Root Morpheme Research Articles

Verbalization Affixes in the Limola Language: A Descriptive Analysis

This article highlights the verbalization of affixes in the Limola language. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with the following data collection techniques: elicitation, recording, and note-taking. The affixation process proves three kinds of verbalization affixes in the Limola language, i.e., 1) prefixes: {ma-}, {mo-}, {pa-}, {mopa-}, {mapa-}, {ipa-}, {i-}, and {ti-}; 2) suffixes: {-i}, {-nga}; and 3) confixes: {i—i}, {i—a}, {ipa-i}, {mapa—i}, and {mopa—i}. Verbalization of an inflectional affix does not change the word class when attached to a verb root morpheme. Meanwhile, the affix attached to an adjective base morpheme called derivation changes the word class. The change due to the morphophonemic process is found in the prefix {ma-}, which has allomorphs /mang-/, /man-/, /mam-/, and /mab-/. These allomorphs occur when the initial phonemes of the word are /k/, /s/, /t/, /p/, and /b/. In addition, the process of affixing the suffix {-i} to the base morpheme endings in vowels /i/, /u/, and /e/ causes epenthesis of the vowel /a/, which lies between the end of the base morpheme and the beginning of the bound morpheme. This study’s results provide a comprehensive viewpoint of the affixation process in Limola, illustrate how affixes interact with base morphemes to affect word formation and class transformation and emphasize the complex role of morphophonemic processes in the Limola language. The findings are beneficial for deepening understanding of the Limola language structure and, simultaneously, can be used in designing teaching materials for the Limola society to preserve and maintain the Limola language.

APPLYING DATA-DRIVEN LEARNING IN TEACHING LANGUAGE THEORY (WORD FORMATION, GERMAN LANGUAGE)

The article focuses on data-driven learning in teaching language theory and concerns some German word formation cases: convergence of root morphemes with affixes, semantic shifts of root morphemes and affixal word formation. The study is conducted on the basis of DWDS - Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, outlines linguodidactic potential of the chosen digital platform and proposes training algorithms that combine corpora deduction and guided inductive research based on the activity approach to teaching language theory in a corpora environment.

The Role of Morphological Awareness and Orthographic Awareness in Reading Comprehension in Arabic: Do Reading Fluency and Working Memory Count?

This study examined the independent contribution of morphological awareness and orthographic awareness in reading comprehension, controlling for working memory and reading fluency in Arabic-speaking children. Participants (N = 244) from grades four and five, were classified into typical comprehenders (n = 207) and poor comprehenders (n = 37). All the participants underwent reading comprehension tasks (sentence comprehension and reading maze), orthographic awareness tasks (word choice and parsing), morphological awareness test (root morpheme awareness), working memory test (listening sentence span), word reading fluency, and word reading accuracy and fluency (reading in one minute). The results indicated that morphological awareness and orthographic awareness contributed significantly to reading comprehension (composite scores) only in the typical comprehenders group. Although morphological awareness showed significant predictive relation with reading comprehension, orthographic awareness was a stronger predictor of reading comprehension while controlling for working memory and reading fluency. The findings are discussed, and future directions for research are suggested.

Акустический мутагенез в современном кабардинском языке

The article touches upon controversial issues of Adyghe etymology and semantics, as well as his-torical phonetics, concerning the nature and structure of root morphemes, which have not been comprehensively resolved to date. The existing approaches to the study of root morphemes, which have received their coverage in the works of scientists such as M.A. Kumakhov, A.K. Shagirov, N.R. Ivanokov, N.F. Yakovlev, do not seem to be definite and require clarification. This paper of-fers a different view of the problem raised and its original solution from the existing approaches. The root morphemes considered in the work, grammaticalized in diachrony, in the course of the presented etymological and semantic analysis, reveal traces of acoustic and semantic mutagenesis, which generally affects the further development of the lexical system of the language. For the first time, the term acoustic mutagenesis was introduced into scientific circulation, by which we mean the mutation of sounds in modern Adyghe and Kabardian languages while maintaining the same meaning or close to the original meaning. In the course of semantic evolution, the loss of one se-mantic meaning in the root element does not entail its consolidation in the structure of lexical in-novations, its clear state in a situation of preposition or postposition. Root morphemes, distin-guished in modern language as affixes, were at the same hierarchical level in the proto-language, and their position in the preposition only indicates their attachment to the rest of the root ele-ments, the position in the postposition indicates the opposite.

