Rolling Resistance Research Articles

Analysis and evaluation of multi-state wear mechanism of elastic-flexible thin-walled bearings

EFTWBs (Elastic-flexible thin-walled bearings) are mainly used in harmonic reducers. Under the condition of large reduction ratio and cyclic rotation, LFW (linear fretting wear), CFW (curve fretting wear) and CRF (complete rolling friction) appear in the bearing raceway. In this study, LFW and CFW experiments were carried out, and the relationship between coefficient of friction and surface hardness was analyzed. Meanwhile, the multi-dimensional analysis (surface hardness, residual stress, surface/subsurface retained austenite) of the raceway surface integrity of EFTWBs after 8000 h of high service was analyzed. Combined with the manufacturing process of EFTWBs and the above conclusions, the multi-state wear mechanism of raceway was comprehensively evaluated. The evaluation conclusions show that the raceway of EFTWBs contained CRF (including pitting and spalling) and sliding fretting wear (including LFW and CFW). The axial and tangential residual stresses of the untested and tested outer and inner ring raceways were compressive stresses. Grain delamination appeared on the tested outer and inner ring raceway subsurface (20 µm from the surface). The wear of the outer ring raceway of EFTWBs was greater than that of the inner ring, and the wear was multiple. A 430 nm nanocrystalline layer was found under FIB-TEM on the surface layer of the outer ring raceway, and the fracture and obvious dislocation appeared. The rolling-sliding wear mechanism of EFTWBs raceway was comprehensively evaluated. The accuracy of this analysis was verified by combining thin-walled ring and Hertz theories. There are many detailed conclusions which provide theoretical support and data analysis for relevant manufacturers of harmonic reducer and robot EFTWBs.

Step-by-Step Tuning of Tribological and Anticorrosion Performance of Zinc Phosphate Conversion Coatings through Effective Integration of Spherical P-Doped MoS2 Nanoparticles.

Surface coatings with enhanced mechanical stability, improved tribological performance, and superior anticorrosion performance find immense application in various industrial sectors. Herein, we report the development of multifunctional composite zinc phosphate coatings by the effective integration of a structurally and morphologically tuned P-doped MoS2 nanoparticle additive (3P-MoS2) into the zinc phosphate matrix to offer attractive characteristics suitable for industrial applications. The integration of spherical nanoparticles as additive leads to the formation of homogeneous and compact coatings with a densely packed crystalline microstructure having enhanced microhardness, distinctive leaf-like morphology, and comparatively smooth topographical features. The attractive lubricity of the additive (3P-MoS2), coupled with its spherical morphology, facilitates a transition from sliding to rolling friction and contributes significantly toward the performance enhancement of the tuned composition of the composite zinc phosphate coating (0.3-PMS). Thus, the tuned 0.3-PMS coating delivers the lowest specific wear rate (1.334 × 10-5 mm3/Nm) and coefficient of friction (0.114) that significantly outperform bare-zinc phosphate coating. Further, the electrochemical corrosion study results indicate the improvement in corrosion resistance behavior of the composite zinc phosphate coatings with reduced corrosion current density (icorr) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) values, as compared to the bare-zinc phosphate coating. The effect of passivation in conjunction with the barrier protection characteristics of the composite coatings induced by the optimal composition of the integrated additive nanoparticles (3P-MoS2) can efficiently prevent the infiltration of corrosive ions and thereby significantly reduce the rate of corrosion.

Open-structured silica network based on silane-terminated telechelic polybutadiene for electric vehicle tires

The shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) is essential for a sustainable future. Tire manufacturers face challenges including accommodating extra weight, managing instant torque, reducing noise, and improving driving range. Meeting these demands involves substantially reducing the rolling resistance of tire tread composites while simultaneously enhancing their mechanical stiffness and wear resistance. To overcome these issues, an open-structured silica network based on silane-terminated liquid-like telechelic polybutadienes was introduced into rubber composites. This unique network consists of silica aggregates that are chemically bound together, but exhibit physical separation, enabling rubber chains to permeate. The infiltrated polymer chains were tightly constrained by the network, resulting in a notable increase in the crosslink density and mechanical strength of the composite. Furthermore, the tan δ values at 60 °C showed a notable decrease as a result of diminished interparticle friction caused by isolated silica structures and reduced mobility of polymer chains within the network. These findings provide the tire industry with crucial insights for the development of energy-efficient and durable tires for EVs. By addressing these specific requirements of EVs, our study paves the way for more sustainable tires and contributes to the broader adoption of EVs in a sustainable future.

