Methanol Extract Of Roots Research Articles

Phytochemical analysis and high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography guided quantification of Boeravinone B from Boerhaavia diffusa root extracts: Assessment of in vitro safety analysis

AbstractAn Indian traditional medicinal plant, Boerhaavia diffusa (Punarnava), is reported for its diuretic activity and helps in impaired kidney function. The present study indicates that alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, and glycosides are absent in the petroleum ether extract and present chiefly in the methanolic extract of roots. The phytosterols were found to be present in the ethyl acetate extract, while other phytochemical constituents, that is, alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides, were absent. From high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, the results indicated that out of all the three extracts and two marketed formulations, ethyl acetate root extract (LEA) has the highest amount of Boeravinone B content. Further, different root extracts of B. diffusa and two marketed formulations were evaluated on the human embryonic kidney cell line to understand pharmacological safety. From the results, it was observed that LEA and petroleum ether root extracts showed a higher percentage of cell survival and a better safety profile up to the dose of 1 mg/mL. The overall results indicated that further preclinical evaluation of B. diffusa is needed to understand the mechanism behind nephroprotective potential which can further expedite the drug discovery process of nephroprotective molecules.

Cyperus rotundus L.: Invasive weed plant with insecticidal potential against Aphis craccivora Koch and Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell)

Cyperus rotundus L. is a widely distributed invasive weed plant with vast traditional medicinal uses. Herein, the methanolic root extract of C. rotundus and its fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and aqueous) were evaluated for insecticidal activity against nymphs of Aphis craccivora Koch and crawlers of Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) to find promising lead (s). In contact topical assay, among extract/fractions, n-hexane fraction exhibited more toxicity against A. craccivora (LD50 = 1.12 μg/insect) and P. lilacinus (LD50 = 0.94 μg/insect). The chemical analysis of n-hexane fraction revealed a volatile composition similar to that of the essential oil (EO) of C. rotundus roots. Hence, EO was extracted using water and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as cosolvent, which revealed enhancement in EO yield (from 0.28 to 0.46% w/w) on implementing DESs. A total of 35 diverse volatile metabolites were identified in all EO samples, accounting for 85.0 to 91.8% of chemical composition, having cyperotundone, cyperene mustakone, isolongifolen-5-one, boronia butenal as major constituents. The EO obtained with DES-7 [choline chloride: ethylene glycol (1:4)] and DES-6 [choline chloride: lactic acid (1:3)] were found effective against A. craccivora (LD50 = 0.62–0.87 μg/insect) and P. lilacinus (LD50= 0.59–0.67 μg/insect) after 96 h. NMR analysis of EO revealed cyperotundone as a major compound, which was isolated along with cyperene and cyperene epoxide. All the molecules were found effective against P. lilacinus, whereas against A. craccivora cyperotundone, cyperene and cyperene epoxide showed promising toxicity (LD50 = 0.74–0.86 μg/insect). Extract/fractions, EO, and isolated molecules showed a significant reproductive inhibition rate of A. craccivora at higher concentrations. All the tested concentrations of cyperotundone showed significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in A. craccivora and P. lilacinus. Based upon the present study, C. rotundus can be recommended to control targeted insects in the greenhouse/field conditions after performing bio-efficacy and phytotoxicity studies.

ANTICALCIURIA EFFECT OF METHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA (L). PERS (LYTHRACEAE) AGAINST HIGH PROTEIN DIET INGESTED IN ALBINO RATS

Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stone disease or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy in which a solid mass forms in the urinary tract. The aim of the present research is to evaluate the way that albino rats administered with a high-protein diet, react to methanolic root extracts of Lagerstroemia speciosa anticalciuric properties. Medicinal plants are frequently utilised in folk medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses. Banaba is the common name for L. speciosa, a member of the Lythraceae family; Poomaruthu is its Tamil name. The test animals were given a diet high in protein and low in protein as well as 45 days of treatment with methanolic root extracts of L. speciosa. The experiment was scheduled with a sample collection, biochemical inquiries, and histopathological exams. The experiment had been scheduled with a sample collection, biochemical investigations, and histopathological evaluations. The biochemical data reveal that as compared to the control, III, and V groups, the low-protein diet groups II and IV had greater blood urea concentrations. The low-protein diet groups II and IV exhibited an increased blood creatinine concentration in contrast to the control, III, and V groups, while group V (H.P+MRE 500 mg/kg) demonstrated a nearly identical outcome to that of the control groups. L. speciosa root extracts in methanol are given to groups to control creatinine concentration. The normal control group's histopathological analysis revealed tubules with a single epithelial lining along the outermost layer that were normal in size.

