐stained tau among MTL subregions (Fig.1C) and assessed the correlation with functional connectivity among the same regions (Fig.1D). Further, we determined seed‐based connectivity to determine which MTL subregions connectivity pattern was the best predictor of MTL‐wide tau patterns.ResultPost‐mortem tau levels were highest in the amygdala, followed by A35 and the EC (Fig.2A). As hypothesized, we found an association between MTL connectivity and covariance in MTL tau (r = 0.42, p<0.001, Fig.2B), where closely connected regions showed correlated tau. When assessing seed‐based connectivity as a predictor of MTL tau patterns, EC connectivity was the best predictor for MTL tau deposition patterns (Fig.2C).ConclusionClosely connected MTL subregions show correlated histopathologically‐assessed tau load, suggesting connectivity to route earliest within MTL tau spreading. Despite highest tau in the amygdala, EC connectivity was the best predictor of MTL tau patterns, suggesting that the EC is a key source for within MTL tau spreading. This can be critical to assess EC connectivity as a potential treatment target to prevent cortical tau spreading and thus neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD.

Multiroute fresh produce green routing models with driver fatigue using Type-2 fuzzy logic-based DFWA

In developing countries, 40 percent of fresh fruits and vegetables are generally transported through nonrefrigerated vehicles and perishes before use, and wholesalers lose potential profits due to item rot. Here, a wholesaler’s conveyance with fresh goods starts from a depot and returns to it after dropping the amounts at nodes (retailers) as per previously placed orders. As a perishable item’s freshness (color and texture) changes with time, the item’s selling price depends on its freshness at the time of delivery to retailers. There are multiple route connections among retailers and depots. Due to fatigue, the driver takes 15 minutes to rest after every two hours during the journey; otherwise, they are at risk of becoming overtired. Under these circumstances, multiroute fresh produce green routing models (MrFPGRMs) are formulated considering the product’s freshness, optimum routing plan, appropriate routes, sales revenue, vehicle’s running cost and speed, costs and times due to transportation and unloading, fixed charges, greenness (fuel cost), driver’s salary and fatigue. The objective is to find the optimum routing plan, best-suited routes between the nodes, and vehicle velocity for the wholesaler’s maximum profit, minimum fuel cost, or both. Virgin discrete fireworks algorithms are developed for the solution based on Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy logic (T1FLDFWA and T2FLDFWA). Numerical experiments are performed through the T2FLDFWA for two time-dependent freshness functions, one of which is new. The results against driver rest, no rest, continuous journey risk, and a trade-off between profit and greenness are presented. Pareto fronts for multiobjectives are depicted. Some managerial decisions are observed.

Kajian Analisis Aksesibilitas Transportasi Publik di Kawasan Cipete Raya

This study aims to analyze the accessibility of public transportation in the Cipete Raya transit area which is an active trading area planning area. In this context, smooth mobility is an important factor to maintain a sustainable economic cycle. Therefore, it is important to provide effective public transportation facilities and infrastructure around the area. The method used in this study is space syntax analysis, which is used to identify streets that have integration and connectivity. In addition, this study also uses the PTAL (Public Transport Accessibilty Levels) method to evaluate the level of accessibility of public transportation in an area. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between connectivity and integration of routes in the Cipete Raya area. There are several areas in the eastern part that have better public transportation accessibility compared to the western region. This shows the need for improvements in the provision of public transportation in the area in order to create better accessibility such as adding modes of transportation or increasing the frequency of Transjakarta buses.

Loop-Wise Route Representation and Its Optimization Formulation for Symmetric Traveling Salesman Problems

This study proposes a new loop-wise route representation in which a vehicle route is represented in terms of continuous loop variables and a base route. The proposed loop-wise representation can guarantee a local route connectivity at each node with no constraint function, thereby simplifying the optimization formulation. Based on the proposed loop-wise route representation, optimization formulation is expressed for the traveling salesman problems (TSPs) in the planar graph. The performance of the proposed method is compared with that of genetic algorithm (GA) methods in four different cases of the TSPs. Numerical results show that the proposed method can determine the optimal route for the TSPs with a much higher computational efficiency, compared with the conventional GA methods.