Bed strength in sheared beds of mono- and bi-disperse particles: Dependence on geometrical and mechanical properties of constituent particles

Temporary plugging zones are low-permeability fracture-scale plugs ‘assembled’ in situ by injecting polymer particles into petroleum reservoirs. We applied the rolling resistance linear model to simulate the shear strength of a rectangular packed bed, our model for a temporary plugging zone, comprising either uniform-sized particles or a binary mixture of larger bridging particles and smaller filling particles. Simulation results show that the strength of uniform beds increases with the size, the aspect ratio, the friction coefficient, and the Young’s modulus of the particles. The strength of binary packed beds first increased and then decreased as the fractional volume of the domain occupied by filling particles increased. Maximum strength was achieved when bridging particles have uniform Young’s modulus and aspect ratio but a range of friction coefficients, and their friction coefficient, Young’s modulus and aspect ratio are 21%, 17% and 18% larger than those of filling particles.

Study on Agglomeration and Plugging Behavior of Fine Particles in Reservoir Based on DEM-CFD Coupling

Abstract Given the particularity, significance, and complexity of particle migration behavior in fine silt sand hydrate reservoirs, the agglomeration and plugging behavior of free fine particles are mainly studied. Based on the discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the DEM-CFD coupled 3D wellbore sand production numerical model is established and verified. The DEM module divides the reservoir particles into coarse and fine components according to the actual particle size distribution, and assigns adhesive and non-adhesive rolling resistance linear models, respectively. The CFD module uses the finite volume method to solve the incompressible Darcy flow in coarse grids. The results show that the DEM-CFD coupled numerical model established can effectively simulate the phenomenon of fine particle agglomeration during particle migration; Compared with the condition without particle agglomeration, fine particle agglomeration can lead to lower wellbore sand production and more severe pore blockage and permeability loss in the surrounding reservoir; The influences of different production and reservoir parameters such as flow rate, porosity and mud content on the variation of wellbore sand production and reservoir permeability under the condition of fine particle agglomeration is further determined, and relevant production measures and suggestions are put forward. The research results help to clarify the sand production mechanism and characteristics of fine silt sand reservoirs and are expected to provide theoretical and technical support for the efficient and safe development of natural gas hydrate resources in fine silt sand reservoirs.

AERODYNAMIC AND ROLLING RESISTANCES OF HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE. SIMULATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The main objective of the work was to develop a comprehensive model of energy consumption simulation of heavy duty vehicles using the VECTO simulation tool. The research issue was the impact of aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance on fuel consumption and emissions under various driving conditions described in four driving cycles: Urban Delivery, Regional Delivery, Urban, and Suburban. Each cycle differed in driving time, distance and average speed to represent different operational scenarios. The methodology involved defining vehicle parameters such as weight, aerodynamic coefficients and tyre rolling resistance. The main findings show that the impact of both aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance on fuel consumption can be efficiently modelled. It has been proven that the proposed modifications to aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance can reduce fuel consumption by more than 8%. The lowest fuel consumption was achieved in the Regional Delivery cycle, while the Urban cycle had the highest fuel consumption due to frequent vehicle stops. The results show that optimization of vehicle design and its performance can significantly improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions. A computational modelling tool such as VECTO can contribute to sustainable transport solutions and improve the efficiency of heavy duty vehicle.

Hybrid Carbon Black/Silica Reinforcing System for High-Performance Green Tread Rubber.

Silica, as a high-quality reinforcing filler, can satisfy the requirements of high-performance green tread rubber with high wet-skid resistance, low rolling resistance, and low heat generation. However, the silica surface contains abundant silicon hydroxyl groups, resulting in a severe aggregation of silica particles in non-polar rubber matrix. Herein, we explored a carbon black (CB)/silica hybrid reinforcing strategy to prepare epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)-based vulcanizates. Benefiting from the reaction and interaction between the epoxy groups on ENR chains and the silicon hydroxyl groups on silica surfaces, the dispersion uniformity of silica in the ENR matrix was significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, the silica can facilitate the dispersity and reinforcing effect of CB particles in the ENR matrix. By optimizing the CB/silica blending ratios, we realized high-performance ENR vulcanizates with simultaneously improved mechanical strength, wear resistance, resilience, anti-aging, and damping properties, as well as reduced heat generation and rolling resistance. For example, compared with ENR vulcanizates with only CB fillers, those with CB/silica hybrid fillers showed ~10% increase in tensile strength, ~20% increase in elongation at break, and ~20% increase in tensile retention rate. These results indicated that the ENR compounds reinforced with CB/silica hybrid fillers are a promising candidate for high-performance green tread rubber materials.

Calibration of Discrete Element Method Parameters for a High-Fidelity Lunar Regolith Simulant Considering the Effects of Realistic Particle Shape

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is an important tool for investigating the geotechnical properties of lunar regolith. The accuracy of DEM simulations largely depends on precise particle modeling and the appropriate selection of mesoscopic parameters. To enhance the reliability and accuracy of the DEM in lunar regolith studies, this paper utilized the high-fidelity IRSM-1 lunar regolith simulant to construct a DEM model with realistic particle shapes and conducted an angle of repose (AoR) simulation test. The optimal DEM parameters were calibrated using a combination of the Plackett–Burman test, steepest ascent test, and Box–Behnken design. The results indicate that the sliding friction coefficient, rolling friction coefficient, and surface energy significantly influence the simulation AoR. By optimizing against the measured AoR using a second-order regression model, the optimal parameter values were determined to be 0.633, 0.401, and 0.2, respectively. Under these optimal parameters, the error between the simulation and experimental AoR was 2.1%. Finally, the calibrated mesoscopic parameters were validated through a lifting cylinder test, showing an error of 6.3% between the simulation and experimental results. The high similarity in the shape of the AoR further confirms the accuracy and reliability of the parameter calibration method. This study provides a valuable reference for future DEM-based research on the mechanical and engineering properties of lunar regolith.

Study of wind energy harvesting based on rolling bearing type triboelectric nanogenerator

This research developed a novel rolling bearing type triboelectric generator (RB-TENG) designed to efficiently harvest wind energy across a broad spectrum of wind speeds. This generator consists of a column stator shell made of rigid transparent resin. The inside of the stator is open with a circular track affixed with four pairs of copper electrodes, which rub against PTFE balls, using the independent layer operating mode of the triboelectric nanogenerator, due to the use of rolling friction pairs with the collection of a wide range of wind speeds, as low as 2.5 m/s wind speed can be collected. RB-TENG uses rolling friction instead of sliding to extend its service life. The experimental results show that within the wind speed range of 2.5 m/s to 8 m/s, the output performance of RB-TENG increases randomly with the increase of wind speed, and the numerical growth is not very significant after the wind speed of 6 m/s. The effective power density measured at a wind speed of 8 m/s was 5.07 mW/m2. Furthermore, experiments validate the RB-TENG's capability to power small appliances and its potential applicability in sea farms. It provides a viable solution to reducing reliance on fossil fuels and offers a multi-purpose strategy based on wind energy.

Wheelchair caster power losses due to rolling resistance on sports surfaces

The gross mechanical efficiency of the manual wheelchair propulsion movement is particularly low compared to other movements. The energy losses in the manual wheelchair propulsion movement are partly due to energy losses associated with the wheelchair, and especially to the rolling resistance of the wheels. The distribution of mass between the front rear wheels and the caster wheels has a significant impact on the rolling resistance. The study of the caster wheels cannot therefore be neglected due to their involvement in rolling resistance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the power dissipated due to rolling resistance by different caster wheels, at different speeds and under different loadings on various terrains. Four caster wheels of different shapes, diameters, and materials were tested on two surfaces representative of indoor sports surfaces at four different speeds and under four loadings. The results showed a minimal dissipated power of 0.4 ± 0.2 W for the skate caster, on the parquet, at 0.5 m/s and under a loading of 50 N. The maximal mean power dissipated was 43.3 ± 27.6 W still for the skate caster, but on the Taraflex, at 1.5 m/s and under loading of 200 N. The power dissipated on the parquet was lower than the one on the Taraflex. The Spherical and Omniwheel caster wheels dissipated less power than the two other casters. This study showed that caster wheels cannot be neglected in the assessment of gross mechanical efficiency, particularly in light of the power dissipated by athletes during propulsion.

Analysis and Prospects of Lubrication and Friction Characteristics in Cold Strip Rolling: A Review

Lubrication and friction are the core processes in cold strip rolling, which are the key links to realizing the stable production of high‐quality strips, reflecting country advanced level in rolling technology. This review investigates the crucial properties of lubrication and friction in cold strip rolling by analyzing the mechanism, characterization methods, and influencing factors. The lubricant forms an oil film on the surface of rolls and strips based on the lubrication dynamics and tribology theory, changing the asperity contact state in the loaded roll gap, leading to changes in friction characteristics. Oil film thickness and coefficient of friction (COF) are crucial parameters for characterizing and judging the characteristics of lubrication and friction, theoretical calculations have become the core analytical method, and the study of the measurement method is still a great challenge. Parameters like rolling speed and oil viscosity affect the lubricant distribution and asperity contact in the loaded roll gap, changing the lubrication and friction state. The influence of parameters is strongly linked to the experimental or rolling environment. Prospective research trends on lubrication and friction in cold strip rolling are presented based on the status of research on lubrication and friction characterization.

Application of J-integral to adhesive contact under general plane loading for rolling resistance

In the present work, a mechanical model for two-dimensional non-slipping adhesive contact between dissimilar elastic solids under general loading, namely, normal forces, tangential forces and moments is proposed. The general solutions are obtained analytically with the stresses at the contact edges exhibiting oscillatory singularity, similar to those at a bimaterial interface crack. The well-known J-integral under the current context is analyzed. Its application under the selected integration contour readily gives the relationship between the stress intensity factors and energy release rates at the contact edges. With the results rolling adhesion between two solids with parabolic profiles is considered further. The applied moment can be directly determined by the difference in energy release rates at the trailing and leading edges and hence the rolling resistance even for adhesive contact with cohesive zones. These results provide the foundation for understanding some tribological phenomena associated with adhesion.

Fracture characteristics of SMA mixtures with hydrated lime through the semi-circular bending approach

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a composite mixture made up of high-quality crushed stone, fine aggregates, an asphalt binder, and a significant percentage of mineral filler in contrast to conventional mixtures. Renowned for its durability and rolling resistance, it is predominantly employed as a surface “wearing” course on main roads subjected to heavy traffic, but it can also be used as a binder course under specific project requirements. In this study, we investigated the effect of hydrated lime as a partial replacement of limestone filler at various concentrations on the mechanical and cracking resistance characteristics of 10-mm SMA mixtures. The semi-circular bending (SCB) test, which is pivotal for understanding the cracking mechanism was used to assess the mixtures performance-related response to this distress type. The mixture cores were produced with granite aggregates, limestone filler as natural filler, hydrated lime as natural filler replacement, and a 30/45 penetration asphalt type. Mixtures containing 1.1 %, 2.2 %, and 3.4 % of hydrated lime by weight of aggregates were evaluated, in addition to a control mixture without hydrated lime. The factors considered for comparing the mixtures included: load and deformation curves, stiffness, fracture toughness, fracture energy, and flexibility index of the mixtures. The experimental program also comprised a set of various test temperatures (0°C, 10°C, and 20°C) to better understand the cracking mechanism. Experimental results indicated a significant performance-dependency on the HL concentration and the test temperature. Precisely, it was found that the mixture with the highest hydrated lime content (3.4 %) exhibited the best cracking performance at 0°C and 20°C, making it a suitable filler replacement concentration. However, at 10°C, the mixture containing 2.2 % hydrated lime showed the most consistent performance overall, suggesting and important improvement in asphalt mixtures’ cracking resistance. Overall, these findings obtained from the SCB test approach substantiate the potential benefit of hydrated lime filler replacement in optimizing the cracking performance and durability of SMA mixtures under varying temperature conditions and loading regimes.

The effect of silane‐modified carbon black and nano‐silica, individually and in combination, on the performance of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber

AbstractThis study assesses the effectiveness of a specially developed surface‐modified carbon black, both on its own and in combination with nano‐silica, as a hybrid filler for ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compounds. The modification process, which included treatment with a silane coupling agent, resulted in enhanced curing characteristics. The ∆Torque values for compounds incorporating the modified carbon black exceeded those of other formulations by 25.85%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated improved filler dispersion and better compatibility between rubber and filler due to the surface modification. The silane‐modified carbon black showed considerable enhancements in mechanical properties, particularly in tear resistance, with increases in tensile and tear strength of 22.46% and 34.86%, respectively, following surface treatment. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated the influence of both surface modification and filler type, revealing that the combination of modified carbon black and nano‐silica achieved a reduction in rolling resistance of 20.41% and enhanced ice and wet grip performance by 7.95%. Additionally, modified carbon black displayed varying effects on the glass transition temperature. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that the thermal stability of the compounds was consistent, while solvent resistance improved with surface modification, as shown by swelling ratios. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the surface modification of carbon black positively influences the elasticity and chain mobility of the rubber compounds studied. In conclusion, the careful selection and optimization of filler materials and their modifications are essential for customizing the properties of rubber compounds to satisfy specific performance criteria and applications.Highlights Promising EPDM compounds were prepared with Silane‐Modified CB and Nano‐Silica. Silane‐modified CB effectively improved the curing properties of the EPDM compound. The ΔTorque and cross‐link density of modified CB/EPDM show the highest value. Modified CB/Nano‐Silica/EPDM exhibited significant improvement in tear strength. Modified CB/Nano‐silica/EPDM have lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip.

High-value application of kaolin by wet mixing method in low heat generation and high wear-resistant natural rubber composites

In this study, a silane coupling agent and kaolin, a natural mineral resource, were introduced into the wet mixing process of natural rubber latex, the high wear-resistant and low-generation heat natural rubber composites were prepared. The sputtering, collision, and deposition of coupling agent/fillers/natural rubber latex mixed emulsion onto the roller effectively could break up the filler aggregates, enable fillers to be better infiltrated, distributed, and dispersed in the rubber. The effects of dry/wet mixing processes and the ratio of kaolin to silica on the crosslinking density, filler dispersion, extrusion rheological properties, gas barrier properties, dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of NR composites were investigated, and the silanization mechanism was summarized by FTIR and XRD. The experimental results showed that kaolin improved the crosslinking density and failure temperature, reduced the Payne effect, extrusion swell, and rolling resistance. Compared with 60 phr silica-filled natural rubber, the gas barrier property and wear resistance of 60 phr kaolin-filled natural rubber were improved by 64 % and 27 %, respectively, and the rolling resistance was reduced by 57 %. When the ratios of silica to kaolin were both 20:40, the crosslinking density, gas barrier property, and wear resistance of wet mixing were improved by 24 %, 45 %, and 9 %, respectively, compared with dry mixing. This study provided a new method for the high-value application of kaolin in wet mixing and green tires.

Analyzing strain localization of Chang'E-5 lunar regolith through discrete element analysis

The current understanding of the geotechnical behavior of lunar in-situ resources, particularly lunar regolith (LR), is significantly limited due to its scarcity. To address this gap, this research utilized the morphological characteristics of LR particles obtained from the Chang'E-5 (CE-5) mission to construct numerical simulants using the discrete element method (DEM). This approach was then employed to investigate the mechanical properties of LR. Firstly, high-definition lunar particle images from the CE-5 mission were selected to capture the morphological characteristics and grain size distribution. These morphological characteristics were linked with the rolling resistance parameter and incorporated into the three-dimensional (3D) micromechanical contact model. Additionally, a flexible boundary condition was employed in the triaxial simulation to ensure the evolution of strain localization. The relative particle translation gradient (RPTG) concept was utilized to capture the onset and development of strain localization during the shear process. The results indicated that the numerical lunar simulants can effectively reproduce the mechanical response of LR. Furthermore, at the particle scale, particle shape characteristics play a crucial role in particle rotation and translation during the shear process. This study may establish a foundation for lunar resource exploration and utilization techniques.

Green and energy-saving tread rubber by constructing chemical cross-linking interface between graphene oxide and natural rubber

The dispersibility of fillers and interfacial interaction are crucial for polymer nanocomposites. Developing a simple, efficient and green method to simultaneously reduce and functionalize graphene oxide (GO) for preparing graphene/rubber composites with excellent dispersibility and enhanced interfacial interactions remains one of the main trends in developing and expanding the application of graphene in the rubber industry. In this work, VOC (volatile organic compound) -free and environmentally friendly L-methionine (L-Met) was selected as the functional modifier of GO. Then, L-Met-modified GO (MGO) was blended with natural rubber (NR) in an aqueous phase to prepare MGO/NR composites. The amphiphilic property of L-Met not only reduced GO but also endowed it with less agglomeration and excellent water dispersibility, which was a prerequisite for achieving uniform dispersion of GO in the NR matrix. In addition, the amino acids on the surface of MGO enhanced the compatibility between GO and the protein-phospholipid layer on the outer layer of NR latex particles. Meanwhile, L-Met containing sulfur bonds promoted rubber vulcanization, resulting in the formation of a cross-linked network between the modified GO and NR molecular chains. Compared to unmodified GO/NR composites, MGO/NR composites exhibited excellent mechanical properties and low heat build-up. More importantly, the solid tire prepared by using L-Met as the interface modifier for GO filled rubber showed lower rolling resistance and temperature rise, and the energy saving efficiency was improved. This strategy is expected to provide a new insight into the green production of organically modified graphene and the preparation of low-energy-consumption green graphene tires.

Analysis of Rolling Force and Friction in Hot Steel Rolling with Water‐Based Nanolubrication

Analysis of Rolling Force and Friction in Hot Steel Rolling with Water‐Based Nanolubrication

Graphene Oxide-Silica Green Hybrid Nanocomposites: Fabrication via Latex Mixing and Mechanical Properties Evaluation

ABSTRACT This study investigates the incorporation of sustainable self-assembled graphene oxide-nano silica (GO/NS) hybrid nanoparticles into the natural rubber latex matrix via latex mixing. The primary objective is to assess the synergistic impact of these nanofillers on the mechanical properties of natural rubber latex using both static and dynamic mechanical analysis. Results reveal significant enhancements in mechanical properties, with NRL GO/NS 2 exhibiting a remarkable 188% increase in tensile strength and NRL GO/NS 3 showing a substantial 107% increase. Furthermore, NRL GO/NS 3 demonstrates a 30% reduction in rolling resistance and a remarkable 200% improvement in wet grip, while NRL GO/NS 2 exhibits an 88% increase in wet grip and a 43% decrease in rolling resistance, suggesting potential fuel efficiency benefits. These advancements hold promise for various applications such as automotive tire manufacturing, biomedical devices, and the production of elastomeric goods.

Application of wet carbon black masterbatch in green mining radial tires

AbstractIn the context of environmental protection and energy consumption reduction, reducing the rolling resistance of mining machinery tires is one of the important methods to achieve the goal of green mining. This study probes the effects of wet mixing with a wet carbon black masterbatch on the rolling resistance and grounding performance of wide‐body vehicle tire treads by investigating the cross‐linking structure, rubber–filler (R–F) interaction force, and physicomechanical properties of the wet mixing rubber compounded with a wet carbon black masterbatch. The results indicate decreases in the maximum torque‐minimum torque difference, cross‐link density, and R–F interaction of the wet mixing rubber and increased filler–filler (F–F) interaction and carbon black dispersion. Meanwhile, the tensile elongation of the wet mixing rubber increases, its DIN abrasion property improves, and its Tanδ decreases at 60°C. A numerical method to estimate tire steady‐state rolling resistance is also developed. Finite element simulation analysis reveals that the steady‐state rolling resistance of the wet mixing rubber is reduced by 7.04% at 100% standard load, and its grounding performance is enhanced. By proposing a method to reduce the rolling resistance of tires, this study also provides a reference for the development of wide‐body vehicle tires.Highlights Explored the filler interaction of wet mixing rubber. Explained the low energy loss of wet mixing rubber. Proposed a new finite element method for calculating tire rolling resistance.