Effects of Ottonia anisum plant extract on local anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and HCl‑induced acute lung injury activities: a study in animal models

Ottonia anisum (O. anisum), belonging to the family Piperaceae, is renowned for its medicinal properties. The plant is rich in alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids with recorded bioactivities. The stems, roots, and leaves, of the O. anisum have been extensively used in the folk medicine. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the pharmacological activities of O. anisum root extract. Methanolic root extract of O. anisum was assessed for local anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and HCl-induced acute lung injury activities in animal models. Local anesthetic activity assessed in frog and guinea pigs through foot withdrawal reflex and intradermal wheal method, respectively, revealed the dose-dependent onset time of anesthesia response. In the case of HCl-induced ALI, the mice group orally administered with O. anisum extract were assessed for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLF) contents, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory molecules. The analysis revealed the reduction in inflammatory molecules, neutrophils, and oxidative stress in the extract treated mice group. In addition, the redox homeostasis, reduced GSH and the catalase activity was found to be restored in the treated groups. Intriguingly, the genes associated with the NFkB expression was found to be downregulated in O. anisum extract treated groups. Moreover, the extract unveiled the significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Overall, the findings emphasize the clinical applicability of O. anisum extract in the treatment of ALI as well as the potential usage in local anesthetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents during the treatments.Graphical

Evaluation of Antisickling Activity and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Root Extract of Ximenia americana Linn. (Olacacaea)

Aims: This research work was done in order to evaluate invitro antisickling activity, and antibacterial potentials of the methanolic root extract of Ximenia americana, Linn. Olacaceae. Study Design: It is an experimental research work. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, Nigeria. The study was carried out between December, 2019 to June, 2020. Methodology: Evaluation of the antisickling activity of the methanolic root extract of Ximenia americana was carried out in two-fold; viz. the ability of the plant extract to inhibit or prevent sickling (antisickling effect) of erythrocytes from blood samples obtained from sickle cell disease (SCD) volunteers on one hand, and the ability of the extract to reversed pre-sickled erythrocytes using standard protocols. The antibacterial assay was done using microtiter broth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on some selected encapsulated bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumonia) that have been reported to caused complications in SCD. Results: The methanolic root extract of Ximenia americana showed a concentration dependent antisickling activity across concentration gradient. The percent sickling inhibition was dose-dependent (0.05 mg = 60 %, 0.5 mg = 62 %, 1 mg = 88 %, 2 mg = 87 %, and 4 mg = 90 %), this result was statistically significant (p < 0.05 vs control) when compared to the untreated group (25 %). Similarly, the result of the sickle red cell reversal by the test extract demonstrated a percent dose-dependent reversibility (0.05 mg = 36 %, 0.5 mg = 40 %, 1 mg = 48 %, 2 mg = 58 %, and 4 mg = 63 %), a result that was significantly (p < 0.5 vs control) compared to the control (19 %). The antimicrobial assay result showed that, the sensitivity of the selected microorganisms to the plant extract was concentration dependent. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis showed better sensitivity to the extract with higher zones of inhibition (8 mm and 7 mm) at 80 mg/mL concentration. Conclusion: Methanolic root extract of Ximenia americana L demonstrated a significant dose-dependence antisickling and sickle cell reversal activities, with p < 0.05 vs control. Also, the extract showed sensitivity against some selected bacteria isolates as a result possess antibacterial activity against susceptible microorganism.

Unveiling the Synoptic Research of in Vitro Pharmacological Activities in Methanolic Extracts of Both Fruits and Roots of Coccinia Grandis

Unveiling the Synoptic Research of in Vitro Pharmacological Activities in Methanolic Extracts of Both Fruits and Roots of Coccinia Grandis

Methanolic root peel extract of Potentilla fulgens L. shows anti-proliferative activity on root meristematic cells of Lathyrus sativus L. and antiamoebic activity on trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica

Native inhabitants of North-East India traditionally use Potentilla fulgens as a folk remedy for various diseases, including intestinal parasitic infections. P. fulgens root extract is enriched with catechin, afzelechin, fulgic acid and gallic acid like anticancer compounds. The cytotoxicity of P. fulgens root extract was confirmed on various human cancer cell lines. The potency of plant-based assay systems is increasingly apparent for the primary screening of plant extracts with cytotoxic effects. Various anti-proliferative activity assays utilizing the cell cycle attributes of Lathyrus sativus have been studied against different anticancer drugs and plant extracts. However, further validation of those plant extracts' cytotoxicity on human cancer cells is required for benchmarking plant-based assay system with classical methods based on malignant cells. Here, we have shown the effect of P. fulgens methanolic root extract on L. sativus root tip cells to revalidate the assay system. A significant reduction in the mitotic index was observed upon treatment of the L. sativus seeds with the plant extract. The extract caused reversion of colchicine induced polyploidy of L. sativus root cells comparably with anticancer drug cisplatin. Additionally, in silico interaction studies of catechin with the human DNMT1, anticancer drug target, and plant MET1 enzyme were performed. Our result showed that crucial residues important for catechin binding were conserved in the orthologs despite of their evolutionary divergence. This study also revealed that the treatment of 700 μg/ml of methanolic extract retarded the growth of Entamoeba histolytica by 60 % with a change in trophozoite shape compared to control indicated potential antiamoebic activity of the extract.

Prophylactic activities of Olax viridis in the liver of rats challenged with carbon tetrachloride

Olax viridis is a plant used for its ethnomedical properties. This experiment was focused at assessing the prophylactic activities of O. viridis against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - induced hepatotoxicity. Twenty-five male albino rats were randomly divided into five categories. Categories 1 and 2 received distilled water, category 3 received the extract at 100 mg/kg body weight (bw), 4 received the extract at 200 mg/kg while 5 received Silymarin at 100 mg/kg. The route of administration was per os, 12 hourly for five days. One hour after the last treatment, groups 2-5 were challenged orally with 0.15 ml/kg of CCl4 in olive oil. Eighteen hours later, blood samples were collected for serum assay of aspartate amino-transferase, alanine amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and total protein. The effect of the extract on CCl4 alteration of pentobarbitone sleeping time was assessed using another 5 groups of five rats each. The animals were treated as described for the first experiment. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the serum biochemical markers of the animals given 100mg/kg bw of the extract, those given 100mg/kg bw of silymarin and those of the control group but they were significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of the category treated with 200mg/kg of the extract and the category given only CCl4. Similar trend was observed in the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time experiment. This study reveals that the methanolic root extract of O. viridis can protect the liver against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.

Determination of Polyphenols and Flavonoids and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extraction from the Leaves, Seeds, Stems and Roots of Cassia occidentalis

In this article, we studied four organs of Cassia occidentalis namely leaves, seeds, stems and roots. Cassia occidentalis is a plant used in traditional Senegalese medicine to treat several pathologies including asthma, malaria, high blood pressure, bronchitis, anemia, stubborn stomach aches, etc. This study focuses on the determination of the antioxidant activity of these extracts. This study focuses on the determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids of different organ extracts (leaves, seeds, stems and roots) of Cassia occidentalis and the determination of the antioxidant activity of these extracts. Total polyphenols are assayed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and total flavonoids using aluminum trichloride (AlCl3). The antioxidant activity of the extracts is evaluated by the DPPH method using TROLOX as reference antioxidant. The results of this study show that leaves and roots are the richest organs in polyphenols with contents ranging from 0.4941 ± 0.0633 mg EAG/g to 11.5114 ± 0.0791 mg EAG/g for leaves and 0.1235 ± 0.0220 mg EAG/g to 4.1968 ± 0.0481 mg EAG/g for roots. These same organs are richer in flavonoids with contents ranging from 1.6645 ± 0.0215 mg EQ/g to 7.2215 ± 0.1728 mg EQ/g for the leaves and 0.0813 ± 0.0022 mg EQ/ g to ​​3.4839 ± 0.0538 mg EQ/g for roots. These contents are higher in the methanolic and aqueous extracts. Total antioxidant capacities are significantly correlated with polyphenol and flavonoid contents. This is because the leaves and roots have more antioxidants that can react with the DPPH radical. This quantity is more noted in the methanolic extracts (14.1502 ± 0.3781 mg ETr/g for the leaves and 7.7042 ± 0.0619 mg ETr/g for the roots). Only the methanolic extracts show remarkable antiradical activities with IC50 values ​​of 0.2409 ± 0.0006 mg/mL for the leaves and 0.1415 ± 0.0005 mg/mL for the roots. IC50 values for other extracts are not available, due to the low total antioxidant capacity. In short, the methanolic extracts of the roots and leaves therefore have an appreciable antioxidant power. This antioxidant power is more significant at the level of the methanolic root extract with the lowest IC50 value. This would justify the use of Cassia occidentalis in traditional Senegalese medicine to fight against several pathologies. This plant would therefore be a good source of natural antioxidants.