TRAINING THE AUGMENTED INTERPRETER TODAY

The paper addresses decoding and interpretation of evaluative senses of diminutive and augmentative designations of person. The empirical corpus is constituted by the lexical units selected from lexicographic sources according to a number of criteria, among which are the following: a marker of person in the lexicographic definition, a morphological or syntactic marker of diminutivity and augmentativity in the lexical unit structure, a quantitative and qualitative evaluation marker in the definition, a connotational label. The methods of componential, structural, and linguocultural analysis as well as a descriptive method have been applied to bring into the open evaluative semantics of diminutives and augmentatives. Diminutive and augmentative designations of person are axiologically complicated. Alongside the meaning of diminution and augmentation they express emotional, evaluative, expressive, and stylistic connotations. Axiological potential of the vocabulary layer in question is of great importance for decoding the English speaking community values’ worldview. All diminutives and augmentatives of the corpus are ascertained to have a particular evaluative meaning. Ethical, aesthetic and intellectual evaluations are the most frequent, with emotional, hedonic and normative evaluations being less frequent. Behaviour, appearance, and intelligence are the most important bases for evaluating a person in the English cultural community. Diminutive and augmentative designations of person with rational-emotional and emotional semantics prevail, while designations with rational evaluation are few in number. Evaluative asymmetry also manifests itself in prevalence of pejorative diminutive and augmentative designations. Quantitative evaluation of diminutives and augmentatives is motivated by semantics of the root morpheme, morphological or syntactic marker and depends on the context of use.

The Structure of Language Units in Rootword Niches of the Kipchak Group of Turkic Languages

This paper interrogates the structure of language units in rootword niches of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages and, for this purpose, tackles several facts. Generally, scholars have not properly settled the initial structure of the root morphemes in Turkic languages, making it one of the most controversial issues in related literature. Linguists, especially Turkologists, agree that the structure of word roots in agglutinative languages is more clear and transparent than that of fusional or inflected languages. When determining the structure of word roots in the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, it is necessary to consider the semantic features of the word along with its phonological and morphonological properties, which sometimes receive no attention. After considering all scientific debates and disagreements related to this topic, the paper concludes that the development of the semantic structure of word roots in Turkic languages has been from general to specific, from abstract to concrete. We have explained the issues related to this claim using examples.

What is a Chinese word? Lexical constructionalization in Chinese

Abstract The Chinese language is defined on the basis of Chinese characters, which stabilize monosyllabic root morphemes across the countless varieties. As subsyllabic linguistic forms such as derivational morphology can hardly be represented by Chinese characters, compounding is preferred over derivation in Chinese. Compounds do not have fixed word boundaries. The wordhood of compounds pertains to the level of conventionality in language use, which is a continuum instantiated by synchronic gradience and diachronic gradualness. A perennial archaizing aesthetics further complicates the determination of Chinese words by preserving classical linguistic forms in formal and literary writing, thus making every synchronic stratum heterogeneous by blurring the distinction between historical strata. Therefore, the boundaries of words have always been fluid in native speakers’ mental lexicon.

Morphology and semantics of derivational metaphors in Spanish media discourse

The cognitive and pragmatic potential of derivational metaphorical nominations, actively used in the Spanish media discourse, represent a relevant direction of Discursive and Cognitive re-search that requires scientific comprehension.The article is devoted to the study of the linguo-cognitive specificity of derivational metaphors that verbalize new meanings, name new realities and frequently function as nomination-neologisms or occasionalisms. Derivational metaphors perform a pragmatic function, broadcasting an intentionally conditioned vision of the world in modern Spanish media discourse, and implement the intentional and evaluative discourse pragmatics. The objective of the study is to consider the morphosemantics of derivational metaphors and analyse the most frequent word-forming productive models of metaphorical nominations in Spanish media discourse.An integral methodological approach is used to the study of word-formation discursive metaphors, which combines contextual, semantic, interpretive and stylistic analysis methodologically opening up the possibility of a systemic study of the linguo-pragmatics of derivative metaphorical nominations that function in the Spanish media discourse. The most productive morphosemantic models of word formation for creating metaphorical concepts in the Spanish media space are affixation (prefixation and suffixation as well as their combination) and word compounding.The cognitive approach to the study of derivational metaphors through the prism of onomasiological theory allows one to interpret the process of word formation as a way of translating cognitive attitudes and meanings. The metaphorical meaning is generated by a derivational act. The morphological structure of a word change is not identical to the sum of the meanings of the derivational components involved in the creation of a new metaphor. In the discursive space the associative potential relative to the basic meaning of affixes or root morphemes in compound words brings a number of interpretations that vary the metaphorical rethinking of their semantics and integrate axiological evaluation.The discursive role of word-formation metaphors, which have an evaluative potential, lies in the implementation of the pragmatic function of updating meanings, aimed at influencing the consciousness and behaviour of the target audience.

Combinatorial word formation in root morphemes of Turkic languages

Combinatorial word formation in root morphemes of Turkic languages

Неологизмы со значением «поддельных» товаров в современном русском языке

The article describes neological units that have been functioning in the Russian language since the 1990s to characterize artisanal products or various types of counterfeit goods. The cognitive mechanisms underlying their formation are identified, based on the metonymic or metaphorical use of the image of fire, as represented in the root morpheme pal-. It is noted that the word-formation paradigm of the verb palit’ has expanded with the addition of derivatives with figurative meanings, including the adjectives palёny, samopalny, and the nouns palёnka, pal’, and palevo. The processes of these units’ combinatory expansion are described, reflecting extralinguistic changes. The stylistic markedness of the lexemes is characterized, and the identification and connotative components of their semantics, as well as their representation in operational lexicographic practice, are identified.

The distributional properties of prefixes influence lexical decision latencies

Abstract Morphological processing has been extensively studied in English and European languages, but there is a growing interest in extending the research to other languages. Here we examined Malay, an Austronesian language that is morphologically rich. We investigated the effects of morphological constituents on lexical decisions for prefixed words. Specifically, we explored whether readers are sensitive to any distributional properties of the prefix and root morphemes. Variables investigated included length and family size for both prefixes and roots, as well as number of allomorphs, consistency, and productivity for prefixes. Decision latencies were collected for 1,280 Malay words of various morphological structures. Data from the 640 prefixed words were analyzed in a series of GAMM models. We observed a facilitative effect of root family size and an effect of several distributional properties of prefixes on decision latencies after accounting for word frequency and length. Furthermore, a larger interaction between frequency and several distributional properties of prefixes was found for words with three-letter prefixes than for those with two-letter prefixes. These findings provide insight into the types of distributional properties to which Malay readers are sensitive in multimorphemic words.

Semantic structure of word-formation nests based on one Adyghe root in the Adyghe linguoculture

Modern etymological and historical-semasiological studies, not limited to the framework of purely linguistic schemes, come to a cognitive nature. Such a scientific interdisciplinary approach provides the required depth to etymological and historical-semasiological analysis in content and word-formation aspects and corresponds to the modern humanitarian paradigm. Such a comprehensive approach to the study of the facts of the language is relevant, first of all, for research on the material of modern young-written languages that do not have a long-written tradition, which includes the Abkhaz-Adyghe. This article provides a multi-aspect analysis of a single Adyghe sound-root morpheme, which has not yet been considered as the starting base for the emergence of all derived words and all meanings that appeared as a result of its semantic evolution, that is, in all its lexical and word-formation diversity. All derived words in the article are combined into a lexical nest, which allows them to be considered in structural and substantive terms, so they form a systemic unity. The article also analyzes semantic and typological transitions of meanings related by etymological meaning and root morpheme.

When words coalesce II

Abstract This article is a sequel to my contribution entitled “When words coalesce: chunking and morphophonemic extension” in the volume The Indo-European verb (ed. H. Craig Melchert, 2012: 87–104), and intends to document cases of preverb incorporation for Proto-Indo-European (PIE). Although preverbs occurred as free morphemes with finite verbs in PIE, they could also, under conditions to be specified, undergo a change of their morphemic status from free to bound. I discuss a number of such cases and the conditions under which preverbs could undergo destressing, phonologically regular or irregular reduction, and ultimately fuse with following verbal root morphemes.

Decomposition in early stages of learning novel morphologically derived words: The impact of linear vs. non-linear structure

We examined whether morphological decomposition takes place in early stages of learning a novel language, and whether morphological structure (linear vs. non-linear) influences decomposition. Across four sessions, 41 native-Hebrew speakers learned morphologically derived words in a novel morpho-lexicon, with two complex conditions: linear and non-linear; and a third simple condition with monomorphemic words. Participants showed faster learning of trained words in the linear condition, and better generalization to untrained words for both complex conditions compared to the simple condition, with better performance for linear than non-linear morphology. Learning the root morpheme, which provides a concrete meaning, was better than learning template/suffix morphemes, which are more abstract. Overall, our results suggest that saliency of discrete units plays an important role in decomposition in early stages of learning derived words, even for speakers highly familiar with the non-linear structure in their L1.

Phonemic structure of the root morpheme in the Gothic language (a complex quantitative analysis of lexicographic sources)

The article deals with the problems of the phonemic structure of the root morpheme in Gothic. Using a systematic sampling procedure, the words from a Gothic dictionary were selected to form the register with 382 root morphemes. The study employed a quantitative research with statistical data analysis toinvestigate such characteristics of the Gothic root morpheme as its length in phonemes, distribution, combinability and phonotactics of vowel and consonant phonemes within CV root patterns, their constructive potential and symmetry. The investigation has revealed several fundamental regularities that characterize the Gothic root morpheme organizing on the phonemic level. The results of the study have shown that the Gothic language has roots ranging in length from two to nine phonemes, but four-fifths of the analyzed roots consisted of 3-4 phonemes, the average length of the Gothic root in phonemes is 3.55, the multi-phoneme roots are rare and represented mainly by lexical items of non-Germanic origin. The analysis of the realized canonical forms has shown that the Gothic language system uses only 2% of the theoretically possible forms for the construction of root morphemes at the phonemic level. The vast majority of these roots function as dependent roots, only 5% of them function as independent roots that form complete lexical units. The canonical forms of roots in the Gothic language have different modeling power; the most productive among them are three structural types (CVC, CVCC, CCVC), which form almost four fifths of all roots in the studied array. The phonemic structure of the root morpheme is characterized by a significant consonantal saturation: the initial and final components of most canonical forms are formed by consonants, and the medial ones by vowels. Structures of this type describe almost 90% of the total number of roots in the study sample. It has been proven that the phonemic structure of Gothic roots is characterized by symmetry, with the symmetrically constructed roots being mostly characterized by the mirror type of symmetry.

Неологизмы периода пандемии коронавируса: лексема «корона» как продуктивный элемент коронеологизмов

The aim of the research is to identify the family of words with the top name корона/корон- (corona/coron-). The paper analyses 738 out of 3500 words (21%) presented in the ‘Dictionary of the Russian Language of the Coronavirus Era’ containing this root morpheme. The scientific novelty of the research lies in carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the thematic groups and the ways of word building of coroneologisms with the noun корона/корон-. As a result, the coroneologisms have been subdivided into 22 groups (illness and health, statistics data, environment, time period, location, economics and financial operations, the sphere of cultural life, social activity, ways of exercising power, new types of crime, legal regulation, communities, transport, militaristic activity, disasters, academic activity, linguistic phenomena, fashion, public mood, derogatory names for categories of people, positive names for categories of people, slang words). Based on the way of derivation, coroneologisms have been divided into 5 groups (words representing the adhesion of two content words; words with the lexeme корона shortened to the form корон- and a full stem of the second word connected by a service morpheme -o-; blends with a truncated second lexeme; blends with the overlapping of several letters; suffix derivatives). The research identified borrowed words, a wordplay form of derivation and the expressive-evaluative colouring of contaminants; metaphorical and allusive images, as well as the images of natural phenomena that contain coroneologisms.

Some Derivative Words Unused Root Morphemes In Turkey Turkish

Dil ile düşünce arasında sıkı bir ilişki vardır. İnsan ana dilindeki kavramlar aracılığıyla düşünür. Düşünceler de dil ile ifade edilir. Düşüncenin gelişmesi dili; dilin gelişmesi düşünceyi etkilemektedir. Dil, bir milletin düşünce sistemi hakkında çağrışımsal bilgiler içerir. Bir milletin tarihi, coğrafyası, dinî değer ölçüleri, halk kültürü, müziği, sanatı, edebiyatı, ilmi ve dünya görüşü o milletin sözlerine, sözcüklerine ve deyimlerine yansımaktadır. Bir millete ait söz ve sözcükler, o milletin söz varlığını oluşturur. Söz varlığı üzerine yapılan araştırmalar bir dilin zenginliği ya da yetersizliğini ortaya koymak açısından önemlidir. Sözlük ve sözlükçülük çalışmaları bir dilin söz varlığı hakkında istatistiki bilgiler verebilir. Günümüzde, Türk Dil Kurumunun Türkiye Türkçesi için verdiği söz varlığı istatistiği Türk dilinin tarihî dönemlerinde kullanılmış ve artık kullanımdan düşmüş ya da kök biçimbirimleri unutulmuş kelimeleri kapsamamaktadır.
 Bazı kök biçimbirimlerin zaman içinde kullanımdan düşeceğini göstermek için bu çalışmada bağ, kucak, geniş, damla- ve sapta- kelimelerinin türemiş kelimeler olduklarını ve Türkiye Türkçesinde bu kelimelerin kök biçimbirimlerinin kullanılmadığını ileri sürdük. Bağ, kucak, geniş, damla- ve sapta- kelimelerinin sırasıyla ba- fiilinden, kuç-/koç- fiilinden, gen/keŋ kelimesinden, tam-/dam- fiilinden ve Arapça sebt kökünden türediğini iddia ettik. Bu iddiamızı da Türk dilinin tarihî ve modern lehçelerinde geçen örneklerle ispatlamaya çalıştık.

Affixation of Persian language’s root morphemes in Kurdish language

This study explores several converted Kurdish affixes that have come to the language from Persian and other Iranian languages. In other words, they were root morphemes in their native language. They haven’t come to the Kurdish language as roots but as affixes. That’s why, those roots have gone through borrowing and affixation.
 This study explores the nature and origin of those linguistic materials/items of how and where they’ve come to Kurdish language. This study explains the rules and steps of affixation. For the purpose of data analysis, ten Kurdish affixes have been used. Their outcome has been shown, through receiving all those words that have come into life because of those affixes.
 This study also answers this question that has been asked in Kurdish morphology about the constituent parts of those words the affixes take parts in their production. Sometimes those affixes can be words or bound morphemes. They will be analyzed based on their counterpart words meaning, or they will be analyzed based on other words in the language that their meaning is quite different from them.
 The results show that borrowing between languages is not restricted to words only but smaller linguistic materials/items as well, such as affixes can be borrowed from a language to another. Despite the phonetic changes that happen to a word when it comes to another language, its category and meaning can be restricted and changed but its meaning can be kept. Their outcome and ability to explain can increase with some phonetic changes.

Accessing Deverbal Nouns in L1 and L2 Arabic: A Masked-Priming Experiment

The current study examines how non-native speakers process deverbal nouns of Arabic. Unlike Indo-European languages, the word-formation process in Arabic occurs in a discontinuous manner. The root morpheme (carrying the core semantic information) interlocks in the word pattern morpheme (which holds the phonological and morpho-syntactic information). Research on Arabic shows that Arabic native speakers decompose derived and inflected (deverbal nouns and verbs) complex words during lexical processing. Priming studies on word processing did not appear to have consistent findings on whether L2 speakers decompose or fully list the complex forms; Using a masked-priming experiment, this study examined whether native and non-native speakers of Arabic decompose derived words, particularly, deverbal nouns in real-time. We tested a group of L1 Turkish /L2 Arabic learners and L1 Arabic speakers on six experimental conditions in which the relationship between prime and target is either morphological, orthographic, or semantic. The results indicated priming effects in the morphological conditions for native speakers, but not for non-native speakers. This shows that native speakers decompose deverbal nouns into their word patterns and root morphemes whereas non-native speakers list them as whole forms during online processing. These findings support the claim that L1 and L2 use different strategies in real-time processing of derived words.

Action of the law of analogy in occasional word formation (based on the lyrics by E.A. Evtushenko and A.A. Voznesensky)

The article views analogy as one of the basic laws of language development. The action of the law of analogy is studied on the material of the occasional word creation of the poets of the 60-ies of the XX century E.A. Evtushenko and A.A. Voznesensky. The relevance of the study of occasionalisms is stipulated by insufficient knowledge of the interaction of regular and occasional word formation and the role of analogy in creating a poetic image. The main research method is the word-formation analysis of occasional units, which made it possible to analyze the derivational mechanism based on assimilation to ordinary regular models. Contextual analysis is applied, revealing the semantic side of the new lexeme. Component analysis was used to detect syntagmatic connections of occasional units. The author of the article notes the importance of the law of analogy not only in the choice of formants, but also in the procedure of the derivational process. The action of the law in the formation of occasional steps of word-formation nests is substantiated. The conditional entry of new units into the usual system and their ability to fill word-formation gaps are analyzed. In the course of the research, a lexical and word formation phenomenon of a different order was discovered a word formation paradigm, reflecting the processes of one word formation stage. The productivity of some root morphemes is traced in connection with their frequency in usage and participation in the formation of value concepts. The results of the analysis of language units confirm the importance of the law of analogy in the creation of occasionalisms and the expression of the authors assessment in general. In general, the results of the analysis of linguistic units confirm the high degree of significance of the law of analogy in the creation of occasionalisms and their use in poetic texts. The role of analogy as text formation means and a tool for constructing poetic imagery is emphasized. The conclusion is made about the systematic nature of the formation of lexical-derivational and semantic connections in the array of occasional vocabulary of E.A. Evtushenko and A.A. Voznesensky.