Rooting Of Cuttings Research Articles

Improvement of rooting and growth in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cuttings with organic biostimulants

Seaweed extracts have shown profoundly positive effects on crop growth, quality and reproduction in diverse agricultural and horticultural crops. Seaweed extracts can be used to promote the rooting and growth of cuttings in perennial fruit species like kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). In this study, the cuttings were treated with 1, 5, 10 and 50% solutions of G Sap (Gracilaria edulis), K Sap (Kappaphycus alvarezii), AN (Ascophyllum nodosum), EM (Ecklonia maxima), HA (Humic acid) and control (water) for 6 h as base dipping. Subsequently, the treatments of G Sap, K Sap, AN, EM, HA and control were repeated every 15 days for a period of six months as application of 50 ml solutions in the potted cuttings. All the treatments exhibited significant effects on the rooting percent in all the kiwifruit cultivars, namely ‘Monty’, ‘Abott’, ‘Hayward’, ‘Allison’ and ‘Bruno’ (P ≤ 0.01) as compared to the control. Shoot and root growth parameters including leaf number per cutting, number of roots per cutting, number of branches, plant height, shoot diameter, root length, root diameter and root weight were all positively increased with the application of seaweed extracts (P ≤ 0.05). Cuttings treated with seaweed extract exhibited significantly higher levels of pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids), metabolites (total carbohydrates and soluble phenols) and less electrolyte leakage as compared to the control cuttings. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed between biochemical parameters combined with plant nutrient concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that PC1 and PC2 (first two principal components) accounted for 75% of the entire variation. While, PC1 accounted for 63% of the total variation, PC2 accounted for 11% of the total variation. The leaves and the roots of kiwifruit cultivar ‘Hayward’ treated with G Sap at 10%, K Sap at 10%, AN at 10%, EM at 10%, HA at 10% exhibited higher expression of all four root promoting candidate genes (GH3-3, LBD16, LBD29 and LRP1) compared to the control. Therefore, it can be concluded that, seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as a suitable alternative to synthetic hormones for promoting the rooting and growth of kiwifruit cuttings.

Physiological Characteristics of Root Regeneration in Rice Seedlings

The rapid development of new roots in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) is crucial for shortening the returning green time of seedlings and accelerating tillering. Root regeneration plays an important role in enabling seedlings to resume normal growth and produce effective spikes after root injury. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in new root production and the growth of seedlings of different varieties after root cutting in addition to the key physiological factors. We utilized hydroponics to set up four different time treatments to observe the occurrence of root systems in various rice seedling varieties after root cutting; we also measured related physiological indexes to further analyze the results. This study found that changes in aboveground nutrient, energy, and hormone levels in seedlings are critical for the growth of new roots after cutting. A morphological analysis showed that the root germination force of Zhongzao 39 (ZZ39) was stronger than Jiazao 311 (JZ311) before shearing and weaker after shearing. Physiological and biochemical analyses revealed that both ZZ39 and JZ311 experienced a decrease in their aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus content after root cutting. Soluble sugar content and starch content were found to decrease to their lowest levels after two days of root shearing. Furthermore, both varieties showed a significant increase in aboveground indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content after two days of root shearing, and the IAA content in new roots was also higher. The results indicate that higher levels of hormones in seedlings with cut roots can enhance the transportation of nutrients and carbohydrates from the stems and leaves to the roots, leading to improved growth and the production of new roots. Additionally, the accumulation of IAA in damaged roots can also positively impact this process. This study found significant differences in the regeneration of rice seedling roots after cutting depending on the variety. We identified key physiological characteristics that affect new root generation, which provides a scientific basis for identifying strong root regeneration varieties and developing cultivation measures to promote new root growth in rice.

Increasing basal dose of indole-3-butyric acid improve rooting and growth of different cutting types in Dahlia

Dahlias (Dahlia x hybrida) are an important flower crop that have been cultivated in a greenhouse in recent years. However, limited information is available on rooting potential of type of cuttings in response to varying indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentration. In the present study, the influence of IBA on the rooting and growth characteristics of Dahlia cuttings was analyzed. The Dahlia cuttings (with heel) were excised form the sprouted tubers and the cuttings without heel were taken from tender terminal shoots. Exogenously applied IBA (1500 mg L−1) for 5 s influenced the rooting characteristics with considerably earlier (17.5 days) root initiation with more number (6.7) and longer length (11.5 cm) of roots. The Dahlia softwood cuttings excised from tuberous shoots yielded better rooting when treated with IBA (1500 mg L−1). Authors suggest Dahlia nursery growers to undertake replicated trials before mass multiplication, to ascertain the varietal response of cuttings to rooting at varying IBA concentration.

A Biomechanical Comparison of All-Inside Versus Transtibial Meniscus Root Repair Techniques

Background: Meniscus root tears are associated with chondral injury, early degenerative change, and a high conversion rate to total knee arthroplasty. It is well-established that meniscus root tears lead to decreased femorotibial contact area, increased peak contact pressures, and increased stress on the articular cartilage. Purpose: To evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of the all-inside meniscus root repair procedure and compare it with the previously described transtibial technique. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Nine paired cadaveric knees were prepared by removing skin, subcutaneous tissues, quadriceps muscles, patella, and patellar tendon, while leaving the capsule in place. Pressure-mapping sensors were inserted, and specimens underwent compressive loading to obtain peak pressures, mean pressures, and femorotibial contact area in the medial and lateral compartments. Tests were performed as static compression tests with the knee locked at 0° of flexion. Compression testing was performed in 3 states: meniscus intact, meniscus root cut, and after meniscus root repair with an all-inside repair technique. Additionally, testing was completed on 9 pairs of cadaveric knees to compare stiffness and maximal load to failure between the all-inside and transtibial meniscus root repair techniques. Results: In the medial compartment, there were significant increases in median peak pressures and median mean pressures in the root cut state as compared with the intact state (+636 kPA [95% CI, 246 to 1026] and +190 kPA [95% CI, 49 to 330], respectively). All-inside meniscus root repair restored median peak pressures and median mean pressures to approach those of the intact meniscus (+311 kPA [95% CI, –79 to 701] and +137 kPA [95% CI, –3 to 277]). In the lateral compartment, there were also significant increases in median peak pressures and median mean pressures in the root cut state as compared with the intact state (+718 kPA [95% CI, 246 to 1191] and +203 kPA [95% CI, 51 to 355]). All-inside meniscus root repair restored median peak pressures and median mean pressures such that they were not significantly different from the intact state (+322 kPA [95% CI, –150 to 795] and +18 kPA [95% CI, –134 to 171]). There was no difference between repair techniques regarding load to failure (P = .896). Transtibial meniscus root repair had significantly more stiffness (mean ± SD, 24.8 ± 9.3 N/mm) as compared with the all-inside meniscus root repair technique (13.6 ± 3.8 N/mm, P = .015). Conclusion: All-inside meniscus root repair reduced median peak and mean pressures to those of the native intact meniscus with the knee in extension in the cadaveric model. When compared with a transtibial meniscus root repair technique, all-inside repair demonstrated decreased stiffness and a similar load to failure. Clinical Relevance: All-inside meniscus root repair restored mean and peak femorotibial pressures to those of the intact meniscus. Additionally, it offers a technically easier technique for management of meniscus root tears.

Inter-laboratory comparison of plant volatile analyses in the light of intra-specific chemodiversity

IntroductionAssessing intraspecific variation in plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) involves pitfalls that may bias biological interpretation, particularly when several laboratories collaborate on joint projects. Comparative, inter-laboratory ring trials can inform on the reproducibility of such analyses.ObjectivesIn a ring trial involving five laboratories, we investigated the reproducibility of VOC collections with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and analyses by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). As model plant we used Tanacetum vulgare, which shows a remarkable diversity in terpenoids, forming so-called chemotypes. We performed our ring-trial with two chemotypes to examine the sources of technical variation in plant VOC measurements during pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical steps.MethodsMonoclonal root cuttings were generated in one laboratory and distributed to five laboratories, in which plants were grown under laboratory-specific conditions. VOCs were collected on PDMS tubes from all plants before and after a jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. Thereafter, each laboratory (donors) sent a subset of tubes to four of the other laboratories (recipients), which performed TD-GC-MS with their own established procedures.ResultsChemotype-specific differences in VOC profiles were detected but with an overall high variation both across donor and recipient laboratories. JA-induced changes in VOC profiles were not reproducible. Laboratory-specific growth conditions led to phenotypic variation that affected the resulting VOC profiles.ConclusionOur ring trial shows that despite large efforts to standardise each VOC measurement step, the outcomes differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results reveal sources of variation in plant VOC research and may help to avoid systematic errors in similar experiments.

Morphological, physio-biochemical and nutritional status as potential markers for grafting compatibility in Kalamata olive cultivar

BackgroundChoosing the most compatible and desirable rootstock for Kalamata olive cultivar is an important decision due to the longevity of the orchard and the difficulty rooting of Kalamata cuttings. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the morphological, physio-biochemical, and nutritional status as ppotential markers for grafting compatibility between Kalamata olive cultivar and three olive rootstocks (Coratina, Picual, Manzanillo) during two seasons (2020–2021) as well as follow up physio-bichemical and nutritional status of one-year-old Kalamata plants (2022).ResultsThe results indicated that, Picual rootstock recorded the highest significant grafting success which was associated with increasing number of leaves, leaf area and SPAD value in Kalamata scions by 22.15%, 36.86% and 14.64% compared to Manzanillo rootstock as mean of both seasons, respectively. While, Manzanillo rootstock recorded the highest significant activity for peroxidase and catalase by 51.41% and 60.1% at grafting union compared to Picual rootstock. Moreover, Picual rootstock for Kalamata scions had the highest acid invertase and sucrose synthase activities by 67.23% and 57.94% compared to Manzanillo rootstock. Furthermore, Picual rootstock recorded the highest significant Gibberellic acid by 52.8% and 18.6% compared to Coratina and Manzanillo rootstocks. Meanwhile, Picual rootstock recorded the lowest significant Abscisic acid by 68.17% and 63.15% as well as the lowest total phenols by 14.36% and 23.47% compared to Coratina and Manzanillo rootstocks.ConclusionsThis study sheds light for the importance of choosing the suitable rootstock for Kalamata cultivar. Also, sucrose synthase and acid invertase may have a novel role in determining grafting compatibility in olives. Increasing growth promoters (Gibberellic, Nitrogen) and decreasing both growth inhibitors (Abscisic, phenols) and oxidative enzyme (catalase, peroxidase) required for better graft compatibility.

The Growth of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis Forst) Root Cuttings on Various Media of Organic Matter and Concentrations of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of organic matter in the planting medium and a concentration of 2.4 D on the growth of breadfruit root cuttings. This experiment was carried out in the form of a factorial experiment consisting of two factors using a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 2 treatment factors. The first treatment was utilizing media of organic materials; filter cake, sawdust and rice husk. The second treatment was adding a concentration of 2.4 D: 1.0; 1.5 ; and 2.0 mL.L-1 water. The experimental results showed that breadfruit root cuttings in the filter media were better for shoot height, number of leaves, leaf area and root volume compared to sawdust and rice husk media. A low concentration of 2.4 D (1.0 mL.L-1 water) showed better growth of shoot height and number of leaves than higher concentrations. The interaction of filter cake media and low concentration of 2.4 D (1.0 mL.L-1 water) had a significant effect on the sprouting rate of breadfruit root cuttings. The study therefore concluded that the interaction of filter cake media with the addition of 2.4 D concentration showed that the increase in auxin concentration was inversely proportional to the rate of sprouting rate produced by breadfruit seeds and became the best treatment combination on the parameter of sprouting rate.

Root Segment Cuttings of Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet: Effects of Diameter and Alignment

Bombax costatum is a very important agroforestry species in the Guinean savannahs highland of Adamawa. The objective of this work is to contribute to the domestication of this species by cuttings of root segment. The cuttings of root segment of this species were carried out according to a split-plot design with three replications. The diameter range of cuttings used (0.5-1.1 cm; 1.2-2 cm and 2.1-3.8 cm) and the alignment of the cuttings (vertical, horizontal and oblique) in the substrate consisting of sand/sawdust represented the main treatment and the secondary treatment respectively. The experimental unit was 10 cuttings. The result showed that cuttings with large diameters between 2.1 and 3.8 cm (62.22±1.75%) are the best for budding. The diameter significantly influences the budding of the cuttings (0.0004 < 0.001). Regarding the alignment of the cuttings in the substrate, the maximum budding (52.22±2.01%) is obtained in those placed in an oblique alignment. However, this alignment did not significantly influence the budding of root segment cuttings (0.33 > 0.05). Regarding the rooting of cuttings, a high rate (28.88±1.36%) is observed in cuttings whose diameter class is between 2.1 and 3.8 cm. The diameter range significantly influences rooting (0.002 < 0.01). The alignment of the cuttings in the substrate did not significantly impact the rooting of the cuttings (0.90 > 0.05). These results show that vegetative propagation of Bombax costatum from root segment cuttings is possible. This is an important step for the domestication of this species.

Promoting Rooting and Vegetative Growth in 41 B Vine Rootstock Cuttings with Encapsulated Nano Silver and IBA Applications

Globally, viticulture is carried on by grafting onto vine rootstocks obtained by hybridizing different vitis species or on their own roots due to their tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, especially phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae). Sustainable regeneration of vineyard areas and new vineyard establishments require significant amounts of vine saplings each year. In addition to hormonal applications, nano products are also tested in the production of high quality vine nursery material. In this study, single nodal cuttings prepared from the vine rootstock 41 B (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chasselas × Vitis berlandieri) in the resting period were used as plant material. The effects of encapsulated nano silver particles (AgNPs, 0.5 mg L-1 and 1 mg L-1), and IBA (0 and 1 g L-1) applications produced by green synthesis with cv. Öküz Gözü grape seed extract and AgNO3 on promoting rooting and vegetative growth in 41 B vine rootstock cuttings were evaluated in this study. AgNPs and IBA applications promoted rooting of cuttings, and vegetative growth of rooted cuttings. Applications increased shoot length, shoot diameter, number of nodes, fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots, and the highest value among these was achieved by the 1 mg L-1 AgNPs application. Leaf area and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) were determined by 1 g L-1 IBA application. AgNPs and IBA treatments resulted in increased rooting and vegetative growth compared to control. In conclusion, 1 mg L-1 AgNPs was recommended for vine propagation material and sapling producers as nano promotors for rooting and vegetative growth of 41 B rootstock cuttings.

Determination of Rooting and Vine Sapling Rates of Single-Bud Cuttings Prepared from Vitis labrusca L. Grape Cultivars

Determination of Rooting and Vine Sapling Rates of Single-Bud Cuttings Prepared from Vitis labrusca L. Grape Cultivars

Regulatory Mechanisms of ArAux/IAA13 and ArAux/IAA16 in the Rooting Process of Acer rubrum.

Acer rubrum is difficult to root during cutting propagation. Auxin/indole-acetic acids (Aux/IAA) proteins, which are encoded by the early response genes of auxin, are transcriptional repressors that play important roles in auxin-mediated root growth and development. In this study, ArAux/IAA13 and ArAux/IAA16, which were significantly differentially expressed after 300 mg/L indole butyric acid treatment, were cloned. Heatmap analysis revealed that they might be associated with the process of adventitious root (AR) growth and development mediated by auxin. Subcellular localization analysis showed that they performed their function in the nucleus. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed the interactions between them and two auxin response factor (ARF) proteins, ArARF10 and ArARF18, confirming their relevance to AR growth and development. Overexpression of transgenic plants confirmed that the overexpression of ArAux/IAA13 and ArAux/IAA16 inhibited AR development. These results help elucidate the mechanisms of auxin-mediated AR growth and development during the propagation of A. rubrum and provide a molecular basis for the rooting of cuttings.

Monitoring Patch Expansion Amends to Evaluate the Effects of Non-Chemical Control on the Creeping Perennial Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in a Spring Wheat Crop

The creeping perennial weed species Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. occurs in patches. Expanding creeping roots allow these patches to increase their covered area. This characteristic has rarely been addressed when investigating the effects of control options in arable fields. We designed a three-year field experiment (2019–2021) in north-eastern Germany, accounting for existing patch patterns. The experimental setup included an untreated control, a competition treatment (cover crop, CC), two disturbance treatments by mouldboard ploughing (PL), root cutting (RC), and four combined applications (RC + CC, PL + CC, PL + RC, PL + RC + CC). Root cutting was performed by a prototype tillage machine produced by “Kverneland”. Plots were defined by the species growth pattern and mapped by GPS and UAV. The experiment investigates the thistle response variables: “Expansion”, “Density”, “Coverage”, and “Height”. Treatments including disturbance by ploughing (PL, PL + CC, PL + RC, PL + RC + CC) reduced “Density” by the factor 0.15 and “Expansion” by 0.25, while those without ploughing (CC, RC, RC + CC) only reduced “Density” by the factor 0.68 and “Expansion” by 0.71. Adding root cuttings or cover crops did not further increase the reduction effect of ploughing. Treatments with competition by cover crops impacted “Expansion” more clearly than “Density”. When cover crops were combined with root cutting (RC + CC), “Expansion” was almost additively reduced, resulting in a reduction comparable to that of ploughing. The “Height” of the shoots was significantly reduced in four treatments (PL, RC + CC, PL + RC, PL + RC + CC), while “Coverage” did not change significantly. UAV patch monitoring proved to be accurate enough for thistle “Expansion” but not for thistle “Density” within the patch. The results of this study demand innovative research when controlling patch-forming creeping perennial weeds. The need for patches will limit small-scale experimental set ups.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE AREA OF THE LEAF LABEL ON THE ROOTING OF THE GREEN VIRLAND TREES

According to the research results, it was found that rooting and further development of rooted green viburnum cuttings of the usual variety depends on the area of the leaf blade. Analyzing the influence of the size of the leaf surface on the rooting of cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety in the studied period of cuttings, it should be noted the high rooting of cuttings in the variant without shortening of the leaf surface. A gradual decrease in the area of the leaf plate led to a significant decrease in the rooting of green cuttings. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of mass flowering from the basal part of the shoot with whole leaf plates were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the medial and apical parts.Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of intensive growth of shoots from the medial part of the shoot with whole leaf plates were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the basal and apical parts. Green cuttings of the Velikoplidna variety harvested during the period of slow growth of shoots from the apical part of the shoot with whole leaf plates were characterized by significantly higher rooting, number and length of the root system compared to cuttings harvested from the basal and medial parts. Rooting and subsequent growth and development of rooted viburnum cuttings of the ordinary Velikoplidna variety depends on the area of the leaf surface. A decrease in the area of the leaf plate leads to a significant decrease in rooting and negatively affects the development of the adventitious root system. The best indicators are characterized by green cuttings from the basal part, harvested during the period of mass flowering, during the period of intensive growth of shoots, cuttings harvested from the medial part of the shoot, during the period of slow growth of shoots - from the apical part of the shoot.

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION OF THUJA OCCIDENTALIS AND FEATURES OF ROOTED PLANT DEVELOPMENT

The article examines the study of the influence of growth stimulants on the formation and formation of the root system of decorative conifers. Namely, western thuja (Thuja occidentalis), and its forms: western thuja f. heather-like (Thuja occidentalis var. `ericoides`), western thuja f. globose (Thuja occidentalis var. `globosa'), western thuja f. golden globe (Thuja occidentalis var.`Golden Globe`). The highest percentage of rooting in thuja western f. heather-like, regardless of the method of processing the cuttings before planting for rooting. The lowest percentage of rooting is characterized by western thuja f. globose The use of root formation stimulators in general had a positive effect on the overall percentage of rooting of both thuja western and thuja western f. globose. Treatment of cuttings with Kornevin compared to the use of Heteroauxin provided lower indicators. As a result of the research, it was established that according to the indicators of rooting of cuttings, the length of the root system, the number of shoots formed, and the number of roots, thuja western f. heather-like surpasses other forms. The lowest percentage of rooting was noted in thuja western f. spherical according to all variants of the experiment. Also, studies have shown that the differences are reliable in the length of the root system, the diameter of the root neck, growth, the number of side shoots, and the number of roots that have formed. The use of rooting stimulants on cuttings of western thuja and its forms had a positive effect on rhizogenesis and, in general, the process of root system formation. Cuttings treated with rooting stimulants have a high survival rate and outperform the control in terms of root system length, the number of shoots formed, and the number of roots, and at the same time have reliable differences in biometric indicators. It should be noted that the level of rooting in the control testifies to the appropriate technological level of work and a significant variation in the ability to root in different types of western thuja.

Rooting of sugi cuttings in closed and semi-closed conditions under mist irrigation

ABSTRACT We examined whether 100% atmospheric humidity had a positive or negative effect on rooting rate and root development in sugi shoot cuttings. To assess the effectiveness of producing shoot cuttings using the “aerial cutting” method, we compared the rooting rate, root mass and shoot growth of sugi shoot cuttings reared in a closed environment with nearly 100% atmospheric humidity (vapor pressure deficit (VPD) = 0; closed aerial cuttings (CL)) with individuals grown in an open environment (VPD>0; open aerial cuttings (OP) and open aquaculture cuttings (AQ)). The results showed that an atmospheric humidity of 100% had a negative effect on rooting. The CL shoot cuttings tended to have a lower rooting rate and smaller root dry mass compared to cuttings grown under open conditions (OP and AQ), suggesting a possibility that the rooting of sugi cuttings requires moderate water stress so that the water-absorbing organs can develop and compensate for water loss due to transpiration. Shoot elongation was highest in CL shoot cuttings with frequent mist irrigation, and the lowest in AQ shoot cuttings with no foliar water uptake (FWU) above the water level. The findings suggest that FWU promoted stem elongation in CL shoot cuttings without roots.

Effects of Different Growth Hormones on Rooting and Endogenous Hormone Content of Two Morus alba L. Cuttings

This study aimed to explore the effects of different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and indene-naphthaleneacetic acid (ABT-1) on the rooting and dynamic changes of the endogenous hormone content of Australian Mulberry (vegetable Mulberry) and Kirin mulberry (Fruit Mulberry) hardwood cuttings. As exhibited by the results, the rooting process of both vegetable mulberry and fruit mulberry could be divided into three stages, namely the initiation stage (1–18 days), the callus formation stage (18–28 days), and the adventitious root formation and elongation stage (28–48 days). The two treatments with 1000 mg·L−1 ABT-1 and 500 mg·L−1 ABT-1 achieved the highest rooting efficiencies of vegetable mulberry and fruit mulberry, significantly higher than those of other treatments (p < 0.01), with average rooting rates of 63.3% and 68.7%, and rooting efficiency indices of 25.3 and 34.3, respectively. During the rooting process, the contents of endogenous IAA and zeatin riboside (ZR) and the ratios of IAA/ABA and IAA/ZR presented a trend of decreasing before increasing, while the abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) contents exhibited a trend of increasing before decreasing, and the gibberellin (GA3), strigolactone (SL), and IBA contents showed a continuous decreasing trend. Hence, ABT-1 was effective in inducing the synthesis of IAA, IBA, JA, and SL, reducing the contents of ABA, ZR, and GA3, and promoting the rooting of vegetable mulberry and fruit mulberry cuttings. For fruit mulberry and vegetable mulberry cuttings, the optimal concentrations of ABT-1 were 500 mg·L−1 and 1000 mg·L−1, respectively, demonstrating applicability for the efficient propagation of Morus alba L. cuttings.

The difference in the functional water flow network between the stem and current-year root cross-sectional surfaces in Salix gracilistyla stem xylem.

The dye injection method has been applied to many species to analyze the xylem water transport pathway in trees. However, traditional dye injection methods introduced dye tracers from the surface of cut stems, including several annual rings. Furthermore, the traditional dye injection method did not evaluate radial water movement from the outermost annual rings to the inner annual rings. In this study, we assessed the difference in radial water movement visualized by an injected dye, between stem base cut and current-year root cut samples of Salix gracilistyla Miq., with current-year roots grown hydroponically. The results showed that the number of stained annual rings in the root cut samples was smaller than that in the stem cut samples, and the percentage of stained vessels in the root cut samples was significantly smaller than that in the stem base cut samples in the second and third annual rings. In the current-year root cut samples, water transport mainly occurred in the outermost rings from the current-year roots to leaves. In addition, the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of stained vessels in the stem cut samples was higher in the current-year root cut samples in the second and third annual rings. These findings indicate that the previously reported dye injection method using stem cut samples overestimated the water transport pathway in the inner part of the stems. Moreover, previous hydraulic conductivity measurement methods might not have considered the effects of radial resistance through the annual ring boundary, and they might have overestimated the hydraulic conductivity in the inner annual rings.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID (IBA) ON ROOTING EFFICIENCY IN CARNATION (DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS L.) PROPAGATION UNDER PROTECTED CONDITIONS

The study aimed to assess the impact of varying Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentrations on the rooting efficacy of Carnation (Dianthus Caryophyllus L.) cuttings within a controlled greenhouse setting. Different concentrations of IBA were applied to selected Carnation cultivars to stimulate root development. The greenhouse environment maintained controlled conditions, regulating temperature, humidity, and light to mimic optimal growth settings. The study focused on observing and analyzing rooting responses, particularly concerning root initiation, elongation, and biomass accumulation. Results indicated a distinct relationship between IBA concentrations and the rooting efficiency of Carnation cuttings. Lower concentrations displayed negligible effects on root development, while moderate concentrations significantly stimulated root initiation and elongation. Surprisingly, excessively high IBA concentrations led to reduced rooting responses, suggesting a hormetic effect on root growth. Morphological assessments highlighted that optimal IBA concentrations fostered vigorous root systems characterized by increased length, number, and mass of roots. This research underscores the pivotal role of precise IBA application in promoting successful rooting of Carnation cuttings, especially in controlled environments. The findings provide crucial insights for refining propagation techniques tailored specifically for Carnations, offering guidance to growers in optimizing IBA concentrations for efficient and sustainable cultivation practices in the floriculture industry. Further investigations delving into the prolonged impacts of IBA on overall plant growth and development would deepen the understanding derived from these findings.

The Effect of Hormone Types, Concentrations, and Treatment Times on the Rooting Traits of Morus 'Yueshenda 10' Softwood Cuttings.

Enhancing the capacity of fruit trees to propagate via cuttings is an important endeavor for the high-quality development of the fruit industry. Optimizing the conditions for the cutting propagation of mulberry seedlings is an important factor that influences the industrial production of this plant; however, the currently used mulberry breeding technology system is not mature. In this experiment, an orthogonal design was used to intercept semi-woody shoots of Yueshenda 10 as cuttings and set different hormone concentrations (200, 500, 800, and 1000 mg/L), different hormone types (NAA, IBA, IAA, and ABT-1), and different soaking times (10, 30, 60, and 120 min) for cuttings. The effects of the three factors on the rooting of mulberry cuttings were investigated by soaking the cuttings in clean water for 10 min as a control. The results showed that the primary and secondary order of the three factors affecting the rooting rate of cuttings was hormone concentration > hormone type > soaking time, and the concentration of exogenous hormones had a significant impact on all rooting indicators (p < 0.05). In addition, the rooting rate (66.24%), average number of roots (7.54 roots/plant), and rooting effect index (4.23) of Yueshenda 10 cuttings reached the optimal level when soaked with 800 mg/L ABT-1 for 30 min. The longest root length (10.20 cm) and average root length (4.44 cm) of cuttings achieved the best results when soaked with 800 mg/L NAA for 60 min and 500 mg/L NAA for 30 min, respectively. On balance, it is considered that the preferred solution is to soak the cuttings of Yueshenda 10 with 800 mg/L ABT1 solution for 0.5 h.

Augmentation of Rooting and Shooting in Stem Cuttings of Dragon Fruit [Hylocereus Costaricensis (Web.) Britton and Rose

Augmentation of Rooting and Shooting in Stem Cuttings of Dragon Fruit [Hylocereus Costaricensis (Web.) Britton and Rose