Role Of Prejudice Research Articles

Fifty shades of discrimination: how does fantasy portray prejudice and discrimination?

ABSTRACT This paper aims at an interdisciplinary analysis of the various roles of prejudice and discrimination in fantasy. It focuses on the ways the storyworlds of The Witcher and The Lord of the Rings portray racial discrimination. Reading the books of J.R.R. Tolkien and Andrzej Sapkowski through jurisprudential lenses allows us to draw conclusions as to the meaning of the implicit and explicit presentation of discriminatory practices by authors in storyworlds. Remarks on movie and TV series adaptations are included to develop transmedia storytelling analysis.

Evidence of Suspicion in Civil Procedure Law

This study aims to dig deeper into the role of prejudice in the civil law system in Indonesia, by focusing on its definition, types, and impact on judges' decisions. This study specifically discusses the use of suspicion in Decision Number 10/Pdt.G/2018/PN. End, as a case that marks the importance of the role of allegations in resolving civil law disputes. Using normative juridical methods, this study elaborates and examines allegations based on provisions in Burgerlijk Wetboek and HIR, as well as paying attention to secondary legal materials to enrich discussion and analysis of related judicial practices. The findings of this study confirm that the allegation not only acts as prima facie evidence but also reverses the burden of proof that must be borne by those who deny it. This is evidenced by an analysis of the role of allegations in the case that is the focus of the study, showing that the judge has the flexibility to formulate allegations from the facts proven at trial. However, the allegation must meet the criteria set out in Article 173 HIR and Article 1922 of the Civil Code to be considered valid and adequate as evidence.

Racism and Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Perspectives for research and practice.

Informatics researchers and practitioners have started exploring racism related to the implementation and use of electronic health records (EHRs). While this work has begun to expose structural racism which is a fundamental driver of racial and ethnic disparities, there is a lack of inclusion of concepts of racism in this work. This perspective provides a classification of racism at 3 levels-individual, organizational, and structural-and offers recommendations for future research, practice, and policy. Our recommendations include the need to capture and use structural measures of social determinants of health to address structural racism, intersectionality as a theoretical framework for research, structural competency training, research on the role of prejudice and stereotyping in stigmatizing documentation in EHRs, and actions to increase the diversity of private sector informatics workforce and participation of minority scholars in specialty groups. Informaticians have an ethical and moral obligation to address racism, and private and public sector organizations have a transformative role in addressing equity and racism associated with EHR implementation and use.

A PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEM: ELDERLY CRISIS THAT TURNS FROM PREJUDICE TO VIOLENCE

The purpose of this research is; to address the connection of violence against the elderly with prejudice, social stigma, and abuse and to explain at which stage of psychosocial development the elderly who will be exposed to violence could not overcome the crisis from the perspective of E. Erikson. Within the scope of the research, the relevant issues were systematically examined and evaluated from different sources after the year 2000. According to the results obtained, studies mainly emphasize the increase in the elderly population, the theory of demographic transformation that will be caused, abuse and active labor force. On the other hand, it has been noticed that the studies on the rates of violence against the elderly in Turkey are insufficient, and the role of prejudices against the elderly and their psychosocial development in being victims of violence has not been addressed. It is seen that elderly groups constitute a threat to society and are exposed to discrimination, neglect, and even violence, especially economic and psychological abuse. It has been evaluated that the state of not producing, which causes a negative attitude towards the elderly, is related to the crisis of generativity versus stagnation in Erikson's 7th stage; also attitudes of the elderly who have anger towards society are related to the crisis of integrity versus despair in the 8th stage. The research will contribute to the literature by establishing a link between the phenomenon of ageism that threatens human rights and developmental psychology.

Who Does Discriminate Against gay-Sounding Speakers? The Role of Prejudice on Voice-Based Hiring Decisions in Brazil

Vocal cues are used to categorize speakers’ sexual orientation. Hearing a gay-sounding speaker can elicit discrimination. This study investigated whether gay-sounding speakers were discriminated against when applying for a job in Brazil and whether prejudice moderated such an effect. Heterosexual participants listened to a gay- or heterosexual-sounding applicant, rating him in terms of personality traits and employability. The results showed that gay-sounding candidates were discriminated against compared to heterosexual-sounding candidates, but this was true only among highly prejudiced participants.

Why benefiting from discrimination is less recognized as discrimination.

Discrimination continues to plague society, creating stark inequities between groups. While existing work has considered the role of prejudice in perpetuating discrimination, we draw on emerging research on privilege and inequity frames to offer an overlooked, complementary explanation: Objectively discriminatory decisions that are described as favoring, compared with disfavoring, are less likely to be recognized as discrimination. We further theorize this is because favoring decisions are perceived to be motivated by positive intentions. We find support for our hypotheses across eight studies. First, using both qualitative (Studies 1a-b) and experimental approaches (Studies 2-7), across a range of discrimination contexts including race, sex, nationality, and age, we find that inequity frames affect perceptions of discrimination. Further, we find that even human resource employees are less likely to recognize discrimination when described as favoring (Study 3), in turn affecting their reporting behaviors: They are less likely to report potentially discriminatory decisions for review. Next, sampling language from U.S. Supreme Court cases, we find that people support litigation less when discrimination uses a favoring frame, versus disfavoring frame (Study 4). Then, we find that this pattern is driven by inequity frames shaping perceived intentions, rather than perceived harm (Studies 5-6). Finally, we find some evidence that inequity frames regarding a discriminatory decision committed by an organization may affect candidates' job pursuit behaviors (Study 7). This work contributes to a nascent perspective that advantaging mechanisms are critical for creating group inequity: given individuals are less likely to recognize favoritism as discriminatory, favoritism may especially contribute to the persistence of inequity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A Requirement, A Factor, or A Figure of Speech? Role of Prejudice When Challenging Awards Under the Model Law

Both parties and courts routinely invoke the term ‘prejudice’ in applications to set aside an arbitral award or refuse its enforcement. This suggests that the use of the term is more than just a figure of speech. It is generally understood that prejudice, in the sense of impact or effect on the outcome of the arbitration, is relevant for procedural challenges but not jurisdictional challenges. However, questions remain as to whether prejudice is legally relevant for challenges that are neither strictly procedural or jurisdictional in nature, whether prejudice is relevant as a factor for consideration or as a legal requirement when challenging an award, and the meaning of prejudice. This article shows that the usage of the term ‘prejudice’ in case law is inconsistent and far from straightforward. This article attempts to elucidate a clear and structured way of understanding the role prejudice plays for each ground for challenging an award under the Model Law. Model Law, Article 34, Article 36, Setting Aside, Refusing Enforcement, Procedural Challenge, Jurisdictional Challenge, Residual Discretion, Materiality, Prejudice, Causative Link

From conservatism to support for gay conversion therapy: the role of prejudice and beliefs about same-sex sexuality

ABSTRACT Support for Gay Conversion Therapy may be motivated by homophobic prejudice driven by conservative groups. We propose that Support for Gay Conversion Therapy (SGCT) is motivated by conservatism and that this relationship is mediated by prejudice against gay individuals. We tested these hypotheses in three studies. In Study 1 (N = 249), we found that conservative values predict SGCT, and that this effect is partly mediated by prejudice. In Study 2 (N = 247), we replicated this mediation and found that ethical-religious and psychological essentialist beliefs differently moderated it. Study 3 (N = 210) went further by experimentally showing the political consequences of SGCT. We showed that more conservative individuals tend to absolve psychologists who practice sexual conversion, and that both prejudice and conservative-motivated SGCT mediated this effect. We discussed these results by emphasizing the psychosocial process that motivates SGCT.

School Satisfaction in Immigrant and Chilean Students: The Role of Prejudice and Cultural Self-Efficacy.

Latin-American immigration has transformed Chilean schools into new multicultural scenarios. Studies about intergroup dynamics among students from different cultural backgrounds and their psychological consequences are still limited in south–south migration contexts. Literature has suggested that intergroup relations influence students’ satisfaction with school, and they could be improved by the development of competences to cope with cultural differences. This study aims to verify if cultural self-efficacy and its dimensions mediated the influence of prejudice on satisfaction with school, in a sample composed by N = 690 Chilean and Latin-American immigrant secondary students. Results showed that cultural self-efficacy reduced the effect of prejudice in satisfaction with school, in the cases of both immigrant and Chilean students. The dimensions of cultural self-efficacy in processing information from other cultures and mixing with different others make the difference. Findings’ contributions for the understanding of adolescents’ intergroup relations and psychosocial interventions at school are discussed.