In-Vivo Antivenom Effect of Annona senegalensis (Pers) Against Biological Activities of Naja nigricollis (Hallowell) Envenomation

Snake bites are a common, serious medical issue often neglected in developing countries. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of methanolic extract from the root bark of Annona senegalensis in neutralizing the biological activities of Naja nigricollis envenomation in vivo. The methanolic extract was fractionated using a liquid-liquid fractionating method. The inhibition of venom-induced edematogenic and hemorrhagic effects was evaluated in albino rats using a pre-incubation protocol. The aqueous-methanol fraction (AM) of A. senegalensis AM root methanolic extract significantly inhibited the hemorrhagic and edema-inducing activities of the venom. The methanolic extract derived from the root bark of A. senegalensis has exhibited promising potential as an effective anti-snake venom agent.

Quality Standardisation and Comparative Study of Leaf and Root of Kalanchoe pinnata in the Treatment of Wound Healing on Albino Rats

A wound is a disruption of the cellular and anatomic continuity of a tissue, with or without microbial infection. The perennial plant Kalanchoe pinnata (Bryophyllum) is a member of the Crassulaceae family. The present study was based on the quality standardisation and comparative study of leaf and root of Kalanchoe pinnata in the treatment of wound healing on albino rats. The plant was gathered in Uttarakhand, Dehradun, India. The plant leaves were used after being thoroughly rinsed in water. Additionally, the root was scrubbed and allowed to dry at room temperature in the shade and/or away from the sun. The plant was identified and authenticated by Dr Sunita Garg (Reference No. NIScPR/RHMD/Consult/2023/4486-87). The leaves and roots of Kalanchoe pinnata were extracted using methanol solvent. Physicochemical and phytochemical screening was done for both the extracts. The Methanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata root and leaf (5% Ointment Topical Application for 15 days) was assessed and compared for its wound healing activity on excisional wound healing animal using Albino rats. GC-MS analysis of the MEKP spectral spectrum showed, the presence of eight essential ingredients was shown as flavone with a retention time of 16.08 and a peak area of 11.9%, palmitic acid with a retention time of 16.73 and a peak area of 8.4%, and phytol with a retention time of 17.82 and a peak area of 39.8%. etc. It was found that MEKP Leaf (5% Ointment) showed superior contraction of wound and faster epithelialization compared to MEKP Root (5% Ointment). Our findings support the possibility of using this plant therapeutically in routine medical care. By following these recommendations, we can drive the development of safe, effective, and accessible phytoconstituent-based wound healing agents.

Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity assessment of the methanol root extract of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. (Olacaceae) in mice and rats

Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. is an important medicinal plant included in African traditional anticancer medicines. Little information about its safety and toxicity appears in the literature. This study thus aimed at evaluating the safety of its methanol root extract orally administered in laboratory animals. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometric analysis of O. subscorpioidea extract was conducted. For acute toxicity, methods within the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines were used, with slight modifications. A single female mouse was orally administered a dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight of O. subscorpioidea methanol root extract and was monitored for at least 24 h for any signs of toxicity or death. An additional four mice (n = 4, 2/sex) were similarly treated. Another female mouse was orally administered 5,000 mg/kg body weight and observed for at least 24 h. Additional four mice were similarly treated. For sub-acute toxicity, the extract was administered daily to Wistar rats for 21 days at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1,000 mg/kg. General behaviours changes, haematological, biochemical, and histological examinations on rats’ organs were performed. The FTIR spectrum showed no peaks in the 2220–2260 cm−1 region, suggesting that no cyanide groups were present in the extract. A single oral dose at both 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg did not induce any signs of toxicity or mortality, indicating an oral median lethal dose (LD50) >5000 mg/kg. When compared to the controls, dose-dependent changes were observed in the red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg (p<0.05). Histopathological examinations showed severe vascular congestion in the liver, and interstitial congestion and haemorrhage with moderate glomerular damage in the kidney. This study showed O. subscorpioidea root's methanol extract as non-toxic in acute administration, but with potential for toxicity in sub-acute oral administration.

