Paper Roll Research Articles

On the influence of roller misalignments on the web behavior during roll-to-roll processing

Roll-to-Roll (R2R) web transportation has been widely applied in numerous industrial material processes, such as nano-imprinting, continuous plasma deposition, paper rolling, and steel sheet forming. During a typical web transportation process, a pre-applied tensile stress is required for overcoming possible compressive buckling failure due to geometrical misalignments. However, the applied tensile stress must be limited to within the material yield strength. As a result, the relationship between the minimum required pre-tensile, geometrical misalignments, and material properties, must be clarified. The traditional approach to handle the relationship is based on a beam theory, which is not practical in typical wide web structures. Therefore, a modified formula for finding the required minimum tensile load is presented, using the finite element method and plate theory in this article. In addition, the effects of in-plane and out-of-plane misalignments of rollers on the web buckling are also investigated and quantified. It was found that web stress distribution is more sensitive to in-plane misalignment. On the other hand, although out-of-plane misalignment is not critical, it could trigger web buckling with the presence of an in-plane misalignment. Finally, material characterization to investigate the relationship among the allowable pre-tension, the misalignment angle, and the web width was performed. It was found that a misaligned web could carry less pre-tension than a perfectly aligned web. In addition, the situation deteriorates once the web width is further increased. These mechanical analyses, combined with specific material characterizations presented in this study, provide crucial information for improving the next generation of R2R applications.

H. T. Tsiang's Proletarian Burlesque: Performance and Perversion in <i>The Hanging on Union Square</i>

Horizontally, in any space, Things must be done. --H. T. Tsiang (Hanging 161) In January 1941, novelist, poet, performer, and playwright H. T. Tsiang used a roll of toilet paper to write a letter to the well-known and politically progressive artist Rockwell Kent from an Ellis Island deportation cell, where Tsiang was being detained on immigration charges. Tsiang, a Chinese American writer who had achieved some notoriety following his publication of three leftist novels and a volume of poetry, was being held by the US government as Case Number 56019/532, and he was biding his time while the judicial system decided whether he was eligible to stay in the country where he had resided since 1926. Tsiang's detention was hardly unique; the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 had sent many of his fellow immigrants to meet a similar fate. Yet his unorthodox response to his conditions was a predictably bizarre supplement to his offbeat literary career: in spite of his vulnerable circumstances, Tsiang refused to behave as a model US citizen, offering friends and colleagues evidence of neither his respectability nor his decorum. Instead, Tsiang sent Kent's letter on the most vulgar signifier of his conditions imaginable, his small cell transformed into a stage upon which he could perform his radical gesture of refusal. As though to reinforce the intentionality of his scatological performance, Tsiang also included a traditional typewritten transcript of his letter. The enjoyment of low culture was always at the forefront of Tsiang's economy of pleasure. Tsiang's profane scroll, now collected and microfilmed in the US Archives of American Art, stands as a testament to his transgressive literary performances. His letter recounts the banalities of life at Ellis Island a sharp sense of humor and quirky eye for irony. Everything is fine and gay, he assures Kent on his toilet paper scroll, the locked door, guard and uniform. Written in the deceptively simple language Tsiang used tremendous sensitivity to double meanings, puns, and the hidden logic of words, Tsiang remarks upon how he created a writing table by folding blankets atop his toilet (redoubling his scatological staging); his discomfort having to interact with all white people; his infatuation Kent's eyes (your eyes as if something carrassing [sic] or some sort--I have no words to express); and his endless amusement at a photograph Kent sent of himself, in response to which Tsiang tabulated the number of hairs he could count on Kent's shinely balled pate: 4+8=11 (Letter, 18 Jan.). Yet language constituted but one aspect of Tsiang's artistic expression, and his correspondence having been written from atop a toilet on such paper was as significant as any of the mundane thoughts he recorded. Throughout Tsiang's career as a writer and actor, his public and private cultural production emphasized performance as much as description, and paratext was always as important as diegesis. In Tsiang's hands, a quotidian form such as a letter could be transformed into a pungent performance of insubordination, just as under his pen a novel could become a dramatic production of proletarian burlesque, a peculiar sexual radicalism that combined a commitment to leftist politics a perverse celebration of sexual misbehavior's revolutionary potential. Tsiang's Ellis Island letter encapsulates his penchant for curating performative scenes that were multilayered, obscene, challenging, campy, nasty, and provocative. In this article I study Tsiang's novel The Hanging on Union Square (1935) to consider how he used textual and paratextual performances embodying each of these characteristics to articulate leftist politics in his Depression-era radical fiction while refusing to meet the heteronormative expectations often assigned to proletarian literature. Tsiang strategically deployed an aesthetic and ethics of performance that both queered radicalism and radicalized sexual categories by emphasizing political, literary, and sexual performativity, (1) His profound sense of the ironies in American life was uniquely attuned to the difficulties confronting those who wished to challenge the repressive sexual mores, oppressive economic conditions, and racial and ethnic prejudices that made a mockery of American ideals such as freedom, equality, and justice for all. …