ACCESSIBILITY AND CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS IN THE GROWING RURAL AREA: A CASE STUDY OF REMBAU DISTRICT, NEGERI SEMBILAN

Rural areas are the ideal place to handle urban sprawl, whether for future administrative, college, manufacturing, residential, commercial, or for business growth. In the land development context, the shifting from rural into several areas such as agricultural into houses or subdividing real estate into commercial lots etc. were seen to be worth trying. However, this will succeed with the help of better road connectivity to the demanded area. This research is aimed to explore the road accessibility and connectivity and its function in supporting the growth of land development in Rembau, Negeri Sembilan. The research methodology produces maps of new potential growth development areas using GIS techniques. For data acquisition, there was a two-approach which is using the primary and secondary data. The primary data consist of the observation on the site, interview method with the experts and local people. Meanwhile, the secondary data is using the Landsat data from USGS to produce a land-use map for four consecutive years, base map and route connectivity data for GIS method, and statistical data from related agencies. The result of this research is to produce a new potential development map in Rembau, Negeri Sembilan. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) allows the town planners to identify the potential rural spaces to cater the urban population.

Diving for the spatio-functional qualities of exclusivity at The Pearl-Qatar

Rapid urbanization and globalization characterized Doha over the last half-century. Most research focuses on its urban expansion to the north, south, and west. However, urban development also occurred eastward into the Arabian Gulf via land reclamation projects for Al Corniche Road, West Bay, Hamad International Airport, portions of Lusail City, and The Pearl-Qatar. The last is a 400-hectare, US $15 billion artificial island development. It provides 32 linear kilometers of new coastline in northeast Doha. The Pearl is approaching its built-out date with a 2020 projection of 18,831 dwellings for 45,000 residents. The paper presents a morphological analysis of The Pearl-Qatar and its different districts. It includes figure-ground and pedestrian shed analysis, mapping ground-level land uses and active/inactive frontages, and space syntax analysis of the urban spatial network. The goal is to explain the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of The Pearl's design and planning strategies. We argue that The Pearl operates effectively for its purpose as an exclusive residential enclave. The design and planning selectively promote pedestrian walkability via compact mixed-use districts while carefully managing route connections and frontages to maintain a degree of residential exclusivity and privacy in the country's Islamic culture for socio-economic purposes. Nonetheless, there is room for improvement to promote pedestrian movement.

Phylogeography and population genetic structure of the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) in the Orinoco basin and Negro River (Amazon basin): evaluating connectivity and historical patterns of diversification.

The Neotropics contain one of the most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes worldwide. Part of this diversity is shared between the Orinoco and Amazon basins. These basins have been separated for a long time due to the Vaupes Arch, rising between 10-11 Ma. Today, there is only one permanent connection between the Orinoco and Negro (Amazon) basins, known as the Casiquiare Canal. However, alternative corridors allowing fish dispersion between both basins have been proposed. The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), the most important fish in the ornamental world market, is distributed in both basins. Here we investigated P. axelrodi phylogeography, population structure, and potential routes of migration and connectivity between the two basins. A total of 468 bp of the mitochondrial gene (COI), 555 bp of the nuclear gene fragment (MYH6), and eight microsatellite loci were analyzed. As a result, we found two major genetic clusters as the most likely scenario (K=2), but they were not discreetly distributed between basins. A gradient of genetic admixture was observed in Cucui and São Gabriel da Cachoeira, between the upper Negro River and the upper Orinoco. Samples from the middle-lower Negro River were highly structured. Cucui (Negro basin) was more similar to the Orinoco than to the rest of the Negro basin populations. However, substructure was also observed by the discriminant analysis, fixation indices and other hierarchichal structure analyses (K=3-6), showing three major geographic clusters: Orinoco, Cucui, and the remaining Negro basin. Unidirectional migration patterns were detected between basins: via Cucui toward Orinoco and via the remaining of the Negro basin toward Orinoco. Results from the Relaxed Random Walk analysis support a very recent origin of this species in the headwater Orinoco basin (Western Guiana Shield, at late Pleistocene) with a later rapid colonization of the remaining Orinoco basin and almost simultaneously the Negro River via Cucui, between 0.115 until about 0.001 Ma. Historical biogeography and population genetic patterns observed here for Cardinal tetra, seem to be better explained by river capture, physical, or ecological barriers than due to the geographic distance.

