Routing Design Research Articles

Collaborative Optimization Model for the Design and Operation of Feeder Bus Routes Based on Urban Metro

The collaborative development of conventional buses and urban metro has become an important research topic for the priority development of urban public transport. The topic of collaborative optimization of feeder bus route design and operation is studied in this study. The objective function is to minimize the total travel time of passengers and the operation cost of feeder buses. The improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to solve the collaborative optimization model, and the effectiveness of the model and algorithm is verified through the case study. The research shows that it is feasible in model construction and algorithm to carry out collaborative optimization of feeder bus route design and operation. Compared with the multiple-to-one (M to 1) mode, the multiple-to-multiple (M to M) mode can better satisfy the needs of passengers from different places of departure and destinations to achieve a more reasonable and realistic goal. The case study is based on two metro stations and 16 feeder bus stops on Fuzhou Metro line 2 to obtain two bus routes and a corresponding operation scheme. Under the same topology road network, the operation time of the improved PSO algorithm is much shorter than the DFS algorithm, the total cost error of the feeder bus is 0.04%, and the departure frequency error is 4.6%, which is within the reasonable error range. Therefore, the collaborative optimization model proposed in this study is feasible and effective in optimizing the feeder bus routes and operation.

Chemical Synthesis of La0.75Sr0.25CrO3 Thin Films for p-Type Transparent Conducting Electrodes.

The imperative need for highly performant and stable p-type transparent electrodes based on abundant metals is stimulating the research on perovskite oxide thin films. Moreover, exploring the preparation of these materials with the use of cost-efficient and scalable solution-based techniques is a promising approach to extract their full potential. Herein, we present the design of a chemical route, based on metal nitrate precursors, for the preparation of pure phase La0.75Sr0.25CrO3 (LSCO) thin films to be used as a p-type transparent conductive electrode. Different solution chemistries have been evaluated to ultimately obtain dense, epitaxial, and almost relaxed LSCO films. Optical characterization of the optimized LSCO films reveals promising high transparency with ∼67% transmittance while room temperature resistivity values are 1.4 Ω·cm. It is suggested that the presence of structural defects, i.e., antiphase boundaries and misfit dislocations, affects the electrical behavior of LSCO films. Monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy allowed changes in the electronic structure in LSCO films to be determined, revealing the creation of Cr4+ and unoccupied states at the O 2p upon Sr-doping. This work offers a new venue to prepare and further investigate cost-effective functional perovskite oxides with potential to be used as p-type transparent conducting electrodes and be easily integrated in many oxide heterostructures.

Process Development for the Synthesis of BI 1702135: A Concise Design Enabled by Selective Acylation of a 2-Aminobenzimidazole Intermediate

The route design and process development for the synthesis of BI 1702135 are described. The synthetic design centers around an amide synthesis involving a 2-amino benzimidazole analog 4 that has two competing acylation sites. A highly selective acylation protocol at the desired N-2′ site was identified. Robust and convenient processes were developed for each step in this five-step synthesis of BI 1702135.

Research on the Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism Products in Nanchong

Promoting the integrated development of intangible cultural heritage and tourism is an important direction of China's development. Nanchong City, the central city of Northeast Sichuan Economic Zone of China, is selected as the research object. Based on the statistics of the existing intangible cultural heritage tourism resources in Nanchong City, the development status of its intangible cultural heritage tourism products is deeply analyzed by using ASEB grid analysis method. Based on the analysis results, it is proposed that the intangible cultural heritage tourism in Nanchong should be strengthened by constructing the product spectrum of cultural tourism, broadening the channels of tourism publicity, optimizing the design of tourist routes and creating distinctive brand images.