A screening method to identify genetic variation in root growth response to a salinity gradient

Salinity as well as drought are increasing problems in agriculture. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf.) is relatively salt sensitive compared with bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and yields poorly on saline soil. Field studies indicate that roots of durum wheat do not proliferate as extensively as bread wheat in saline soil. In order to look for genetic diversity in root growth within durum wheat, a screening method was developed to identify genetic variation in rates of root growth in a saline solution gradient similar to that found in many saline fields. Seedlings were grown in rolls of germination paper in plastic tubes 37 cm tall, with a gradient of salt concentration increasing towards the bottom of the tubes which contained from 50-200 mM NaCl with complete nutrients. Seedlings were grown in the light to the two leaf stage, and transpiration and evaporation were minimized so that the salinity gradient was maintained. An NaCl concentration of 150 mM at the bottom was found suitable to identify genetic variation. This corresponds to a level of salinity in the field that reduces shoot growth by 50% or more. The screen inhibited seminal axile root length more than branch root length in three out of four genotypes, highlighting changes in root system architecture caused by a saline gradient that is genotype dependent. This method can be extended to other species to identify variation in root elongation in response to gradients in salt, nutrients, or toxic elements.

The Art of Gujarat Patronized by the Jains and its History

Sarabhai Manilal Nawab’s writings in the Gujarati language shed considerable light on the medieval and early modern arts patronized by the prosperous Jain community of the Gujarat region of Western India to which he belonged. This essay, The Art of Gujarat Patronized by the Jains and its History, originally appeared in a sumptuous book edited and published by Nawab. In it the author first proffers several passages from the corpus of ancient Jain scriptures that mention the arts; read together, they present art as a tool that provokes delight and desire. Thereafter, by melding the visual evidence with the inscriptional record, Nawab constructs a chronology of Western Indian painting from the twelfth to the early twentieth century. These paintings were made on palm-leaf strips, rolls of cloth, paper, and wooden boards. In his section he wrestles with the views of contemporary clerics and scholars and he situates masterpieces such as the Freer Vasanta Vilāsa scroll as well as lesser known illustrated manuscripts in private collections, temple libraries and museums within their political and socio-cultural milieu. Also documented are shifts in the production, circulation, and consumption of the above-mentioned works. Finally, Nawab lists shrines and dwellings in the towns of Gujarat where he has found examples of late medieval woodcarving and statuary.

Germinação de sementes de cabaça em diferentes substratos e temperaturas

Crescentia cujete L. (Bignoniaceae) is known as calabash or gourd. It is native from tropical America and it is found throughout Northeast Brazil, where it is used in folk medicine and for making domestic utensils. The objective of this research was to evaluate substrate and temperature effect on the germination of C. cujete seeds. The sowing was carried out with four replications of 25 seeds on the substrates paper, sand, vermiculite and paper roll, and placed in a BOD germinator, under temperatures of 20/30, 30 and 25ºC. The evaluated parameters were: germination (%), germination speed index (IVG), number of normal seedlings, root and shoot length (cm) and seedling dry mass (g). Higher germination percentage and IVG percentage were verified when the seeds were sowed in sand and vermiculite substrates, in 20/30°C temperature. No significant effect of the temperatures on seedlings dry mass was observed, but significant results occurred when vermiculite and sand were used. 20/30° and 30°C temperatures provided higher growth of the seedlings when the seeds were sowed in vermiculite; however, there was also a satisfactory development of the primary root in the sand substrate. The best conditions for germination were the use of sand and vermiculite substrates, in the temperature of 20/30°C.

Jeffrey Robbins

Jeff Robbins’ climb through the ranks as a top scientist has been rather unique in that he has accumulated only friends, rather than enemies, and in fact, he is universally praised for his integrity, benevolence, mentorship, and generosity of spirit. But another word always comes to mind when discussing Jeff: pixie. The dictionary definition is “playfully impish or mischievous; prankish” and anyone who has spent any significant amount of time around Jeff, or been given for a ride in his 1997 Ferrari 550 Maranello, would understand the reference. This personal characteristic carries over to his science and the almost magical ways he makes mischief in the heart by transgenesis. Always unpredictable but consistently rigorous, Jeff either gets credit or blame for helping to shape our field and its attitudes. However, his childlike wonder and enthusiasm at the way things work always shines through. —Mark Sussman & Jeff Molkentin For the past 20 years, Jeffrey Robbins has been picking apart the protein mechanics of the heart. To get at these cardiac nuts and bolts, Robbins, who is Professor of Pediatrics, Chair of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, and Executive Co-Director of the Heart Institute at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, established gene-targeting techniques in the mouse and other organisms.1,–,3 His transgenic tools have unraveled the functions and failings of cardiac proteins, such as myosin, desmin, troponin, and more, and have provided insights into diseases, such as cardiomyopathies, hypertrophy, and heart failure.4,–,8 Robbins has been dedicated to science and experimentation since childhood, but did not enter the field of cardiovascular biology until he was turning 40. This is perhaps due to the fact that he took an unfamiliar research route to the heart—one that included studies of paramecium, homing pigeon behavior, spinach …

Germinação de sementes de atemoia (Annona Cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L.) cv 'Gefner' submetidas a tratamentos com ácido Giberélico (GA3) e ethephon

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos do ácido giberélico (GA3), do ethephon e da interação de ambos os reguladores vegetais no processo germinativo de sementes de atemoia (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L. ), cultivar 'Gefner'. Empregou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5², com os tratamentos constituídos pela combinação de cinco concentrações de GA3 (ácido giberélico) e cinco concentrações de ethephon, resultando em 25 tratamentos, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes por parcela. As concentrações de GA3 empregadas foram: 0; 250; 500; 750 e 1.000 mg L-1 i.a.e de ethephon: 0; 25; 50; 75 e 100 mg L-1 i.a.. Os tratamentos com os reguladores vegetais foram aplicados na semente por imersão das mesmas nas soluções de GA3 e ethephon por período de 36 horas. As sementes foram semeadas em rolo de papel germitest e levadas à câmara de germinação onde permaneceram no escuro, com temperatura alternada entre 20ºC por 8 horas e 30ºC por 16 horas. As variáveis avaliadas foram: percentagem, tempo e índice de velocidade de germinação, percentagem de plântulas normais e percentagem de sementes dormentes. Existe interação da ação dos reguladores vegetais estudados no processo germinativo de sementes de atemoia, o que permite concluir que a percentagem de germinação de sementes de atemoia (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L. ) cv 'Gefner' é aumentada com o emprego de 778 mg L-1 de GA3, enquanto a associação entre elevadas concentrações de GA3 e 75 a 100 mg L-1 de ethephon incrementam o índice de velocidade de germinação e a percentagem de plântulas normais.

Novel Vaginal “Paper Roll” Uterine Morcellation Technique for Removal of Large (>500 g) Uterus

At laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with a novel “paper roll” vaginal morcellation technique, large uteri (≥500 g) can be removed via the vagina with safety, speed, and ease. The technique provides protection for the bladder and rectum, and large uteri can be removed in 1 piece, allowing the pathologist to reconstruct the entire uterus.

Chronic Constipation, Atypical Eating Pattern, Weight Loss, and Anxiety in a 19-Year Old Youth

A 19-year-old female was admitted to a children's hospital weighing 75 pounds. She lost 75 pounds over 2 years and did not menstruate for a year. Despite her dissatisfaction with her thin appearance and desire to weigh more, her inpatient treatment focused on "disordered eating." Adolescent medicine, nutrition, and gastroenterology specialists were consulted. A pediatric psychology consultation was initiated to address anxiety associated with eating as well as abnormal toileting behaviors. The patient reported that she had chronic constipation since the age 3 years with a large, hard, and painful bowel movement once every 1-3 weeks. She had numerous medical and nutritional interventions to improve her bowel functioning, including extensive laxative use and a diet high in fiber (mostly fruits and vegetables). Additionally, an extensive medical evaluation to look for physiological causes for chronic constipation, including Hirschsprung's disease, was not diagnostic. The patient described purposeful stool withholding due to her concern over painful bowel movements. She also avoided peer activities because she did not want to use toilets outside her home. The patient acknowledged that her disordered eating stemmed largely from her toileting difficulties. She described altering her eating habits to avoid bowel movements (e.g., eating small meals, not eating at school) and anxious thoughts while defecating. Defecation anxiety was now affecting other areas of her life. For example, she frequently used copious amounts of toilet paper to ensure thorough cleaning. The patient's parents confirmed her need to thoroughly clean after toilet use, using "almost half a roll of toilet paper." They described other concerning "routines," including refusing to use towels after showering. She dried herself with a fan because of fear that her towel may be dirty. They indicated that during early adolescence, she frequently washed her face to prevent acne breakouts. According to parents, the patient followed doctors' instructions "as though they (were) gospel," deviating from suggestions only with extreme resistance.

From Film Restoration to Digital Emulation

Walter Benjamin laments loss of aura of original work of art in his 1936 essay, Work of Art in Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Benjamin, 1969). Artist Douglas Davis revisits Benjamin's premise in his essay, Work of Art in Age of Digital Reproduction, suggesting that mutability of original has spawned a new era of creativity (Davis, 1995). As digital records quickly replace analog records, archivists are facing new challenges in preserving, describing, and providing continuing access to these new forms of digital multi-media. Traditional archival theory has centered around paper-based records for which archives have physical custody. These records are produced on a stable, human-readable medium. Digital records, however, are technologically dependent, unreadable to human eye, and do not exist in a physical form. The preservation of these complicated records requires a rethinking of theory and practice and presents ethical challenges for which current codes of ethics provide little guidance.Moving image and other archivists have faced many of these same challenges posed by digital documents through their work with analog media. The myriad formats incorporated under umbrella term audiovisual are also plagued by obsolescence and technological dependence. In addition, as analog formats become obsolete and information must be migrated and reformatted, archivists face a number of ethical decisions similar to those faced by archives preserving digital records.Currently, Society of American Archivists (SAA) and other similar organizations provide little guidance for archivists working with records. For this reason, Association of Moving Image Archivists (AMIA) has been working to develop its own code of ethics to establish a stronger professional identity within archival profession. The organization provides important resources including The Moving Image, a journal dedicated to crucial issues surrounding preservation, archiving, and restoration of film, video, and digital moving images (Association of Moving Image Archivists, n.d). The International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF) also provides important resources, including The Journal of Film Preservation, and ethical guidelines for moving image archivists. A number of film history and theory journals (Film History, The Velvet Light Trap, and Cinema Journal) also offer outlets for archivists to publish their research. Increasingly, archivists must look outside mainstream archival literature, which focuses on text-based records.On an Archival EdgeFilm has historically been marginalized as a distinct and separate medium in archives and other collecting institutions. Examples of this notion can be found at beginnings of film history. To obtain copyright for their works, early filmmakers were required to submit paper-prints, copies of their films printed on rolls of photographic paper, to Library of Congress. Today, many archives house film and other media in their collection, but still regard these documents as distinct from textual records. A quote from journal of an early advocate of film archives, still holds true today: the film neither a print nor a book, nor-in-fact, everybody could say what it not; but nobody could say what it was (Bottomore, 1995, p. 293). As a result of this marginalization, few archives have ability to properly store, describe, and provide access to media.In her discussion of appraisal, Nancy Marrellini summarizes attitude toward archival materials:... I save it all.... I don't have equipment and resources right now-but one day I will and I'll deal with it then.... Some of stuff might be really important to someone some day-and they'll pay big bucks for using it. The cost of reformatting is too steep for us. I'll just leave it all on shelf for now and reformat things that people request. …

초음파 센서를 이용한 끝선 검출 모듈 개발 및 퍼지 PID/PI 끝선 제어기 설계

본 논문에서는 필름, 천, 종이 등의 권출 시스템(winding system)에 사용될 수 있는 초음파 센서 모듈을 개발하였다. 개발된 센서는 끝선 위치를 정확하게 검출하고 주위 환경에 의한 잡음 영향이 적으며 보다 안정적인 검출 신호를 출력한다. 전체 시스템의 동력학식은 권출 대상물의 무게(질량)에 의한 영향이 매우 크며, 이로 인하여 폐루프 시스템의 안정도 및 정밀제어문제등이 발생될 수 있다. 주위 환경에 의한 센서 잡음역시 제어시스템의 성능과 안정도에 영향을 준다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 퍼지-PI/PID 끝선 추적 제어기를 설계-제작하였으며, 실험을 통하여 설계된 제어기의 타당성을 입증하였다. In this paper, an edge detecting sensor using ultrasonic detection module is developed which will be used for areas of industrial applications such as plastic film winding system, cloth winding system, paper roll industry, etc. The developed sensor have properties that more exactly detect the edge line, that less affected by environmental noise, and that it produced more stable measurement output. The mass of the winding object is dominantly affect the dynamics of the system and it could produce undesirable result of the system such as stability of the closed-loop system and accuracy of edge-line-following-control(ELFC) objective. Also, there exist sensor noise due to the mechanical vibration or other environmental effect. These noise also degrade the efficiency of control system. In order to compensate these problems, this paper present a fuzzy PI/PID edge-line-controller, and which is designed and implemented.

Model based printer linearization

We introduce two novel methods for accurately predicting the conversion function from digital input to printed dot area. This conversion function is substantial for dot gain compensation. Dot gain compensation (“press linearization”) is aimed at keeping the print color consistent while the press physical parameters drift. To achieve good and consistent print quality, this procedure should be done often. However, since it requires the printing of special jobs with color patches, it consumes both time and paper. This procedure is even more unwieldy in web presses that print on rolls of paper. The goal of this work is to achieve good print quality with much fewer print interruptions.The first method is based on a physical model and the second is built on a complete heuristic model. Both methods use the digital data and a small set of measurements as an input. These methods provide the possibility to accurately and directly predict the conversion function. We further discuss the concept of a full physically predictive method. The methods were tested on an HP-Indigo digital press but the concept is applicable to any printer.

トイレットペーパーによるインタラクション

トイレットペーパーによるインタラクション

Effect of different litter material on performance and behavior of broiler chickens

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of alternative litter materials on growth performance and behaviors of broiler chicks. Chicks were raised from 1 to 42 days of age, during the summer with an average temperature of 31 °C. In experiment 1, three hundred broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to one of 20 floor pens. There were four replicates for each of the following five litter treatments: (1) no litter, (2) wood shaving, (3) sand, (4) rice hulls and (5) recycled paper roll. Results showed broilers reared on rice hulls had significantly lower body weight, feed intake and antibody titer ( P

IS THE AGE OF THE EARTH ONE OF OUR “SOREST TROUBLES?” STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT DEEP TIME AFFECT THEIR ACCEPTANCE OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

When Charles Darwin was developing his ideas for On the Origin of Species, the most widely accepted estimates of Earth’s age were those of William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). Kelvin used calculations involving thermodynamics to argue that Earth is only 20–100 million years old—an age far too brief to accommodate evolution by natural selection. Darwin referred to Thomson’s claim as one of his “sorest troubles,” for Darwin understood that the history of life on Earth ultimately relies on geology. Darwin suspected that Earth was much older than Thomson claimed, but Thomson’s enormous stature as a scientist obliged Darwin to reconcile his claims with Kelvin’s data. To accommodate Kelvin’s timeline, Darwin proposed pangenesis as an explanation of inheritance (i.e., every sperm and egg contained “gemmules thrown off from each different unit throughout the body”). Darwin’s explanation sped evolution while avoiding Lamarck’s quasi-spiritual sources of acquired traits. However, Darwin’s explanation of inheritance was wrong (see discussion in Moore et al. 2009a). The age of Earth remains a divisive topic in the modern evolution–creationism controversy. Whereas mainstream science has long acknowledged that Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, a vocal group of citizens and religious activists continue to insist that Earth is less than 10,000 years old. Although most geocentrists and flat-Earth advocates have capitulated to scientific evidence, young-Earth creationists continue to reject scientific evidence in favor of religious dictum to claim that Earth is less than 10,000 years old. These antiscience claims have been surprisingly popular with the public. For example, a Gallup Poll in early 2009 reported that “On Darwin’s [200th] Birthday, Only 4 in 10 Believe in Evolution” (Newport 2009), and Berkman et al. (2008) noted that “16% [of biology teachers] believed that human beings were created by God in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years.” In another study, 12.5% of students were young-Earth creationists (Rutledge and Warden 2000), as are 10%–14% of biology majors (Moore and Cotner 2009). Answers in Genesis’ (AiG) Creation Museum, along with the $27 million in donations required to build it, attest to the appeal of young-Earth creationism. Indeed, AiG’s income for 2005 exceeded $13 million, and that of the Institute for Creation Research (ICR, another religious organization based on young-Earth creationism) exceeded $7 million. For comparison, the 2005 income of National Center for Science Education—the nation’s leading organization that defends the teaching of evolution in public schools—was

