Role Of Micro Research Articles

The Role of Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises in Enhancing Post-Covid Community-Based Tourism

Approaching a three-year mark since the onset of Covid-19 pandemic, tourism remains in the forefront of Indonesia’s overall recovery strategy, along with the micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) that have also been the backbone of the country’s economy. The field of community-based tourism (CBT), which has developed around the growth of these MSMEs, has increasingly gained traction in the Indonesian tourism research community in the past decade or so. However, there remains a great deal to be explored, particularly in relation to attaining sustainability in the face of global crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the role of MSMEs in enhancing CBT, focusing on their business strategies prior to and following the onset of the pandemic. A descriptive qualitative method is utilized by means of content analysis and literature review, both from primary and secondary sources. The resulting analysis reveals that the role of MSMEs significantly contribute to enhance community-based tourism strategy before and after the pandemic. The study also reveals that following the Covid-19 pandemic, MSMEs’ business and development strategies shifted toward increasing and improving utilization of digital technology and literacy across all MSME sectors.

Consumer Satisfaction of Chocolate Product and Its Marketing Facilities: Case Study of a MSME Chocolate Factory in Jember

The role of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME)-scale of cocoa agro-industry sector in Indonesia has increased along with the increasing number of MSMEs engaged in secondary cocoa processing sector. One of the factors that influence the sustainability of cocoa agroindustry business is customer satisfaction index (CSI). Therefore, this study aims to analyze consumer satisfaction index of chocolate product and its marketing facilities offered by producer which can then be used as input for the development of chocolate business. This research was conducted at MSME chocolate factory located in Jember, Indonesia. The selection of this location was done purposively with the consideration that the MSME chocolate factory produces couverture chocolate products. The research method chosen is descriptive using the analysis method of customer satisfactionindex (CSI) and importance performance analysis (IPA). There were 96 respondents involved in this research. Determination of sample size was calculated by using the Slovin formula. The results showed that the majority of the chocolate consumers are, young generation female who have well literacy of digital experiences. Furthermore, CSI of chocolate products and its marketing facilities was 77.86%, which indicates that overall consumers were satisfied. Several attributes that has satisfied the consumers are chocolate taste, packaging, chocolate shape, food safety guarantees labeled at the chocolate products, outlet cleanliness, outlet convenience, the atmosphere offered by the outlet, friendliness of the salesperson to the customer, salesperson’s knowledge of the menu, responsiveness of salespeople in fulfilling orders, attractive outlet interior design, cleanliness and availability of toilets, prayer rooms and supporting facilities for consumer comfort has also satisfied the consumers. Priority improvement strategies that require to be conducted to increase consumer satisfaction include adjusting the price of chocolate products, increasing promotions through social media and providing entertainment facilities, such as music, wi-fi, and TV at chocolate marketing facilities.

ROLE OF MICRO SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMES) GROWTH ON THE INDONESIAN ECONOMY


 
 
 The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of micro, small and medium scale (MSMEs) growth on Indonesian economy. The data has been taken from the data secunder of Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS) and Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM (Kemenkop UKM). The data analyze using regression analyze to determine the role of micro, small and medium scale (MSMEs) growth on Indonesian economy. The results show that a micro, small and medium scale (MSMEs) growth on Indonesian economy have a role but does not have much impact because there are a lot of a factors which have an impact on Indonesian Economy. This result has an implication that the increasing Indonesia’s economic growth on various factors including the increase the number of MSMEs if the increasing of quality products for MSMEs in Indonesia
 
 

Analisis pengaruh Literasi Keuangan, Inklusi Keuangan, dan Financial Technology terhadap kinerja Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) di Kota Bandung

The important role of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the national economy can be seen from their contribution to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The increase in the number of MSME actors still leaves several problems, including MSME actors in Indonesia still having performance problems. This study aims to examine the effects of financial literacy, financial inclusion, and financial technology on the performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the city of Bandung. This research uses quantitative methods and is processed using the SmartPLS 3.0 analysis tool. The population in this study were all MSMEs registered in the cooperatives and MSMEs in Bandung City. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The number of samples in this study was 120 SMEs in the city of Bandung. The results of this study indicate that financial literacy, financial inclusion, and financial technology have a positive and significant impact on the performance of MSMEs in the city of Bandung.

Судинні порушення у хворих на ревматичні хвороби після перенесеного COVID-19

The article briefly summarizes data on the role of micro- and macrocirculatory disorders in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Focused attention on similarities of clinical and pathogenetic features of rheumatic diseases, COVID-19 and its complications. The review analyzed and compared the data of the assessment of the main instrumental studies of the functional state of blood vessels in patients with rheumatic diseases in general and in patients with rheumatic diseases who suffered from COVID-19 (capillaroscopy and occlusion test). A conclusion was made about the presence of endothelial dysfunction in rheumatic diseases and its features in patients with rheumatic diseases after transmission of COVID-19. This leads to the opinion about the expediency of timely detection of secondary disorders of the functional state of blood vessels in patients with rheumatic diseases who are convalescents of COVID-19, and justifies the use of an occlusion test for this purpose. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Role of Micro and Macro Nutrients in Malnourished Children Attending Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Divisional Head Quarter Hospital, Dera Murad Jamali, Balochistan