A novel approach for early-stage automated flowline design

Flowline design is a critical aspect in a deep-sea oil & gas production system with high-cost impact. The key decisions taken in the flowline design process are identifying the manifolds that are grouped into a flowline, identifying the flowline network connections, determining the diameter of each flowline, and finding the flowline route of each flowline connection on the seabed. However, designing these flowlines is complex due to the large number of constraints in the flowline design.This paper presents a novel design approach to produce multiple diverse solutions for the early-stage design of flowlines. The flowline design problem is divided into two sub-problems: flowline network design and flowline route design. Flowline network design is solved using various clustering algorithms, graph theory-based approaches, and evolutionary optimization techniques. A flowline network designer is used to generate multiple diverse initial solutions using straight line flowline assumption. Flowline route design is solved using Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm combined with Laplacian smoothing. An iterative approach is proposed to minimize the total flowline length utilizing a flowline route designer along with the flowline network designer. The proposed approach is implemented on a real-world use case, and the results are discussed in detail.

Mango Peel Nanofiltration Concentrates to Enhance Anaerobic Digestion of Slurry from Piglets Fed with Laminaria.

The environmental impact of biowaste generated during animal production can be mitigated by applying a circular economy model: recycling, reinventing the life cycle of biowaste, and developing it for a new use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding sugar concentrate solutions obtained from the nanofiltration of fruit biowaste (mango peel) to slurry from piglets fed with diets incorporating macroalgae on biogas production performance. The nanofiltration of ultrafiltration permeates from aqueous extracts of mango peel was carried out using membranes with a molecular weight cut-off of 130 Da until a volume concentration factor of 2.0 was reached. A slurry resulting from piglets fed with an alternative diet with the incorporation of 10% Laminaria was used as a substrate. Three different trials were performed sequentially: (i) a control trial (AD0) with faeces resulting from a cereal and soybean-meal-based diet (S0); (ii) a trial with S1 (10% L. digitata) (AD1), and (iii) an AcoD trial to assess the effect of the addition of a co-substrate (20%) to S1 (80%). The trials were performed in a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under mesophilic conditions (37.0 ± 0.4 °C), with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 13 days. The specific methane production (SMP) increased by 29% during the anaerobic co-digestion process. These results can support the design of alternative valorisation routes for these biowastes, contributing to sustainable development goals.

Hydrologic responses of single land use urban and forested watersheds and their implications to improving urban drainage design

The need for resilient stormwater infrastructure is increasingly critical as urbanization and climate change continue to threaten water resources. Engineers and practitioners require reliable methodologies to estimate rainfall-runoff responses to adequately size and design sewer pipes and inlets, flood controls, and stormwater control measures (SCMs). The National Resource Conservation Service Technical Release 55 (often referred to as curve number [CN] method), Simple, and Rational methods are methodologies commonly implemented for such designs by regulatory agencies due to the limited inputs needed to estimate runoff; however, uncertainty is present in each model since they simplify actual hydrological processes. In this study, 13 urban and two forested watersheds were monitored, and their observed hydrologic responses were compared to modeled hydrologic responses utilizing the aforementioned methods. Significant differences in observed normalized runoff volumes (i.e., runoff coefficients) and normalized peak flow rates were found between watersheds with similar watershed characteristics and rainfall patterns, demonstrating the meticulous model inputs required to differentiate hydrologic responses between similar watersheds. A suite of alternative predictive models, informed by feature selection algorithms, were formulated and compared to the performance of standard methods. Results suggested that composite CN methods were the best predictors of event runoff volume across all watersheds (Nash Sutcliffe [NSE] and Kling Gupta Efficiencies [KGE] of 0.74 and 0.52, respectively), but were outperformed by the Simple method for watersheds with more than 45% impervious cover (NSE and KGE scores of 0.85 and 0.76, respectively). However, composite CN methods underestimated runoff volume from every watershed, a limitation that was intended to be addressed through the creation of the distributed CN method. In the distributed approach, runoff volume estimations were improved compared to the composite CN approach only when directly connected impervious area in the watershed was extremely high or extremely low. The multi-linear regression runoff volume model created herein did not outperform traditional runoff models except when rainfall depth was less than 12.5 mm (i.e., the storms for which traditional runoff volume estimation methods performed the worst). Uncertainty in modeled peak flow rate was substantially greater than for runoff volume (NSE and KGE scores between 0.48 – 0.55 and 0.39 – 0.67, respectively) across all methodologies. There is a continued need to develop more dependable estimates of peak flow which are critical to the design of pipes, flood routing, and hydrograph prediction. Overall, these results suggest one model is not optimal in all scenarios. Municipalities, regulatory agencies, and stormwater engineers should consider the adoption of multiple methodologies and use guidance from the results herein to provide recommendations as to when each model is most applicable.