Preferential signal pathways during the perception and imagery of familiar scenes: An effective connectivity study.

The perception and imagery of landmarks activate similar content-dependent brain areas, including occipital and temporo-medial brain regions. However, how these areas interact during visual perception and imagery of scenes, especially when recollecting their spatial location, remains unknown. Here, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc), and effective connectivity to assess spontaneous fluctuations and task-induced modulation of signals among regions entailing scene-processing, the primary visual area and the hippocampus (HC), responsible for the retrieval of stored information. First, we functionally defined the scene-selective regions, that is, the occipital place area (OPA), the retrosplenial complex (RSC) and the parahippocampal place area (PPA), by using the face/scene localizer, observing that two portions of the PPA-anterior and posterior PPA-were consistently activated in all subjects. Second, the rs-fc analysis (n = 77) revealed a connectivity pathway similar to the one described in macaques, showing separate connectivity routes linking the anterior PPA with RSC and HC, and the posterior PPA with OPA. Third, we used dynamic causal modelling to evaluate whether the dynamic couplings among these regions differ between perception and imagery of familiar landmarks during a fMRI task (n = 16). We found a positive effect of HC on RSC during the retrieval of imagined places and an effect of occipital regions on both RSC and pPPA during the perception of scenes. Overall, we propose that under similar functional architecture at rest, different neural interactions take place between regions in the occipito-temporal higher-level visual cortex and the HC, subserving scene perception and imagery.

GA-ABC hybridization for profit maximization of green 4DTSPs with discrete and continuous variables

A medical or business representative visits and spends some time (termed ‘stay time’) at different cities(nodes) for optimum return. With the rapid development of infrastructures worldwide, several vehicles and routes are available for transport between nodes. Road logistic transportation contributes 10.5% of the total emitted carbon emission (CE)11https://rb.gy/zlohdl.,22https://rb.gy/yjbdev.,33https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233600060.. Heuristic method is applied to solve NP-hard problems with continuous/discrete variables. With these facts, here, CE/tour-time constrained profit maximization of green four-dimensional Travelling Salesman Problems (PMG4DTSPs) with both discrete (travel times between nodes) and continuous (stay-times at nodes) variables are formulated. A travelling salesman visits all cities using the appropriate routes and conveyances, spend some time at each node, and some revenues are earned and spent depending upon the stay time at those visiting places. There are toll plazas on the roads, where three types of fixed charges (online, offline, mixed online–offline) are collected as road taxes to maintain the roads. A green constraint is incorporated in the form of limited emission. Several connecting routes between the cities and conveyances at each city are available for travel. Thus, these (PMG4DTSPs) are mixed integer linear programming problems (NP-hard), and to solve them, two hybrid heuristic methods, GA-ABC and GA-PSO, are developed and used. Here, GA and ABC/PSO are used for optimum routing plan and stay time, respectively. The models are illustrated numerically. Multi-path justification, online payment advantage and tour time limitation effect on profit are presented. Some behavioural studies of Green models and managerial decisions are presented.

Solving Fully Neutrosophic Incompatible Multi-Item Fixed Charge Four-Dimensional Transportation Problem with Volume Constraints

Transportation problem (TP) describes the goods distribution process from production centers to retailers. The transportation-related parameters like demands, availabilities, and unit transportation costs become uncertain due to insufficient data, etc. With the carried items total weight restriction, each vehicle has a volume capacity that restricts the total articles volume. So far, volume restriction has been ignored in TP. Nowadays, with worldwide infrastructural developments, different connecting routes and conveyances are available for transportation. Therefore, conveyances capacities and fixed charges are also uncertain, and hence the decision variables are expected to be uncertain. When both parameters and decision variables are neutrosophic, TP is named fully neutrosophic. Considering these facts, fully neutrosophic multi-item four-dimensional TPs with fixed charges are formulated for cost minimization. Here, items are pairwise incompatible and vehicles volume capacities are imposed. In particular, proposed TP for compatible items is solved. (i) Score and accuracy function and (ii) weighted value function methods are used for deneutrosophication. Converted crisp problems are solved using the generalized reduced gradient method via LINGO 11.0. The methods and solutions are illustrated by a real-life experiment. Significances of several routes and vehicle types are presented. One proposed method gives better results for some existing problems.