Heterogeneous Cellular Response of Primary and Metastatic Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines to Magnoflorine and Its Additive Interaction with Docetaxel

Gastric cancer is the most common cancer and remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In this study, the anticancer action of magnoflorine isolated via counter-current chromatography from the methanolic extract of Berberis vulgaris root against gastric cancer in models of primary ACC-201 and AGS and metastatic MKN-74 and NCI-N87 cell lines was analyzed. Cell viability and proliferation were tested through the use of MTT and BrdU tests, respectively. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were evaluated using flow cytometry. The interaction of magnoflorine and docetaxel has been examined through isobolographic analysis. Moreover, potential toxicity was verified in zebrafish in an in vivo model. Gastric cancer cell lines revealed different responses to magnoflorine treatment with regard to viability/proliferation, apoptosis induction and cell cycle inhibition without any undesirable changes in the development of larval zebrafish at the tested concentrations. What is more, magnoflorine in combination with docetaxel produced an additive pharmacological interaction in all studied gastric cancer cell lines, which may suggest a complementary mechanism of action of both compounds. Taken together, these findings provide a foundation for the possibility of magnoflorine as a potential therapeutic approach for gastric cancer and merits further investigation, which may pave the way for clinical uses of magnoflorine.

In silico and in vitro investigation of the role of Asparagus racemosus lead compound Shatavarin IV and associated silver nanoparticles

Antibiotic-resistant microbes are a global threat, necessitating the need for new antibacterials. Bioactive compounds obtained from Asparagus racemosus and silver nanoparticles synthesized from it were tested for antibacterial activity. The nanoparticles exhibited a UV absorbance peak at 415nm. SEM image revealed elliptical nanoparticles from 32.6 nm to 78.6 nm while the FTIR study of aromatic amine N-H and C-O stretching indicates the stability of the silver nanoparticle. Zeta potential and XRD tests confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles in the root extract under stable conditions. Methanolic root extract and silver nanoparticles were found to be very effective against Bacillus subtilis (20mm), Salmonella typhimurium (20mm), Escherichia coli (20mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18mm), Staphylococcus aureus (17mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15mm) in comparison to ampicillin. AutoDock Tools 1.5.7 was used to perform molecular docking of Shatavarin IV against target proteins involved in breast cancer (PDB ID: 3O96), bacterial infections (PDB ID: 2ZCO), viral infections angiotensin (PDB ID: 4APH) and inflammation (PDB ID: 7PHS). The respective best docking scores are -18.66, -18.07 -14.57 and -15.84 Kcal/Mol respectively. Sarsasapogenin and Kaempferol also showed favorable docking scores with specific target proteins. Shatavarin IV is found to target amino acid(s) and the standard drugs of each category such as Remdesivir for viral, Diclofenac for inflammation, Tamoxifen for cancer and Plazomicin for bacterial infections. This study reveals that Asparagus racemosus bioactive compound Shatavarin IV is a suitable lead compound for the treatment of cancer, viral, bacterial infections and inflammatory conditions.

Screening of Preliminary Phytochemicals and In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Stem, Leaf, Root and Leaf Callus of Corynandra felina (L.f.) Cochrane &amp; Iltis

Screening of Preliminary Phytochemicals and In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Stem, Leaf, Root and Leaf Callus of Corynandra felina (L.f.) Cochrane &amp; Iltis

Preliminary Phytochemical screening and Antioxidant properties of Methanolic root extract of Picrorhiza kurroa

Objective: Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Scrophulariacae) is a herb in the Ayurvedic system of medicine highly noted for its hepatoprotective effect. Over exploitation for various medicinal purposes has made the rhizome as an endangered species. In spite of its geographical distribution, it is available in all the herbal drug stores. The rationale behind this study is to authenticate and standardize the Picrosides by different parameters to enable its identity, purity and efficacy. Thus, the Present study analyzed the presence of phytochemicals qualitatively and evaluated the antioxidant properties in the methanolic extracts of Picrorhiza kurroa. Methods: Preliminary analysis of phytoconstituents of root parts of this plant using the standard procedures and Antioxidant properties were determined by 1,1- diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: The qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary active constituent’s such as glycosides, cardiacglycosides, Tannins, terpenoids, steroids and coumarins and also possesses high free radical scavenging property. Conclusion: Therefore this study explored the antioxidant properties which strongly supports that could prevent many free radical related disorders. Also paves the way for further quantitative and animal studies, planned to explore the molecular mechanisms for the study based on cardiovascular disorders.

Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from the root of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. (Olacaceae)

Bioactivity-guided phytochemical fractionation of the methanol extract of Olax subscorpioidea root has led to the isolation of six triterpenes. Three of these compounds are previously undescribed triterpenoid saponins: oleanolic acid 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-6-O-methyl-β-D-glucuronopyranoside]-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2), oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (3), and oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-6-O-methyl-β-D-glucuronopyranoside] ester (5). Other reported known compounds include two triterpene glycosides: oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-6-O-methyl-β-D-glucuronopyranoside]-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1) and oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside] (4); and a triterpene acid, oleanolic acid (6). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic means. The isolated compounds were tested against human cervical cancer (HeLa), colorectal cancer (Caco-2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines using the in vitro 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl] 3,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with vincristine as positive control. The cytotoxicity assay showed that compounds 3 and 5 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the HeLa cell line, with IC50 values of 7.42 ± 0.34 μM and 10.27 ± 1.26 μM; and moderate effects on MCF-7 (IC50 values, 36.67 ± 1.23 μM and 43.83 ± 0.65 μM) and Caco-2 (IC50 values, 35.83 ± 0.55 μM and 39.03 ± 4.38 μM, respectively) cell lines. They were also more selectively cytotoxic than vincristine against the cancer cell lines, when compared with cytotoxicity against the normal lung cell line MRC5.

Isolation and Characterization of Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Benzene-1,2-Dicarboxylate from the Roots of Detarium microcarpum

The research aimed to Isolate the active constituent in methanolic root extract of Detarium microcarpum. The crude root extract of methanolic of Detarium microcarpum extracted with methanol by maceration method and concentrated to dryness. The crude methanol extract root of Detarium microcarpum yielded 9.65 % (w/w) while the partitioned portion yield of n-hexane 18.5 % (w/w) Chloroform 24.17 % (w/w), Ethyl acetate 5.2 % (w/w) and n-butanol 10.7 % (w/w) respectively. The phytochemical studies of the crude extract root of Detarium microcarpum and partitioned portion of ethyl acetate and n-butanol revealed the presence of carbohydrate, tannins, flavonoid, terpenoids, cardenolides, saponins and cardiac glycoside. The n-butanol partitioned portion of Detarium microcarpum was subjected to column chromatographic (CC). Fractions with similar retardation factor (Rf) were combined, coded and subsequently screened for phytochemicals. Fractions AIZ (B) gave the structure which was established using spectroscopic technique and characterized as Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate.

Antiulcer effects of the methanolic root extracts of Paulownia elongata on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats

Medicinal plants have been the basis of treatment of various diseases in African traditional medicine as well as other forms of treatment from diverse cultures of the world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Antiulcer Effects of the Ethanol Root Extracts of Paulownia elongata on Indomethacin-Induced Peptic Ulcer in Male Albino Rats. A total of sixteen (20) male albino rats gotten from the HEMA animal Farm, Federal Housing Estate Bajabure Gerie, ulcer was induced by administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg, orally, Clinical isolates of four bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium Bolulinum and Escherichia coli). The well method of the agar dilution was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts. Were used for the antibacterial evaluation, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used for phytochemical profiling. The study determined the phytochemical profile of methanol extracts of Paulownia elongate roots using GC-MS as displayed 20 chemical constituents, the antibacterial potential of the roots extract showed higher activity at 300 mg/kg/bwt with 18.12 + 0.9 mm on Salmonella typhi and at 400 mg/kg/bwt with inhibition rate 20.14+ 0.0 mm on Klebsiella pneumonia. The anti-ulcer potential was observed higher at 400 mg/kg/bwt in group 7 with potential of 87.71%. This activity of the crude roots extract was possible as a result of the chemical constituent observed. Thus this extract should be used as an agents to cutile diseases such as anti-microbials, anti-ulcer and well as diseases as cancer, HIV in the near feature with more research to isolate the active compounds.

Two new 30-norfriedelane triterpenes from Caloncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Gilg (Achariaceae)

The chemical investigation of the methanolic root extract of Caloncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Gilg exhibited two new 30-norfriedelane triterpenes, glaucalactones A and B (1–2), together with eight known compounds, caloncobalactone (3), friedelin (4), friedelanol (5), 3-oxo-friedelan-28-oic acid (6), stigmasterol (7), β-sitosterol (8), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9) and pentacosanoic acid (10). The structures of the isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses (1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS) and by comparison with previously reported data. All the compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Compound 1 displayed weak antibacterial effect with MIC value of 125 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherishia coli. Compound 6 exhibited moderated antifungal activity against Candida krusei with MIC value of 62.5 μg/mL. All the isolates were found to be inactive as antioxidants in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays.