Romantic Poets Research Articles

Dawn, Mortals and Immortals in the Aeneid

Abstract In Homer, Aurora sometimes illuminates gods and men. In Virgilian Dawn scenes, however, the gods are never said to receive her light. Thematic reasons can explain why this is the case. But even the intellectual progress of the centuries that separated Virgil from the Homeric poems might have influenced his choice. Ancient Homeric scholarship questioned the plausibility of the gods’ need for sunlight, and Hellenistic and Roman poets who influenced Virgil had already omitted the immortals in these formulae. The depiction of the gods in the Aeneid could respond to numerous factors such as the mechanics of the poet’s technique as well as aesthetic, philosophical and scientific trends that left traces in the writings of ancient Homeric scholars and imitators. Considering all these factors allows for a more nuanced understanding of Virgil’s modus operandi and can bring us closer to the perspective of a Roman audience of his time.

Interpretation from the Islamic perspective in Macedonskian poetry

This article aims to present a new perspective of analyzing the symbols in the poetry of Alexandru Macedonski. Macedonskian poetry denotes a plurality of layers that create a specific symbolic code. To decipher this code, a multifaceted reception of the work is needed, and Persian mystical poetry means a side that cannot be neglected. Starting from Macedonski’s work, we keep a constant pace in probing oriental (Muslim) symbols in order to look in a different way at the predominant symbols in the work of the great Romanian poet. We will analyze the meanings of the rose and the garden. In this way we will enter another world of Macedonskian poetry, Islamic enchantment, Persian exoticism and Sufi mysticism.

СЮРРЕАЛІСТИЧНА ПОЕЗІЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЛІНГВОПОЕТИЧНИХ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТІВ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО АВАНГАРДУ

This article analyzes the linguistic and poetic experiments of the surrealists within the broader context of the avant-garde movements that preceded them. By reviewing the ideas and theoretical works of Romantic poets, Symbolists, Futurists, and Dadaists, the study identifies key generalizations about the nature of their linguistic experimentation and evaluates their influence on the poetics of surrealism. The research demonstrates that a characteristic feature of most avant-garde schools was their dissatisfaction with the expressive potential of language, which was perceived as an imperfect tool for conveying thought and reflecting the rapid social and cultural changes of the early 20th century. In response, avant-garde movements rebelled against conventional linguistic norms, undertaking poetic experiments to create a new form of poetry in a liberated, rule-free language. The study examines the principles inherited by surrealists from their predecessors and analyzes the aesthetic concepts central to surrealism. It summarizes the perspectives of surrealist theorists and practitioners regarding the linguistic tools employed to construct surrealistic imagery. The findings reveal that the surrealists' approach to the artistic word significantly diverged from that of other avant-garde schools. Where others perceived absurdity or lack of sense, surrealists discovered latent, often esoteric meanings. For surrealists, language was not a flawed medium but a key to authentic knowledge untainted by centuries of cultural tradition. In their pursuit of deeper expression, surrealist poets turned to automatic writing, a technique that became a defining feature of the movement for several years. Through the creation of the "Laboratory of Surrealist Studies," these poets conducted experiments at the intersection of linguistics and psychology. Their goal was to rediscover an "authentic and genuine" language, explore its imaginative and creative potential, and restore a man’s harmony with an inner nature uncorrupted by imposed cultural values.

Comparison Between Natural Poems in China and England

This article mainly compares the works of Chinese landscape and pastoral poets with those of early British Romantic poets, with the foremost comparison poets being Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Wordsworth, and Coleridge. The similarity of their works lies in their shared theme of nature. However, they use different images and have dissimilar attitudes towards nature, which stem from the era and cultural background in which they live. In the Tang Dynasty of the ninth century, Chinese poets enjoyed describing birds, forests, and musical instruments in their poetry. They are first and foremost politicians and then considered poets. Influenced by traditional Chinese culture and Buddhism, they yearn for the unity of heaven and man and the worlds transcendence. In 19th century England, English poets tended to depict clouds, grass, and water waves in their works. They only have the identity of poets, dislike industrial cities, and love nature. This article will compare the selection of natural intentions, attitudes towards nature, and the factors behind their aesthetic pursuits by poets from two countries through reasoning and analysis.

පී. බී. අල්විස් පෙරේරාට විෂය වූ වැටුප් ශ්‍රමික කම්කරු ප්‍රජාව; වේදනාව කාව්‍ය සංග්‍රහය ආශ්‍රයෙන් කරන ලද විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක් Wage-Labour Community through P. B. Alwis Perera’s Poetic Subjects; An Analytical Study based on “Wedanawa” (Pain) Poetry Collection.

P.B. Alwis Perera is identified as a poet belonging to the second generation of the Colombo era, who was influenced by the Socialist Movement which spread after the 1930s in Sri Lanka. Of all his poetry collections, ‘Wedanawa’ is the ultimatum that signals the impact mentioned above. The objective of this study is to analyze how the poet has depicted wage-labour community in this particular collection. The analysis also focuses on how Sri Lankan poetic movement evolved from being limited to aesthetic and religious themes during the Anurdhapura era to focus on social realities. The study emphasizes P.B Alwis’ unique contribution to the progress of the Sinhala poetic tradition as a Romantic poet. The analysis of the sample, which is the ‘Wedanawa’ poetry collection shows that the poems are composed to portray the ideologies associated with Classism of the poet. A qualitative analysis of the sample was carried out using Marxist and Socialist concepts on wage-labours and labour community. Hence this is an instance which breaches the idea that ‘Art for art’s sake’ and establishes the conceptual orientations of class-based social realities that the poet represents. Therefore, this poetry collection can definitely be identified as a one that changed the direction of Sinhala poetry to a novel avenue.

L’INIZIAZIONE ALL’AMORE E L’INCUBUS VOLANTE NELLA LETTERATURA ROMANTICA ROMENA

The object of my analysis is the fantastic character of the Flying Incubus, known in the Romanian folklore as the Sburător [The Flyer], reinterpreted by three Romantic poets, I. Heliade Rădulescu, Cezar Bolliac, and V. Alecsandri. In their poems that share the same title, Sburătorul, they associate different values to this character, commonly seen as a seducer of young girls, appearing to them at night and consuming them with a strange passion that can lead to the girls’ death: for Heliade Rădulescu, the Flying Incubus is very similar to a vampire, Alecsandri depicts him as a sort of fawn, whereas in Bolliac’s poem he is an erotic demon. This character’s recurrence in Romanian 19th century literature is an influence of the Romanticism from two points of view: the discovery of the folklore as a source of poetic inspiration and the attraction for dark love, as analyzed by Mario Praz.

Monothematism in the works of Pietro Metastasio, Ludwig van Beethoven and Mihai Eminescu

The ideas of humanism and the ideal of praise, which appeared in works of art in Antiquity, found their development in the work o the humanists of the Renaissance. The following generations of artists – poets and musicians – were inspired by the ideals of humanism, which found their reflection in the art works in the 18th and 19th centuries. In this context, we can mention the work of the predecessors and founders of the Viennese Classical School – Pietro Metastasio and Ludwig van Beethoven, who created real masterpieces of imitation of the human state of mind in the miniature genre – the sonnet and its musical accompaniment. The existence of the chamber miniature genre, in which deep emotions can be conveyed in a concise form, found its continuation in the works of romantic poets, in particular, the Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu, as well as in the works of many Moldovan composers in the 20th century.

The interwar Romanian translation ofDracula

AbstractBarbu Cioculescu, co-translator of the 1990 Romanian rendition of Bram Stoker’sDraculaalongside Ileana Verzea, has claimed that their rendition marked the Romanian audience’s first interaction with Stoker’smagnum opus. In 2005 and 2009, however, scholarly articles surfaced positing the existence of an overlooked interwar translation. Nearly a decade later, this lost translation resurfaced through the efforts of a minor publishing house, which published it in book-length form in 2023. Serialized between 1928 and 1929, this newly rediscovered rendition, authored by Romanian poet and prose writer Ion Gorun, stands among the earliest ten translations internationally, predating the novel’s publication in Ireland, Stoker’s homeland, by half a decade. This study explores the rediscovery and peculiarities of Gorun’s rendition, concurrently examining the socio-historical milieu surrounding its original release and elucidating the factors contributing to its century-long elusiveness. Furthermore, the study shows that, despite promoting Stoker’s novel as being set in Transylvania, Gorun’s translation tends to de-exoticize the Irish writer’s portrayal of the region, either for fear of censorship or to circumvent confusion and disapproval among the local audience.

Romanticism And Kazi Nazrul Islam: An Evaluation

This study seeks to analyze the significant trends of English Romanticism and its reflection on the life and works of Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899-1976). Though Nazrul Islam knew very much the socio-historical condition and the most important poets of the then Romantic period of English literature, especially the late Romantic poets like Shelley, Keats, and Byron, it does not become virtually possible to emulate utterly following the directions of the ideology over the manifold unaccommodating romantic dictions and feelings what is captivated by Nazrul. This paper intends to present the socio-historical scenario and the poetry of Nazrul, the major romantic poet of the generation in Bengali literary history, beholding in his poetry for squeezes of romanticism equally embellished by the English Romanticism. Studying Nazrul Islam’s age, life and works, this study pursues to discover to what extent Nazrul’s life and works were reflected by European Romantic sensibilities and in what ways his literary contributions went through the romantic philosophies in his unique fashion and context.

Why Do We Get Sick? Some Remarks by Horace on the Causes of Human Ailments

Quintus Horatius Flaccus, perhaps the most famous Roman poet, vividly portrayed for us in his works both a picture of contemporary society and the world of his thoughts, beliefs and reflections. Among the many well-developed motifs in his work, there are some that have not yet become the subject of in-depth research. These include references of a medical nature. The purpose of this article is to point out places in Horace’s works where he does not so much mention illnesses, but where he gives the causes that make man decline in health. It can therefore be considered that, besides causes beyond human control, the poet’s portrayal of the repertoire of human vices and inappropriate lifestyles is intended to show people that they can improve their existence both physically and spiritually. Horace, by showing the causes of certain diseases and related physical and spiritual afflictions, simultaneously shows man the path to follow in order to be healthy and happy.

Elements of Romantic Poetics in Rydbergʼs Work: Continuity and Innovation. The Motif of Journey in Viktor Rydberg’s Poetry

The article is devoted to the motif of journey in the poetry of swedish author of the second half of 19th century Viktor Rydberg (1828–1895). The way has been considered as a metaphor in mythological and folklore texts, and the motif of journey is one of the most common motifs in world literature. It has a special significance for Romanticists, in whose texts the journey symbolizes the process of individual spiritual quest. The similar approach to the metaphorisation of the path is characteristic of Rydberg’s works: the influence of Romantic tradition can be traced in them. The works of swedish poet with the motif of journey and hero-wanderer in the center were analyzed in the article. The role of the motif of journey in the formation of the spiritual apperanance of characters was revealed.

Köller's Motifs as a Style Marker: Comparative Analysis Original – Translation

The article sets the task of conducting a comparative study of the original text and its translations using the technique of supersegmental units. The latter were taken as units, which are defined as sequences or «motifs» and are formed by analyzing the order of units in the text. Motifs are a tool for analyzing the author’s style and make it possible to give a quantitative description of stylistic features, comparison and classification of the styles of various authors. These possibilities of motifs are used in this article to compare a number of stylistic features of one of the best poems by the famous romantic poet John Keats, «The Eve of St. Agnes», and two translations of this work, made by famous poets-translators Sergey Sukharev and Evgeniy Vitkovsky. Sequences of attributes of various types were used to form motives. The study is quantitative in nature and various statistical measures were used (Euclidean distance, chi-square, correlation coefficient). As a result of the analysis, a level of similarity and a number of differences in the manner of rendering the original in the translations were established.

The Verdant Canvas: An Investigation into the Significance of Nature in Romantic Poetry

This paper delves into the profound significance of nature in the works of prominent Romantic poets, including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats. It argues that nature transcends mere backdrop to become a primary character, shaping poetic themes, influencing language, and offering a canvas for exploring philosophical inquiries, spiritual connections, and emotional expression. Analysing key poems through the lens of pantheism, the role of imagination, and the symbolic potential of landscape, the paper illuminates how Romantic poets utilize nature to challenge societal norms, express personal anxieties and aspirations, and ultimately, reveal a nuanced understanding of the human condition in relation to the natural world.

Celebrating Universality: A Comparative Study of British Romantic and Islamic Sufi Poetry

Sufism is an Islamic mystic tradition that dates back to the 7th century Asia while Romanticism is a mid-eighteenth-century phenomenon that flourished in Europe. Nonetheless, there are remarkable similarities that can be traced in the poetic outputs and aesthetic aspirations of both movements. Sufi mystic poetry is more abstract, while Romantics utilized concrete imagery in their poems. Nonetheless, both of these movements celebrated God/universality as the highest ideal. In both schools, the key to reaching the universal lies within the individual. Writers and philosophers of both these schools give importance to the natural world and the essential nature of things. Nature is the primary focus in both schools. The word Sufi has come from Arabic Suf which has connotations to pure wool or purity of heart. It reflects the nearness to the world of nature as well as to the innocence of the heart. Romantics, similarly, eulogized nature. They also celebrated the purity and innocence of the heart. “Child is a father of man”, writes Wordsworth. A child is also a symbol of innocence and purity and harmony with nature: things that Romantics aspired for. The paper endeavors to comparatively study the select renowned Romantic poets and Sufi poets to come up with new insights and to reach a better understanding of both schools.

Farmers’ Boys and Doomed Youths: Producing the Poet in the Print Culture of the Romantic Era

ABSTRACT Two of the ten bestselling poets of the nineteenth century were almost completely excluded from the twentieth-century canon. Robert Bloomfield (1766–1823) and Henry Kirke White (1785–1806) were huge successes in the expanding print culture of the Romantic era. Their publications were influential on many of the poets who were admitted to the canon. Nevertheless, they have become so obscure that their influence—powerful on Clare, Keats, and Shelley for example— has been almost entirely forgotten. So has their role in shaping the cultural figure of the Romantic poet and their impact upon the publishing of poetry in a period when bookselling was transforming into a sales-driven mass market. Both were from the laboring class; each was publicized commercially because it was, supposedly, amazing that they had become poets at all, considering their social origins. They happened to be excellent poets but, in an early manifestation of PR, they were as much branded as phenomena as they were advertised for excellence. In this article I shall explore how this packaging worked and what it shows about the selling of books, the construction of a cultural image of the poet, and the influence of their poetry on aspiring poets.

A Critical Analysis of Imagery in My Heart Leaps Up: Illuminating Wordsworth's Nature Poetry in the Context of Ecocriticism

This paper presents a critical analysis of the imagery used in William Wordsworth's poem My Heart Leaps Up, examining its role in the context of Ecocriticism. By offering a close reading of the poem and drawing on various eco-critical perspectives, the researcher explores the relationship between the poem's imagery and concepts such as biocentrism, anthropocentrism, eco-feminism, and deep ecology. Additionally, the researcher compares My Heart Leaps Up with other nature poems by Wordsworth and other Romantic poets, which helps us to identify particular stylistic and thematic features of the poem. This study aims to demonstrate how the use of imagery in My Heart Leaps Up connects to contemporary discourses on climate change and the anthropogenic epoch. This paper highlights the significance of My Heart Leaps Up within the broader context of Wordsworth's poetry and offers new theoretical and argumentative extensions to the reading of his nature poetry. Overall, this research contributes to our understanding of how language and imagery can be used to convey the beauty and importance of the natural world and our role in it.

Enlivening Wit

The birth of such innovative newspapers as The Tatler and The Spectator enables the readers to observe and join the public debate through a new intellectual lens. The use of Latin epigrams opening every issue of The Spectator emphasizes not only the close interest in classical literature and culture, but also the communicative strategy focused on the celebration of wit through the moral paradigms of ancient Roman poets, at a time of the rise of modern public opinion. The poetical and rhetorical choices of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, along with other Latin poetry enthusiasts such as Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope, bitingly denounce social hypocrisies and contradictions through parody and mockery. Their purpose was to rebut conventional behavior through the permeating force of Enlightenment wit inspired by cleverness, satire and sarcasm.

The Last Bastion of European Romanticism: A Quantitative Analysis of Poetry in the Romanian Literary Magazine <em>Convorbiri literare</em> (1867–1916)

The article presents a quantitative analysis of poetry published in the most popular literary periodical of modern Romania, Convorbiri literare (CL), from its founding in 1867 to 1916, when Romania entered World War I. Often seen as the last major magazine of European Romanticism, CL appeared at a time when poetry was a privileged genre in Romanian literature, and it hosted in its pages both the national poet Mihai Eminescu and nineteenth-century’s most prominent Romanian literary critic Titu Maiorescu. Arguing that the publication and theorization of poetry was an integral part of one of the last nation-building processes in Europe, the article indexes and quantitatively analyzes all forms of poetry and of what can be viewed as poetic networks in CL. By using ARCANUM’s digital archive of more than 66,000 pages of CL, three strata of poetry-related metadata are extracted and examined: the local production of poetry (who published in CL and when, and how much did they publish); poetry imports (whose poetry was translated into Romanian in CL and when, and what were the authors’ origins); and networks of influence (which foreigners were most often mentioned in relation to the two most talked-about Romanian Romantic poets of the century, Eminescu and Vasile Alecsandri). Thus, the article aims to chart the national regime of relevance that applies to Romanian modern poetry by uncovering the international network of authors who were at the center of literary debates in CL.

An Ecological Discourse Analysis of Wordsworth s Nature Poetry from a Systemic Functional Linguistics Perspective -- Taking Daffodils as an Example

The English Romantic poet Wordsworth composed many nature poems. Taking the nature poem Daffodils as the research corpus, this paper aims to carry out ecolinguistic analysis from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics, mainly focusing on three dimensions: transitivity analysis, agency and causality analysis, as well as grammatical metaphors. The goal is to reveal the poet s ecological consciousness by analyzing the linguistic structure and function of the text. Through the use of non-human and materialistic process participants, special grammatical features of dynamic verbs, and nominalized grammatical metaphors, the relationship between human beings and nature is portrayed as one of harmonious coexistence and equal dialogue. The work manifests a positive ecological view of the unity of things and the self , showing that systemic functional linguistics provides theoretical support for ecological discourse analysis.

Byron as Others

This article argues that sympathy is the radical heart of Byron’s poetry. For sympathy, possible via the imagination for David Hume and Adam Smith, allows Byron to be someone else as far as that is possible, withal Smith’s caveats. This article posits that Byron’s potential doubles are not poor caricatures that see the Romantic poet throwing his voice. Instead, Byron creates performances that explore and exploit the limits of sympathy. Such limits co-exist with potential. And for Byron, sympathy is not an unmitigated good. Through sympathy, we might ignore our professed values or extend our sympathy to those for whom we should not feel. Byron’s sympathy opens him up to becoming other people to some degree, to living other lives, and inhabiting other selves. Byron shows us that sympathy, like selfhood, is slippery. This article argues that Byron makes us rethink sympathy and its value.