Worlds That Could Not Be: Utopia in Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah

Worlds That Could Not Be: Utopia in Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah

Homophobic bullying and victimization among adolescents: The role of prejudice, moral disengagement, and sexual orientation

Bullying is associated with harmful consequences for those who are involved, in particular for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and sexually questioning (LGBQ) adolescents, who are teased for their sexual orientation. Not only LGBQ youth may experience homophobic bullying, but also students who are perceived as not conforming to traditional masculine/feminine gender role expectations. Wrong beliefs, prejudices, and moral disengagement may account for the perpetration of homophobic bullying. The present work aims at investigating whether (boys and girls) heterosexual and LGBQ adolescents were differently involved in homophobic and non-homophobic bullying and victimization and whether biological sex and sexual orientation moderated the relationships between prejudice and moral disengagement and involvement in homophobic bullying and victimization. Participants were 197 adolescents (70 boys, 127 girls), aged 15–18 years (M = 16.32); 46 of them defined themselves as LGBQ people. They responded to questionnaires about bullying and victimization, prejudice against homosexuality, and moral disengagement in situations involving sexual orientation. Results of the univariate analyses pointed to a higher homophobic and non-homophobic victimization among LGBQ adolescents than among their heterosexual counterparts. In the regressions, homophobic bullying was associated with being male and heterosexual, and with moral disengagement, whereas homophobic victimization was related to a low level of prejudice, in particular for LGBQ youths. The findings underscore the importance of examining prejudice and moral disengagement when studying homophobic bullying and victimization and point to the need for developing intervention programs.

Physiological and self-reported disgust reactions to obesity

ABSTRACTThere is accumulating evidence that disgust plays an important role in prejudice toward individuals with obesity, but that research is primarily based on self-reported emotions. In four studies, we examined whether participants displayed a physiological marker of disgust (i.e. levator labii activity recorded using facial electromyography) in response to images of obese individuals, and whether these responses corresponded with their self-reported disgust to those images. All four studies showed the predicted self-reported disgust response toward images of obese individuals. Study 1 further showed that participants exhibited more levator activity to images of obese individuals than to neutral images. However, Studies 2–4 failed to provide any evidence that the targets’ body size affected levator responses. These findings suggest that disgust may operate at multiple levels, and that the disgust response to images of obese individuals may be more of a cognitive-conceptual one than a physiological one.

Educational Environment, Ethnocentrism, and Prejudice Towards Indonesian Chinese

Inter-ethnic prejudice is one of the problems faced by multi ethnic nations, including Indonesia. It does not only bring positive impacts in social interactions, but can also lead to social conflicts. To prevent the conflicts, an understanding of prejudice is required. So, the purposes of this study were: (1) To examine the effect of different educational environment on prejudice towards Chinese ethnic groups by controlling ethnocentrism; (2) To examine the influence of ethnocentrism on prejudice towards Chinese ethnic groups by controlling educational environments. Population in this study (N = 200) was non-Chinese students in Semarang. Sampling was done by applying a stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using the scales for both prejudice towards Chinese ethnic groups and ethnocentrism. Then, a statistical method using covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results revealed a difference in prejudice towards Chinese ethnic groups between students who studied at a college having Chinese students and those at a college having no Chinese students by controlling ethnocentrism. Besides, there was a significant ethnocentric role in prejudice towards Chinese ethnic groups by controlling educational environments.

Anti-Semitism and opposition to Israeli government policies: the roles of prejudice and information

ABSTRACTPast research on the link between anti-Semitism and criticism of the Israeli government has revealed a partial correlation between the two. However, among the political arguments that have inspired such research, one has gone unaddressed: that criticism of the Israeli government along with silence about more egregious human rights abuses committed elsewhere can only arise from anti-Semitism. This article investigates the link between knowledge of conflicts around the world, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, and criticism of the Israeli and Saudi governments, among US participants. Using a deeper index of anti-Israel opinions than prior research, the results indicate that some criticisms of the Israeli government are more reliable indicators of anti-Semitic sentiment than others. The findings are discussed with regard to how legitimate political criticism can be distinguished from prejudice in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Anti-Semitism and Opposition to Israeli Government Policies - The Roles of Prejudice and Information

Past research on the link between anti-Semitism and criticism of the Israeli government has revealed a partial correlation between the two. However, among the political arguments that have inspired such research, one has gone unaddressed: that criticism of the Israeli government along with silence about more egregious human rights abuses committed elsewhere can only arise from anti-Semitism. This article investigates the link between knowledge of conflicts around the world, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, and criticism of the Israeli and Saudi governments. Using a deeper index of anti-Israel opinions than prior research, the results indicate that some criticisms of the Israeli government are more reliable indicators of anti-Semitic sentiment than others. The findings are discussed with regard to how legitimate political criticism can be distinguished from prejudice in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Disgust predicts prejudice and discrimination toward individuals with obesity

