Rooting Medium Research Articles

Effects of different combinations of growth regulators on the in vitro growth parameters of Poncirus trifoliata L. (Raf.)

In this study, an in vitro propagation protocol of Poncirus trifoliata L. (Raf.) rootstock, which is one of the main rootstocks used in citrus, was created. Monocular node parts of the plant, which is the source of explant, were cultured in MS nutrient media containing BAP at dissmilar concentrations (0.5-1.0-2.0 mg/l). Afterward, it was observed that shoot appearance and tillering were achieved in the node explants cultured in MS nutrient medium comprising 1.0 mg/l BAP. The shoots were removed to a new culture in MS nutrient media containing NAA and IBA for rooting. While 30% rooting was achieved in the rooting medium, 62% of the rooted plantlets were acclimated to external conditions. 2 mg/l BAP and 2 mg/l silver nitrate (AgNO3) doses were supplied to the MS medium. The results of this study were obtained and a compound was found to the yellowing and leaf fall problem. As a result, in vitro propagation of Poncirus trifoliata, which is among the important citrus rootstocks, was tried, and its rooting ability was investigated in different nutrient media concentrations after shoots were obtained from different explants.

Paclobutrazol Uygulamalarının Karadut (Morus nigra L.) Odun Çeliklerinin Köklenme Performansı Üzerine Etkileri

Cutting reproduction is the cheapest and most practical method for plants capable of clonal regeneration. However, the difficulties in adventitious root formation in black mulberry cuttings create a disadvantage for mulberry growers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IBA and Paclobutrazol applications on the rooting ability of black mulberry hardwood cuttings. The experiment was carried out in the polyethylene greenhouse of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Agricultural Research and Application Center in February 2022. As a material, hardwood cuttings prepared from one-year-old branches of breeding black mulberry trees within the body of the directorate were used. The study was set up in a randomized plot design with 3 replications and 15 cuttings in each replication. In the study, pure water as a control group, 6000 ppm IBA and doses of 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm Paclobutrazol respectively were applied to black mulberry wood cuttings separately and together. After the application, the cuttings were planted in perlite medium. The cuttings were kept in the rooting medium for 90 days and then removed; rooting rate, root number, root length and root diameter values were recorded. As a result of the study, the effect of the applications on the root number of the cuttings was not observed while the rooting rate, root length and root diameter parameters were observed. In terms of rooting rate, the best result was obtained from IBA+PBZ 1000 application (40.00%) compared to the control group (0.0%). The highest root length was determined in IBA 6000 application, and the thickest root diameter values were determined in PBZ 1000 application.

Indirect Shoot Organogenesis from the Leaf Explants of Oxalis corniculata (L.) - An Important Medicinal Plant

Axillary bud explants of Oxalis corniculta grown in the field were excised and inoculated on MS medium with various concentrations and combinations of auxins (2, 4-D and NAA) and cytokinins (BAP and Kn) for indirect shoot formation through callus induction. Indirect organogenesis was achieved by the application of PGRs such as BAP, Kn, and NAA in the culture medium. The maximum mean shoot number (9.2) and regeneration frequency (77%) was found with BAP (2.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l). Healthy microshoots were separated and transferred to rooting medium supplemented with NAA, IBA and IAA. MS medium augmented with NAA 2.0 mg/l was found to be best for rooting. The regenerated plantlets were then hardened, acclimatized and where exhibited 75% survivability. The reproducible protocol can be used for regeneration and genetic transformation studies. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 32(2): 181-191, 2022 (December)

Performance of Shallots (Allium Ascalonicum L) in Peat Soil with Organic Fertilizer and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)

Peat soil has the potential and is widely available to be used for shallot cultivation with good and proper management, peat land is classified as marginal land for various types of plants because the soil condition is saturated with water, reacts acidic and contains toxic organic acids and low nutrient status so the condition of plant root media that is not conducive to root development so that it becomes a limiting factor in shallot cultivation. Efforts to increase peatland productivity for shallot cultivation can be carried out by adding organic fertilizers and using rhizosphere microorganisms such as Abuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), this study aims to get a dose of organic fertilizer and AMF which can increase shallot production on peat soil. The research method used a separate experimental design (Split Plot) Completely Randomized Design which consisted of 2 factors, namely: AMF treatment (M) main plot consisting of 2 levels (without AMF application and AMF application), the second factor was the dose of organic fertilizer (O) child plot consisting of 6 levels (0 tons ha-1 , 3 tons ha-1, 6 tons ha-1, 9 tons ha-1, 12 tons ha-1 and 15 tons ha-1) there were 12 treatments each repeated 3 times, which was carried out in January-April 2021 in Pontianak City with the parameters of observing plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, harvested dry tuber weight, harvested dry plant weight and tuber diameter. and the number of leaves, while the AMF treatment independently had a significant effect on the observation of the number of tillers, the weight of harvested dry tubers, the weight of harvested dry plants and the treatment of organic fertilizer with a dose of 3 tons h-1 showed good results because they were not significantly different from the required mines 15, 12 and 6 tons ha-1 .

Establishment of an efficient regeneration and Agrobacterium transformation system in mature embryos of calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.).

Calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.) have great aesthetic value due to their spathe-like appearance and richness of coloration. However, embryonic callus regeneration is absent from its current regeneration mechanism. As a result, constructing an adequate and stable genetic transformation system is hampered, severely hindering breeding efforts. In this research, the callus induction effectiveness of calla lily seed embryos of various maturities was evaluated. The findings indicated that mature seed embryos were more suitable for in vitro regeneration. Using orthogonal design experiments, the primary elements influencing in vitro regeneration, such as plant growth regulators, genotypes, and nanoscale materials, which was emergent uses for in vitro regeneration, were investigated. The findings indicated that MS supplemented with 6-BA 2mg/L and NAA 0.1mg/L was the optimal medium for callus induction (CIM); the germination medium (GM) was MS supplemented with 6-BA 2mg/L NAA 0.2mg/L and 1mg/L CNTs, and the rooting medium (RM) was MS supplemented with 6-BA 2mg/L NAA 0.7mg/L and 2mg/L CNTs. This allowed us to verify, in principle, that the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation system operates under optimal circumstances using the GUS reporter gene. Here, we developed a seed embryo-based genetic transformation regeneration system, which set the stage for future attempts to create new calla lily varieties.

Microbial bio stimulant obtained from cactus and succulent plants for rooting and growth of the castello hybrid rose (Attilio Ragionieri)

Research objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the stimulating potential of new microbial consortia obtained from the root systems of cacti and succulents in the rooting and growth of Attilio Ragionieri rose. Materials and Methods: The experiments, which began in February 2022, were conducted in the CREA-OF greenhouses in Pescia (PT), Tuscany, on cuttings obtained from a mother plant of the Attilio Ragionieri rose. Experimentation with the use of microbial consortia selected from cactus and succulent roots was carried out both to assess possible differences in rooting of cuttings and to highlight improvements in plant cultivation and growth. After 3 months from the start of the trial in May 2022, the following parameters were evaluated on the plants: number of cuttings rooted, average rooting speed, dead cuttings. After 5 months of cultivation from the time of transplanting, the following parameters were analysed on the plants and in the substrate in October 2022: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, vegetative weight, roots volume and length, number of microorganisms in the substrate, number of dead plants, pH substrate value and SPAD index. Results and Discussion: The experiment showed that the use of microorganisms introduced in the rooting medium of rose cuttings can significantly increase the percentage of rooted cuttings, reduce the rooting time and mortality of the cuttings. Furthermore, once rooted, the cuttings colonised by the microorganisms grow better, showing an increase in height, number of leaves, vegetative and root weight, increasing root length, leaf area and chlorophyll content. A very interesting aspect was also the increase in microbial biomass in the treated theses, particularly in the thesis inoculated with microorganisms obtained from cactus and succulent roots. Interestingly, there are no references in the literature on the use of these microbial selections evaluated for plant rooting, stimulation and resistance, which is why this work appears to be of particular importance. Plants living in our latitudes may be better able to adapt to climate change in the future if microorganisms from extreme environments are used. Conclusions: Microbial biofertilisers can maintain low crop productivity and increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and in particular can improve fertiliser utilisation. The development of innovative protocols for the rooting and cultivation of old, often forgotten roses by exploiting microbial consortia that have not yet been tested seems to be a very important aspect for the recovery of important plants that might become extinct. Further research is currently underway on other ornamental species of historical and religious interest.