Thermal paper can replace typewriter correction paper in Emlen funnels

Emlen funnels are small funnel-shaped orientation cagesused to record the spontaneously directed migratory rest-lessness (Zugunruhe) of night-migratory songbirds (Emlenand Emlen 1966). Today, almost every group studying thecompass orientation capabilities of migratory songbirdsuses the Emlen funnel method (e.g., Sandberg et al. 2002;Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2003; Ritz et al. 2004; Muheimet al. 2006; Chernetsov et al. 2008). This method providesthe most reliable and cost effective tool to analyze thespontaneous directional preference of many migratorysongbirds during the migratory season. Results from Emlenfunnel experiments also play a key role in the current rushtowards understanding how the magnetic compass sense inmigratory songbirds works (e.g., Ritz et al. 2004; Mouritsenand Ritz 2005).When Emlen first invented the method (Emlen andEmlen 1966), he used an inkpad at the bottom of the cageand lined the walls of the funnel with blotting paper toscore the ink marks as a measure of the bird’s directionalchoice. Later, Rabol (1979) got the idea to use typewritercorrection paper on the walls instead of ink and blottingpaper to record the birds’ directional preferences. This wasa significant improvement for the birds, since ‘‘Rotkehl-chen’’ (Robin Erithacus rubecula) would no longer become‘‘Blaukehlchen’’ (Bluethroat Luscinia svecica) after severalnights hopping on the inkpad. The refined typewriter cor-rection paper version of the Emlen funnel was adopted byvirtually every study using Emlen funnels after 1980 (e.g.,Mouritsen and Larsen 1998; Sandberg et al. 2002;Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2003; Ritz et al. 2004; Muheimet al. 2006). However, over the last 10 years, researchersusing the Emlen funnel method have been challengedby the disappearance of typewriters, which has made itexceedingly difficult to find a reliable supplier of appro-priately sized rolls of typewriter correction paper needed todo Emlen funnel experiments.The Wiltschko-lab in Frankfurt (e.g., Wiltschko andWiltschko 2003; Ritz et al. 2004) were instrumental inconvincing one of the producers of typewriter correctionpaper to make a final production run, which helped manycolleagues stock up on paper for several years. Unfortu-nately, the chalk-like coating on typewriter correctionpaper tends to harden with time, which means that itbecomes more and more difficult to accurately scorescratches on the paper. In addition to this problem, ourstock ran out several years ago, which made us initiate asearch for an alternative solution, as going back to the inkmethod would not be acceptable for animal welfarereasons.First, we visited the local crime unit to see if fingerprintdetection dust could help us. It did not work because itsfunction is based on the fat on the fingers which the duststicks to. But the claws of birds are normally fat free andthus claw marks cannot be visualized with fingerprintdetection dust. Second, we got the idea that maybe thepaper used in trucks to record their speed (tachopgraphcharts, ‘‘Fahrtenschreiberpapier’’ in German) could also beused to record the scratches left in Emlen funnels bymigratory birds. As a result, we tested various such papersfrom several different producers with variable success untilwe received a sample of ‘‘Thermal paper’’ product number‘‘SC55’’ from the company ‘‘Blumberg Systempapiere’’,Kalkumerstrasse 46, 40885 Ratingen-Lintorf, Germany;

Germinação de sementes de <em>Cereus jamacaru</em> DC. em diferentes substratos e temperaturas

Cereus jamacaru DC. has direct use for humans in the treatment of diseases and in diet; it can also be given to animals as forage and used as adornments. Their propagation from seeds is not yet known. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis at the Center for Agrarian Sciences of UFPB, in Areia – Paraíba State, northeastern Brazil, with the objective of verifying the effects of different temperatures and substrates on the germination and vigor of C. jamacaru seeds. The experiment was conducted in an entirely randomized design, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme: three temperatures (25, 30 and 20-30°C) and 3 substrates (paper roll, between and on-paper), with four repetitions of 25 seeds. The employed tests were: germination, germination speed index (GSI), length and dry mass of seedlings. Germination tests were carried out using transparent plastic boxes (gerbox) in BOD chambers, set in the temperatures of 25, 30 and 20-30°C; the substrates used were paper roll, between and on-paper. Vigor was evaluated through the germination speed index (GSI), length and dry mass of seedlings. The temperature of 25°C is not adequate for germination and vigor tests. The paper roll in constant temperature of 30°C substrate proved more appropriate for conducting germination and vigor tests in seeds of C. jamacaru.

A Conversation with Elizabeth Blackburn

Elizabeth Blackburn has spent much of her professional life exploring the far ends of chromosomes. In 1976, she discovered that they were capped by strange repeating sequences of DNA. Her discovery of telomeres and, with colleague Carol Greider, of the telomere-making enzyme telomerase, would draw her to the center of a now-burgeoning field, telomere biology, earn her numerous awards, and, eventually—as a famously appointed-and-dismissed member of President George W. Bush’s Advisory Council on Bioethics—a kind of scientific celebrity. Blackburn, the Morris Herzstein professor of biology and physiology in the department of biochemistry and biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), was born on November 26, 1948, in Hobart, Tasmania. She is the subject of a recent and critically acclaimed biography, Elizabeth Blackburn and the Story of Telomeres , by Catherine Brady(1), a story that begins at the far end of the world. She spoke with me from her home in California. Catherine Brady describes you as a young woman of 17 living in Tasmania—shy with boys but very passionate about science. You were infatuated with amino acids and felt they had a “teasing beauty.” What captured your imagination? I’d just always been very interested in biology and the idea that there would be a chemistry behind it was captivating for reasons I can’t explain. I guess I got the feeling that it would be a real explanation for what underlay a lot of biology. But I also liked the shapes and I liked the names. Is it true that you plastered your bedroom walls with pictures of amino acids that you drew? Absolutely. Butchers used to wrap meat in big white rolls of paper and so I got some of that. You must have some artistic ability . I used to love drawing when I was a …

THE DUNHUANG CHINESE SKY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE OLDEST KNOWN STAR ATLAS

This paper presents an analysis of the star atlas included in the medieval Chinese manuscript Or.8210/S.3326 discovered in 1907 by the archaeologist Aurel Stein at the Silk Road town of Dunhuang and now housed in the British Library. Although partially studied by a few Chinese scholars, it has never been fully displayed and discussed in the Western world. This set of sky maps (12 hour-angle maps in quasi-cylindrical projection and a circumpolar map in azimuthal projection), displaying the full sky visible from the Northern Hemisphere, is up to now the oldest complete preserved star atlas known from any civilisation. It is also the earliest known pictorial representation of the quasi-totality of Chinese constellations. This paper describes the history of the physical object—a roll of thin paper drawn with ink. We analyse the stellar content of each map (1,339 stars, 257 asterisms) and the texts associated with the maps. We establish the precision with which the maps were drawn (1.5-4° for the brightest stars) and examine the type of projections used. We conclude that precise mathematical methods were used to produce the Atlas. We also discuss the dating of the manuscript and its possible author, and we confirm the date +649-684 (early Tang Dynasty) as most probable based on the available evidence. This is at variance with a prior estimate of around +940. Finally, we present a brief comparison with later sky maps, both from China and Europe.

Countermeasures against Pattern Formation Phenomena of Thin Sheet Winder by Using Dynamic Absorbers

This paper deals with a countermeasure against pattern formation phenomena generated on thin sheet winder using dynamic absorbers. The thin sheet is widely used as paper, aluminum, etc. Pattern formation phenomena of the wound sheet sometimes occur in operation because of the viscoelastic characteristics of the sheet. The pattern formation phenomena lead to a fatal damage on the thin sheet. This problem is similar to the other pattern formation phenomena, for instance, polygonal deformations of the smoother roll of paper making machines and pattern formation of the elastic yarn of textile winding machines. The authors conducted experiment to generate the pattern formation using experimental apparatus, and theoretically analyzed to clarify the mechanism of the pattern formation phenomena considering the elastic deformation of the rolls. They also theoretically examined the countermeasure to suppress the phenomena by attaching some dynamic absorbers. The effectiveness of the tunable dynamic absorbers was confirmed by the theoretical analysis, and an example of the tunable dynamic absorber was introduced.