Integrated optimization of bus bridging service design and passenger assignment in response to urban rail transit disruptions

As the urban rail transit (URT) system plays an increasingly important role in supporting large cities’ mobility around the world, service disruptions have become more prevalent, potentially resulting in severe economic losses and passenger safety issues. It is imperative to investigate effective response strategies to mitigate the effects of such disruptions. In response to URT service disruptions, this paper systematically investigates the bus bridging service design (BBSD) problem, which concerns the integration of bus bridging route design, frequency determination, and passenger assignment in the integrated URT and bus network. The problem is formulated as a path-based integer linear programming (ILP) model with the goal of simultaneously minimizing operator-oriented and passenger-oriented costs. A column generation-based approach is proposed to solve this model efficiently, allowing nonintuitive bus routes to be freely generated on the network dynamically. Our method has been tested with two different case studies based on real data from the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR). Experiments demonstrate that our proposed approach can assist public transit (PT) operators in developing efficient emergency response plans for various potential disruption situations in advance. Even in the face of unexpected disruptions that necessitate a quick response, our approach can generate high-quality solutions in a matter of minutes.

Design of Fast Green Distribution Route Based on Greedy Algorithm

This study focused on the fast vehicle route optimization issue with carbon emission and time window constraints for on-time consumer demand based on the greedy approach. A greedy algorithm was established to rapidly plan the distribution route to obtain the lowest distribution cost and shortest distribution time to achieve a green distribution. The distribution cost model covering the costs of vehicle transportation time, time window deviation, fossil consumption, and PM2.5 emission was established based on on-time demand and green distribution characteristics. This study analyzed the milk distribution route for Guangxi A Diary Co., Ltd. based on the greedy algorithm. The results show that compared with the genetic algorithm, the algorithm running time is reduced by 2 s, although the greedy algorithm requires an additional cost of 21.73 CNY.

The design of Contemporary Architecture Touristic Routes

The design of Contemporary Architecture Touristic Routes

Transforming Inert Cycloalkanes into α,ω-Diamines by Designed Enzymatic Cascade Catalysis.

Aliphatic α,ω-diamines (DAs) are important monomer precursors that are industrially produced by energy-intensive, multistage chemical reactions that are harmful to the environment. Therefore, the development of sustainable green DA synthetic routes is highly desired. Herein, we report an efficient one-pot in vivo biocatalytic cascade for the transformation of cycloalkanes into DAs with the aid of advanced techniques, including the RetroBioCat tool for biocatalytic route design, enzyme mining for finding appropriate enzymes and microbial consortia construction for efficient pathway assembly. As a result, DAs were successfully produced by the designed microbial consortia-based biocatalytic system. In particular, the highest biosynthesis productivity record of 1,6-hexanediamine was achieved when using either cyclohexanol or cyclohexane as a substrate. Thus, the developed biocatalytic process provides a promising alternative to the dominant industrial process for manufacturing DAs.

Transforming Inert Cycloalkanes into α,ω‐Diamines by Designed Enzymatic Cascade Catalysis

AbstractAliphatic α,ω‐diamines (DAs) are important monomer precursors that are industrially produced by energy‐intensive, multistage chemical reactions that are harmful to the environment. Therefore, the development of sustainable green DA synthetic routes is highly desired. Herein, we report an efficient one‐pot in vivo biocatalytic cascade for the transformation of cycloalkanes into DAs with the aid of advanced techniques, including the RetroBioCat tool for biocatalytic route design, enzyme mining for finding appropriate enzymes and microbial consortia construction for efficient pathway assembly. As a result, DAs were successfully produced by the designed microbial consortia‐based biocatalytic system. In particular, the highest biosynthesis productivity record of 1,6‐hexanediamine was achieved when using either cyclohexanol or cyclohexane as a substrate. Thus, the developed biocatalytic process provides a promising alternative to the dominant industrial process for manufacturing DAs.

System integration based on packing, piping and harness routing automation using graph-based design languages

The implementation of a fully instrumented, automated and simulation-enabled engineering software platform capable of automating the currently still manual model-based systems engineering (MBSE) design process for physical systems architecture generation and optimization in an aircraft wing is presented. The software platform uses graph-based design languages to integrate and entirely automate the mainly manual packing, piping and harness routing design. This design automation and optimization is achieved by a novel software stack of an optimization software coupled with a design compiler. It is shown that through rule-based model generation by a design compiler in the form of a design graph as a central data model, a cross-domain data consistency is achieved. This allows for automated execution and coupling of engineering tasks over several different domains such as packing, piping and routing design to converge to an optimized wing physical architecture design variant in agreement with given predetermined design constraints.

Design and Control of a Novel Wireless Energy Router With Independent Power Transmission Channels

Energy routers are intelligent power electronic systems that enable energy sharing and flexible power flow regulation among various distributed energy sources. Combining the excellent feature of wireless power transfer technology for contactless transmission of electrical energy, this article proposes a novel wireless energy router to realize the power exchange of multiple energy storage devices, such as various mobile electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage stations. Independent power transmission channels with specific operating frequencies are built between any two of the power-exchanging units. The multiple resonating decoupling compensations are designed and implemented, which offer each power-exchanging unit and various resonate operating frequencies while suppressing the frequency components from irrelevant channels. Moreover, through generation by the bidirectional multilevel converter, the drive voltage of each unit can naturally realize the synthesis of multiple-frequency voltage components. In addition, the decoupled dual-side phase-shift control with capacitor voltage balancing strategy is proposed to regulate the power flow in each power channel. As a result, simultaneous energy sharing among power storage devices can be achieved. And the power flows can be adjusted independently without cross interference. Finally, both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed wireless energy router.

Situación del narcotráfico y amenazas a la seguridad en el valle del Río Putumayo

is study analyzes the drug trafficking situation and security threats, seeks to determine the impact, consequences and possible scenarios; through a qualitative study for the design of a strategic route of security and development. The purpose is to contribute to the strengthening and improvement of the joint and integrated performance of the participation of the Law Enforcement Forces and other State institutions and to combat illegal activities in the national territory of the department of Loreto. The methodology used was prospective to study the historical, present and future behavior of a set of variables from the global and regional context on political, social, economic, health and national defense characteristics of the territory. The visit made tothe city of Iquitos, Loreto Region, helped to anticipate and identify dangers and opportunities of future situations. In this way, the main internal variables that characterize the territory and are representative of the regional reality have been recognized; concluding, among others, that the main cause of drug trafficking in the Putumayo river basin, as well as related crimes and the poor development and very low competitiveness of the Department of Loreto is its lack of terrestrial connectivity. This makes the logistics of maintaining a long-term presence of the State in that border region very complex and expensive. Loreto's connectivity with the rest of the country is only via air and river, the latter being cheaper than the former, but unfortunately dependent, so river transport of large volumes of cargo is only possible in certain periods of the year.

Development of a novel silk sericin-based hydrogel film by mixture design

Sericin has been used in functional and potentially biodegradable materials for cosmetics, biomedical, agricultural, and food applications. It is a natural polymer with applications in absorbent materials, such as hydrogels, because of its hydrophilic character. However, sericin by itself is brittle, and in contact with water has low structural stability, being necessary its blending with other polymers or the application of crosslinking processes. In this work, hydrogel films were prepared from different mixtures containing sericin (SS), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), using a simple and environmentally friendly method consisting of a gelling process followed by solvent casting. A mixture design was applied to assess the incidence of each component and its interaction with the output variables of interest. Two response variables were evaluated in each formulation: water absorption capacity (WA) and gel fraction (GF). It was also possible to model the output variables based on the proportions of the sample components. In addition, a set of formulations were used to produce hydrogels with high water absorption rates while maintaining their structural stability. The optimal hydrogel formulation (HF) was structurally and thermally characterized by FTIR and TGA, respectively. Hydrogel morphology was also studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of this study constitute an important contribution to the design of novel processing routes to extend the use of silk sericin in the development of new materials.

A Review of the Research of Quick Access Recorder data

In recent years, QAR data has been widely concerned by scholars because of its reliability and integrity. QAR data has become an important basis for flight quality monitoring, engine status detection, aircraft system failure diagnosis, 3D animation route design and other aspects of various airlines in the world. The keywords of research on QAR data in China and other countries were clustering analyzed by VOSviewer, the hot spots were introduced, and research were summarized and discussed from five aspects. At last, some shortcomings of current research on QAR data were pointed out and some future development directions were presented.

Dynamic detection of wireless interface faults and fault-tolerant routing algorithm in WiNoC

Wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) face serious reliability challenges, and the fault-tolerant design of wireless routers (WRs) has a significant impact on the transmission efficiency of the overall on-chip network. Due to the continuous shrinking of CMOS technology and the integration of wireless technology in complex circuits, WRs appear to become more prevalent. In this paper, we propose a dynamic detection strategy for wireless interface faults in WiNoC, which classifies the fault scenarios of wireless interfaces in WRs, implements wireless interface fault detection in WiNoC operation, and updates the fault scenarios. Meanwhile, a fault-free WR table-based nearest route algorithm is also presented to maximize the network performance. The Evaluations show that the proposed scheme can effectively guarantee the network performance when WR faults occur in the network and is also effective under the case of moderate WR fault rate.

Isovists compactness and stairs as predictors of evacuation route choice

The building design is a crucial factor that can be actively adjusted and optimized to prevent human and property threats in emergency scenarios. Previous research suggests that specific building layouts may significantly influence human behaviour during evacuation. However, detailed empirical data about human behaviour in various types of buildings with different layouts are still missing and only marginal recommendations from this field are reflected in actual construction practice. In this study, desktop VR technologies were employed to study human decision-making in problematic T-intersections in the context of an emergency evacuation. More specifically, we studied fundamental attributes of buildings such as the width and length of the corridors and the presence of stairs to explore how they influence the choice of the evacuation route. The space-syntax isovist method was used to describe spatial parameters of corridors, which makes the results applicable to all buildings. Behavioural data from 208 respondents were analysed using multilevel regression models. Our results support previous claims concerning the importance of specific spatial layouts of evacuation corridors because respondents systematically chose wider and shorter corridors with visible staircases as the preferred evacuation route. The present findings further promote the ongoing discussion on the design of marked evacuation routes and building design that takes human factors into consideration.

Emergency Escape Route Design and Application

This paper uses k-means clustering algorithm, single objective optimization model and multisource multi-sink problem shortest path algorithm to obtain the optimal path algorithm for emergency evacuation and the shortest time model.Firstly, a code of conduct for the division of terrorist attacks has been established. The number of casualties in various incidents and the scope of destructive power to public areas are counted. A three-dimensional cluster core is selected. All terrorist at- tacks are classified into three levels: level 1-3 by the k-means clustering algorithm, and the degree of harm is gradually increasing.Secondly, the optimal path from each venue to the stairway is calculated. The re- lationship between the speed of flow and the number of evacuees is given in the case of three situations. The multi-source multi-sink problem is transformed into a single- source shortest path problem by adding a virtual node to all venues on the second floor of the Louvre, and the Dijkstra algorithm is called once to obtain the optimal path from the venue to all stairs.The Final step is to establish an emergency evacuation optimization model with the minimum evacuation time as the objective function. The overall evacuation time is divided into the personnel response time, the horizontal road walking time, the time down the stairs, and the waiting time when congestion occurs. the open number of emergency exits can be judging by different levels of terrorist events, and the optimal evacuation path and the shortest time for different emergency events are given. At the same time, we also analyzed the changing trend of velocity in different cases, which can be adjusted according to the actual conditions.