Microbial bio stimulant obtained from cactus and succulent plants for rooting and growth of the castello hybrid rose (Attilio Ragionieri)

Research objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the stimulating potential of new microbial consortia obtained from the root systems of cacti and succulents in the rooting and growth of Attilio Ragionieri rose. Materials and Methods: The experiments, which began in February 2022, were conducted in the CREA-OF greenhouses in Pescia (PT), Tuscany, on cuttings obtained from a mother plant of the Attilio Ragionieri rose. Experimentation with the use of microbial consortia selected from cactus and succulent roots was carried out both to assess possible differences in rooting of cuttings and to highlight improvements in plant cultivation and growth. After 3 months from the start of the trial in May 2022, the following parameters were evaluated on the plants: number of cuttings rooted, average rooting speed, dead cuttings. After 5 months of cultivation from the time of transplanting, the following parameters were analysed on the plants and in the substrate in October 2022: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, vegetative weight, roots volume and length, number of microorganisms in the substrate, number of dead plants, pH substrate value and SPAD index. Results and Discussion: The experiment showed that the use of microorganisms introduced in the rooting medium of rose cuttings can significantly increase the percentage of rooted cuttings, reduce the rooting time and mortality of the cuttings. Furthermore, once rooted, the cuttings colonised by the microorganisms grow better, showing an increase in height, number of leaves, vegetative and root weight, increasing root length, leaf area and chlorophyll content. A very interesting aspect was also the increase in microbial biomass in the treated theses, particularly in the thesis inoculated with microorganisms obtained from cactus and succulent roots. Interestingly, there are no references in the literature on the use of these microbial selections evaluated for plant rooting, stimulation and resistance, which is why this work appears to be of particular importance. Plants living in our latitudes may be better able to adapt to climate change in the future if microorganisms from extreme environments are used. Conclusions: Microbial biofertilisers can maintain low crop productivity and increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and in particular can improve fertiliser utilisation. The development of innovative protocols for the rooting and cultivation of old, often forgotten roses by exploiting microbial consortia that have not yet been tested seems to be a very important aspect for the recovery of important plants that might become extinct. Further research is currently underway on other ornamental species of historical and religious interest.

Effect of media on the percentage of Cratoxylum arborescens cutting

Gerunggang (Cratoxylum arborescens Blume.) is one of native peat swamp species which good potential for pulp material and rehabilitation. One factor affecting the success of vegetative propagation is rooting media. The objectived of this study was observed the suitability of four rooting medium for gerunggang cuttings i.e: river sand, mixture of peat+ rice husk (3:1), mixture of top soil+rice husk (3:1), and mixture of cocopeat+rice husk (2:1). A number of 20 gerunggang cuttings with 4 replication were tested at four rooting media during 16 weeks observation period. Some parameter were observed i.e: number of shoots, leaves and roots per cutting, length of primary root (cm), rooting speed, rooted percentage (%), and survival percentage (%). Different rooting media significantly affect (p<0.01) on number of buds per cutting and length of primary root. However, the type of rooting media did not significantly affect (p>0.05) to the number of leaves and roots per cutting, rooted percentage (%) and survival percentage (%). High rooting percentage was achieved by media topsoil+ricehusk with average of 67.50%, while the lowest percentage was obtained peat+ricehusk medium with average of 38.75%. A mixture of topsoil+rice husks (3:1) is a best medium for early growth of gerunggang cutting which indicate by best number of buds, leaves and roots per cutting, rooted percentage (%) and survival percentage (%). Survival rate of cutting in this research is ranging from 56.25% - 77.50%.

Photon costs of shoot and root NO3-, and root NH4+, assimilation in terrestrial vascular plants considering associated pH regulation, osmotic and ontogenetic effects.

The photon costs of photoreduction/assimilation of nitrate (NO3-) into organic nitrogen in shoots and respiratory driven NO3- and NH4+ assimilation in roots are compared for terrestrial vascular plants, considering associated pH regulation, osmotic and ontogenetic effects. Different mechanisms of neutralisation of the hydroxyl (OH-) ion necessarily generated in shoot NO3- assimilation are considered. Photoreduction/assimilation of NO3- in shoots with malic acid synthesis and either accumulation of malate in leaf vacuoles or transport of malate to roots and catabolism there have a similar cost which is around 35% less than that for root NO3- assimilation and around 20% less than that for photoreduction/assimilation of NO3-, oxalate production and storage of Ca oxalate in leaf vacuoles. The photon cost of root NH4+ assimilation with H+ efflux to the root medium is around 70% less than that of root NO3- assimilation. These differences in photon cost must be considered in the context of the use of a combination of locations of NO3- assimilation and mechanisms of acid-base regulation, and a maximum of 4.9-9.1% of total photon absorption needed for growth and maintenance that is devoted to NO3- assimilation and acid-base regulation.

In vitro propagation of threatened therapeutic tree Buchanania lanzan Spreng (Anacardiaceae)

Embryo rescue refers to an in vitro technology have been used for propagating plants under in vitro from poorly developed embryos by avoiding embryo abortion. The aim of the present study was to in vitro regeneration of a medicinally wild tree species Buchanania lanzan through embryo rescue method. Isolated immature poorly developed embryo dissected out from de-coded seeds collected from 15 years old trees were cultured an Woody Plant Medium (WPM) was used to test in vitro germination. 100% embryo germination were recorded when the embryos inoculated on the medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 50 mg/L-1 adenine sulphate (AS). Further, a week-old seedling derived explants viz embryo axis and cotyledonary node were selected to study in vitro clonal propagation. On medium augmented with 1.5 mg/L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) showed maximum mean shoots numbers (4.2±1.80) with 4.0±0.98 cm shoot height were achieved in cotyledonary node. Compare to Kinetin (Kn) BAP was to be better in shooting response and multiple shoot induction. Healthy regenerated shoots was separated from multiple shoots cluster and transferred to a rooting medium containing half strength WP medium fortified with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). IBA at 0.5 mg/L-1 showed 90% rooting response and maximum mean roots (4.9±0.98) per shootlet was obtained. The rooted in vitro plantlets were transferred to polythene bags containing autoclaved humus, red soil and farmyard manure (1:1:1 ratio) for acclimation at 25 ± 2 ᵒC. Later, these plantlets were gradually transferred to field condition. About 70% survival rate was recorded after three months period. The protocol developed in the present study was to restore the viable embryos from poorly developed immature embryos and rapid multiplication can help to ex situ conservation of this threatened tree B. lanzan.&#x0D; Keywords: Woody plant medium, In vitro seedlings, 6-benzylaminopurine, Adenine sulphate, Indole-3-butyric acid

ASCERTAINING THE EFFECT OF BAP (6- BENZYL AMINO PURINE) ON ROSE (Rosa spp) THROUGH MICROPROPAGATION

In this investigation, Rose nodal explants from healthy shoots were grown on a base MS medium supplemented with various BAP concentrations (6-Benzyl Amino Purine). It was determined from the various concentrations that the shoot initiation and development were best at the concentration of 3 mg/lit. From the third day to a one-month interval, the various stages of shoot development were examined. It was revealed that callus initiation begins on day 10, axillary shoot initiation on day 2, and that growth and development begin on day 3 and last for a month, respectively. Additionally, the established healthy shoot culture will be kept up and given root initiation treatment using rooting media. The ideal rooting media concentration will be fixed for better root initiation and development.

The effect of colchicine on in vitro growth of ciplukan (Physalis angulata)

Ciplukan (Physalis angulata) is one of medicinal plants belongs to Solanaceae family. The in vitro system has the potential to multiply plants that have uniform characters in large quantities. One strategy to improve the important characters of medicinal plants is by artificially induced polyploidy using antimitotic compounds, such as colchicine. Variations in types of explants treated with colchicine have varied characters in growth response. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tissue types and different duration of soaking in colchicine solution on the shoot and root regeneration of P. angulata in vitro. Two types of tissue namely seeds, and cotyledonary nodes were soaked in 0.1% colchicine solution for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Shoot regeneration of control and colchicine-treated tissues were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP 2 mg/l + IAA 0.05 mg/L. Rooting medium was MS0 medium with or without supplemented with activated charcoal (AC). The results showed that the number and height of shoots and the number of leaves on the growth of shoots in vitro had the same pattern except for in vitro shoots produced by seeds soaked in colchicine solution for 48 hours. In vitro shoots produced by soaking cotyledonary nodes for 24 hours tended to produce better growth than shoots produced from seeds without colchicine treatment (control) as well as 48- and 72-hours soaking treatments. The in vitro shoots produced by soaking the seeds for 72 hours still tended to be able to produce better growth than the control and soaking treatments for 24- and 48-hours. Shoot derived from colchicine treated cotyledonary nodes produced more roots than shoots produced by soaking seeds. However, shoot height and number of leaves varied depending on the duration of soaking of explants in colchicine solution. Activated charcoal reduced root number.

A review on soilless cultivation: The hope of urban agriculture

The cultivation of plants without using soil as a rooting medium is known as soilless farming. Depending on the requirement and type of crop, there are several soilless systems, including hydroponic, aeroponic, vertical farming, and others. The rate at which megacities are growing is worrying. As a result, urban agriculture needs to undergo a revolution in order to address the problem of food scarcity and hunger. These significant quantitative and qualitative food concerns can be solved by soilless farming in urban environments. In greenhouses and tunnels, about 3.5% of the world's crops are produced utilizing soilless, hydroponic farming methods. People who reside in deserts, the arctic, and other difficult-to-farm places can build up hydroponic farms. Since there is no soil, there are fewer insects and weeds. Vegetables, fruits, flowers, and medicinal plants are among the crops grown in soilless or hydroponic systems. Growth media is used in soilless culture methods in place of soil. As growth media, inorganic or organic substrates (barks, coconut coir, coconut soil, fleece, marc, peat) are used. Aquaponics in Nepal has a promising future because it is still in its early phases and is expected to thrive and expand well. As a result, a variety of crops are produced year, increasing income. Soilless cultures are thought of as a recently found approach to agricultural development, yet they are extremely difficult to put into practice.

Induction, Proliferation, Regeneration and Kinsenoside and Flavonoid Content Analysis of the Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl Protocorm-like Body.

Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl has been used in Chinese herbal medicine for treating various ailments. However, its wild resources are endangered, and artificial cultivation of the plant is limited by the low regeneration rate of conventional propagation methods. The lack of A. roxburghii resources is detrimental to the commercial production of the plant and kinsenoside, which is unique to Anoectochilus species. To develop highly efficient methods for A. roxburghii micropropagation and find alternative resources for kinsenoside production, we created an induction, proliferation, and regeneration of PLBs (IPR-PLB) protocol for A. roxburghii. We also analyzed the kinsenoside and flavonoid contents during the induction and proliferation of PLBs. The best media of IPR-PLB for PLB induction and proliferation (secondary PLB induction and proliferation), shoot formation, and rooting medium were Murashige and Skoog (MS) + 3 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.5 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 0.8 mg/L zeatin (ZT) + 0.2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), MS + 3 mg/L 6-BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA, and MS + 0.5 mg/L NAA, respectively. On these optimized media, the PLB induction rate was 89 ± 2.08%, secondary PLB induction rate was 120 ± 5%, secondary PLB proliferation rate was 400 ± 10% and 350 ± 10 % in terms of the quantity and biomass at approximately 1 month, shoot induction rate was 10.5 shoots/PLB mass, and root induction rate was 98%. All plantlets survived after acclimation. Darkness or weak light were essential for PLB proliferation, and light was crucial for PLB differentiation on these optimized media. The kinsenoside contents of PLBs and secondary PLBs were 10.38 ± 0.08 and 12.30 ± 0.08 mg/g fresh weight (FW), respectively. Moreover, the peak kinsenoside content during the proliferation of secondary PLBs was 34.27 ± 0.79 mg/g FW, which was slightly lower than that of the whole plant (38.68 ± 3.12 mg/g FW). Two flavonoids exhibited tissue- or temporal-specific accumulation patterns, and astragalin accumulated exclusively during the first 2 weeks of cultivation. The IPR-PLB protocol for A. roxburghii may facilitate the efficient micropropagation of A. roxburghii plants. Furthermore, the PLBs are a good alternative resource for kinsenoside production.

Development of a Highly Efficient Shoot Organogenesis System for an Ornamental Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G. Don Using Leaves as Explants.

Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G. Don, the “lipstick plant” is a prized ornamental plant with distinctive flowers. Here, we introduce a novel in vitro regeneration method for A. pulcher using leaf explants and an optimized combination of phytohormone plant growth regulators (PGRs). The optimal conditions for shoot regeneration included 1 mg L−1 polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) plus 3 mg L−1 thidiazuron (TDZ), inducing a response rate of 82.4% and a shoot/explant ratio of 38.6. When the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium contained indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) alone, leaves first differentiated into adventitious roots and then adventitious shoots. Leaves cultured on MS medium containing 1 g L−1 PVP, 3 mg L−1 TDZ, 5 mg L−1 casein, and 0.1 mg L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for 30 d exhibited the highest embryogenic callus (EC) induction rate (95.6%). The optimal shoot proliferation coefficient (21.5) was obtained when shoots derived from EC were cultured on the same medium as that used for EC induction for 5 weeks. The most effective medium for rooting of elongated shoots was MS medium containing 1 g L−1 PVP, 5 mg L−1 casein, 3 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA), and 0.1 mg L−1 NAA, and the number of roots reached 18.8. The regenerated plants grown in a greenhouse had 100% survival following one week of hardening. Overall, our effective and efficient propagation method should result in shortened culture periods and reduced production costs, allowing for the future selective breeding and genetic improvement of A. pulcher.

Kırmızı yapraklı Japon akçaağacının çelikle üretilmesinde farklı sera ortamları ile oksinlerin etkileri

Sapindaceae familyasının bir üyesi olan kırmızı yapraklı Japon akçaağacı (Acer palmatum Thunb. ‘Atropurpureum’) da dekoratif özellikleri ile park ve bahçelerde sıklıkla tercih edilen bir kültivar olduğundan üretim yöntemlerinin belirlenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Buradan hareketle, kırmızı yapraklı Japon akçaağacı çeliklerinin köklendirilmesinde Sera-1 (20±2°C hava sıcaklığı, 25±2°C köklendirme masası sıcaklığı ve %70±2 nem düzeyi) ve Sera-2 (20±2°C hava sıcaklığı, 20±2°C köklendirme masası sıcaklığı ve %70±2 nem düzeyi) olmak üzere farklı sera ortamları ile oksinlerin (3000 ve 5000 ppm dozlarında IAA, IBA ve NAA) etkilerinin incelenmesi çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Kanuni Yerleşkesinde bulunan anaç bitkiden mayıs ayında alınan ve perlit köklendirme ortamına dikilen yumuşak çelikler üzerinde ilk kallus ve ilk kök oluşum tarihleri, köklenme yüzdesi, kallus yüzdesi, kök boyu ve kök sayısı değerleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler üzerinde yapılan varyans analizi sonucunda, köklenme yüzdesi açısından sera ortamları arasında %99 güven düzeyinde ve fitohormonlar arasında %95 güven düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar meydana gelmiştir. Çelikler dikildikten 109 gün sonra Sera-1 ortamında yer alan NAA 5000 ppm işleminde ilk kök oluşumu meydana gelirken, en yüksek köklenme yüzdesi de yine aynı sera ortamı ve işlemde %63,33 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde, köklendirme masası sıcaklığının hava sıcaklığından 5°C daha yüksek olması daha iyi bir köklenme için önerilebilir.

Land Potential for Cacao (Theobroma cacao. L) Development in Banggai Regency

Seeing the bright prospects of cacao plants with the available land potential in Banggai Regency, it is necessary to assess land suitability in the development of cacao plants to know the actual potential land suitability level and the limiting factors that affect the potential for cacao plant development, apart from that it can optimize land use in the area, Banggai Regency. The approach used as an indicator for determining the land suitability class for cacao plantations in Banggai Regency is to take an FAO parametric index land quality based on land characteristics that match the requirements for land use for cacao plants, then tabulated into land map units. The results show that the actual land suitability class of Banggai Regency is N = not suitable and S3 = marginally suitable, with the limiting factor of water availability, root media, nutrient retention, available nutrients, and erosion hazard. So that land improvement efforts are needed to increase the land suitability class by considering the existing potential. Improvement efforts that can be done include adding lime, fertilizer, and organic matter, making mound terraces, bench terraces, credit terraces, and erosion-retaining plants. So that the results of the potential land suitability class are S1 = very suitable, S2 = suitable, S3 = marginally suitable, with an area of ​​land that can be developed for cacao plants in Banggai Regency, namely 419,236.9 ha.

EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAY OF ASCORBIC ACID ON NODULATION, GAS EXCHANGE ATTRIBUTES AND MINERAL ION CONTENTS OF PISUM SATIVUM UNDER ZINC STRESS

Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in plants. Ascorbic acid is regarded as one of the most effective antioxidants present in plants. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of foliar spray of ascorbic acid on nodulation, gas exchange attributes, and mineral ion contents of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars under zinc stress. Seeds of two pea cultivars cv. 2001-40 and cv. Meteor were sown in pots following a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Treatments of ZnSO4.7H2O (5 and 10 mg kg-1) were applied through the rooting medium whereas ascorbic acid (5 ppm and 10 ppm) as foliar sprays after three weeks of germination. Results revealed that zinc stress reduced the growth, gas exchange attributes, potassium and calcium contents of roots and shoots of both the pea cultivars. However, foliar spray of ascorbic acid counteracted the adverse effect of zinc stress on the growth of both pea cultivars. The application of 10 mg kg-1 ascorbic acid proved to be more effective in inducing zinc stress tolerance as compared to other levels. Growth and gas exchange attributes of zinc-stressed plants of both cultivars were also enhanced due to foliar applied ascorbic acid which was positively associated with mineral ion contents. Overall, foliar-applied ascorbic acid ameliorated the adverse effect of zinc stress on nodulation and growth attributes of pea cultivars.

Basic Cognition of Melatonin Regulation of Plant Growth under Salt Stress: A Meta-Analysis.

Salt stress severely restricts the growth of plants and threatens the development of agriculture throughout the world. Worldwide studies have shown that exogenous melatonin (MT) can effectively improve the growth of plants under salt stress. Through a meta-analysis of 549 observations, this study first explored the effects of salt stress characteristics and MT application characteristics on MT regulated plant growth under salt stress. The results show that MT has a wide range of regulatory effects on plant growth indicators under salt stress, of which the regulatory effect on root indexes is the strongest, and this regulatory effect is not species-specific. The intensity of salt stress did not affect the positive effect of MT on plant growth, but the application effect of MT in soil was stronger than that in rooting medium. This meta-analysis also revealed that the foliar application of a concentration between 100–200 μM is the best condition for MT to enhance plant growth under salt stress. The results can inspire scientific research and practical production, while seeking the maximum improvement in plant salt tolerance under salt stress.

Alginate encapsulation of micro-cuttings in endangered Satureja khuzistanica species: a promising method for obtaining genetically stable plants with high rosmarinic acid content

Synthetic seed technology is a suitable approach for the rapid, and uniform mass production of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, a valuable medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family. In this study, the encapsulation of micro-cuttings of S. khuzistanica using sodium alginate (SA) was investigated. In order to determine the best conditions for encapsulation, different concentrations of SA and CaCl2·2H2O, different types of explants and matrix culture media, different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators, and different cold storage conditions of synthetic seeds were tested. Also, the genetic stability of regenerated plants from synthetic seeds using the inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular marker as well as the content of rosmarinic acid in synthetic seed-derived plants were evaluated. The use of 3% SA and 100 mM CaCl2·2H2O was found to be optimal for gel complexation. Encapsulation of nodal segments with 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.5 µM 6-Benzylaminopurine resulted in the highest regrowth percentage (72.22%) and regrowth rate (0.173). Pre-culture of nodal segments in 1/2 MS medium containing 5 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.2% activated charcoal for 10 days and the use of 2.5 µM IBA in the rooting medium resulted in the highest rooting percentage (88.88%) in synthetic seed-derived plants. The highest regrowth percentage (61.11%) and regrowth rate (0.173) of synthetic seeds were obtained using 2.0 µM thidiazuron (TDZ) in MS liquid medium. The placement of germinated seeds on the coco peat substrate resulted in the highest conversion rate (61.11%) of synthetic seeds. Also, storage of encapsulated nodal segments at 4 °C in MS culture medium, compared to cold storage without using MS medium, resulted in better regrowth of synthetic seeds. The highest regrowth percentage (44.44%) and regrowth rate (0.092) for cold-stored synthetic seeds occurred after 2 weeks. The genetic stability testing by ISSR molecular marker showed that synthetic seed-derived plantlets were genetically similar to their mother plants. Also, encapsulated nodal segments and shoot tip-derived plants significantly enhanced the rosmarinic acid content up to 7.77 times that of the natural seed-derived plants. Genetic restoration programs, short-term storage, and germplasm distribution in S. khuzistanica plants could all benefit from the encapsulation regeneration strategy reported here.