AbstractThis study examined the relevance of disgust to evaluations of an obese target person, and the connection between disgust and prejudice toward that person. Participants (n = 598) viewed an image of an obese or non‐obese woman, and then evaluated that woman on a number of dimensions (emotions, attitudes, stereotypes, desire for social distance). Compared with the non‐obese target, the obese target elicited more disgust, more negative attitudes and stereotypes, and a greater desire for social distance. Furthermore, disgust mediated the effect of the target's body size on all of the outcome variables (attitudes, stereotypes, social distance). Disgust plays an important role in prejudice and discrimination toward individuals with obesity, and might in part explain the pervasiveness of weight bias.

Acculturation Preference Profiles of Spaniards and Romanian Immigrants: The Role of Prejudice and Public and Private Acculturation Areas

ABSTRACTThe main goal of this study was to identify acculturation preference profiles using cluster analysis in public and private areas of culture in the host and immigrant populations, and to find out the relationship between these profiles and prejudice levels. Four hundred and ninety-nine Spaniards and 500 Romanians participated in a survey. The sampling of Spaniards was multistage random and the sampling of Romanians was by quota. The results confirm our predictions. Romanians who are less prejudiced against Spaniards prefer assimilation in public areas and integration in private areas. Romanians who are more prejudiced against Spaniards prefer integration in public areas and separation in private areas. Spaniards who are less prejudiced against Romanians prefer integration in both public and private areas. Spaniards who are more prejudiced against Romanians prefer assimilation in both areas.

Contact theory and the concept of prejudice: Metaphysical and moral explorations and an epistemological question

Gordon Allport’s Contact Hypothesis has been greatly advanced over the decades into what is now called Contact Theory. The application of the theory toward the improvement of intergroup relations has had the effect of concealing the fact that Contact Theory is fundamentally a prejudice theory and not a theory of intergroup relations. This article focuses on the concept of prejudice by following the ways in which Allport worked with the concept prior to and after the publication of The Nature of Prejudice. The focus is not on the definitional correctives of prejudice that have been offered but on the metaphysical and moral perspectives that Allport adopts in his conception of prejudice. The exploration of these issues reveals a number of challenges and implications for Contact Theory that contact researchers have yet to contend with. The paper also poses an epistemological question to the theory asking: how was prejudice selected as the source of intergroup strife? Taken together the paper calls for a re-examination of the place and role of prejudice in Contact Theory and in turn a re-evaluation of the theory itself.

Disgust, contempt, and anger and the stereotypes of obese people

Emotions form an important part of stereotyping and prejudice, but little is known about how intergroup emotions are associated with anti-fat prejudice. This study examined the relation between negative intergroup emotions (disgust, contempt, and anger) and the stereotypes of obese people. A community sample (n=380) and an undergraduate sample (n=96) rated obese people on common obesity stereotypes (e.g., lazy, sloppy), and also indicated the extent to which they felt disgust, contempt, and anger toward obese people. In both samples, participants reported feeling more disgust and contempt than anger toward obese people. Furthermore, regression analyses indicated that disgust was a significant positive predictor of obesity stereotypes, but contempt and anger were not. Overall, these findings provide further evidence that disgust plays an important role in prejudice toward obese people.

Managers’ selection preferences: The role of prejudice and multicultural personality traits in the assessment of native and immigrant job candidates

PresentationStatistics across European countries show that immigrants have a disproportionate lower employment probability than persons born in the host country (SOPEMI, 2010). Explanations to this phenomenon are complex. ObjectivesAn experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between multicultural personality traits and managers’ selection preferences in the hiring of native vs. foreign-born job candidates. We proposed that this relationship was mediated by prejudice. MethodsNorwegian managers (n=222) were presented with one Turkish immigrant job candidate and two Norwegian-born, less qualified job candidates. The managers completed the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Blatant Prejudice Scale (SBPS). ResultsWe found that the threat and rejection blatant prejudice subscale and Emotional stability predicted the managers’ hiring preferences. Specifically, the higher threat and rejection subscale scores and the lower emotional stability scores, the more likely it is that the managers preferred to hire a native, less qualified candidate over the Turkish immigrant candidate. The effect of emotional stability on candidate preference was not mediated by prejudice. ConclusionsThe results suggest that managers’ feelings of threat due to foreign-born immigrants’ participation in the host society (political conservatism), and threat due to intercultural interactions, are significantly related to foreign-born immigrant job candidates’ chances of being hired.