Role of Micro and Macro Nutrients in Malnourished Children Attending Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Divisional Head Quarter Hospital, Dera Murad Jamali, Balochistan

Ретроспективний аналіз поширеності та інтенсивності карієсу тимчасових зубів у дітей гірських районів Закарпаття

The purpose of the study was to conduct a retrospective analysis of the prevalence and intensity of caries of temporary teeth among children in the mountain regions of Transcarpathia, taking into account the endemic features of the Transcarpathian region and its impact on the carious process. Materials and methods. The research was conducted among 135 students of the 1st – 2nd grades of Uzhhorod Secondary School No.20 Lyceum "Leader" (69 girls and 66 boys) and among 116 students of the 1st – 2nd grades of Rakhiv Secondary School No.1 of the 1st – 3rd grades (60 girls and 56 boys). Results and discussion. The mountain zone is 60–65% of the entire territory (Rakhiv, Tyachiv and Mukachevo districts). This territorial zone is characterized by a significant deficiency of fluoride, iodine and a number of micro- and macronutrients. The level of fluoride in the soil is 0.02–0.03 mg/l, in water – 0.3–0.5 mg/l. The foothill zone is represented by Khust district and makes 10–15% of the territory of the region. The level of fluoride in the soil is 0.02–0.025 mg/l, in water – 0.2–0.4 mg/l. The level of deficiency of micro- and macroelements (fluoride, iodine, calcium) is high, which is reflected in the health of the human body, including children, as its growth and development negatively affect the formation of organs and systems at a young age. In the lowlands, at an altitude of 110–200 m above sea level, there are Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Beregovo districts, which make up to 20–30% of the entire territory. The level of fluoride in the soil is 0.015–0.022 mg/l, in water – 0.1–0.3 mg/l. Given the fact that this area is biochemical in terms of fluoride and iodine deficiency, a significant percentage of the prevalence and intensity of caries is registered in this area. The mineral composition of the human body is constant, especially in childhood, which directly depends on the intake of micro- and macronutrients with food and drinking water. The role of micro- and macroelements is important for the proper functioning of all organs and systems. For example, calcium is a vital element for the development of the body, healthy bones and teeth, as well as the functioning of hematopoietic organs and the cardiovascular system. Conclusion. It is generally accepted that insufficient intake of fluoride and iodine in the human body leads to imbalance of de- and remineralization of enamel, and, accordingly, reduces the level of caries-resistant tooth enamel, which leads to destruction of the crystal lattice of enamel and defects in hard tissues. In regions with low content of fluorides and iodine in drinking water and soil, which also includes the Transcarpathian region, there is a significant prevalence and intensity of caries, both among children and adults, and therefore, the definition of these indicators remains relevant to present day

BUILDING AND COMMUNICATING BRAND BY MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMEs)

The role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the national economy is quite large. The number reached 99.9 percent and employment absorbed 97 percent. At present, SMEs contribute 60.34 percent of GDP. Business strategies in building business sustainability that develops and differ from time to time require MSMEs to always improve the quality of products or services through continuous improvement so as to encourage increased market share and win the competition. The ability of MSMEs to access and manage various resources is still considered difficult. This view shows the weak foundations of MSMEs in terms of capital and marketing which become obstacles in the face of competition. In the effort to build a UMKM Relativity Business, it is the ability of UMKM to face challenges, obstacles, weaknesses, and limitations that have become strengths and opportunities to compete. The dynamism of the competitive advantage of MSMEs that changes rapidly in meeting demand, the existence of competing products, the application of technology, and the consistency of policies that support MSMEs are factors that influence the survival of MSMEs to dynamically change the buying interest of MSME consumers. Failure to communicate brands by MSMEs because of the power of digitalization maximized by SMEs. The factors causing the failure of UMKM were due to the lack of knowledge, ability and awareness of UMKM to follow the development of digitalization

Cell to network computational model of the epileptic human hippocampus suggests specific roles of network and channel dysfunctions in the ictal and interictal oscillations.

The mechanisms underlying the generation of hippocampal epileptic seizures and interictal events and their interactions with the sleep-wake cycle are not yet fully understood. Indeed, medial temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with hippocampal abnormalities both at the neuronal (channelopathies, impaired potassium and chloride dynamics) and network level (neuronal and axonal loss, mossy fiber sprouting), with more frequent seizures during wakefulness compared with slow-wave sleep. In this article, starting from our previous computational modeling work of the hippocampal formation based on realistic topology and synaptic connectivity, we study the role of micro- and mesoscale pathological conditions of the epileptic hippocampus in the generation and maintenance of seizure-like theta and interictal oscillations. We show, through the simulations of hippocampal activity during slow-wave sleep and wakefulness that: (i) both mossy fiber sprouting and sclerosis account for seizure-like theta activity, (ii) but they have antagonist effects (seizure-like activity occurrence increases with sprouting but decreases with sclerosis), (iii) though impaired potassium and chloride dynamics have little influence on the generation of seizure-like activity, they do play a role on the generation of interictal patterns, and (iv) seizure-like activity and fast ripples are more likely to occur during wakefulness and interictal spikes during sleep.

Analisis Index Maslahat Peran UMKM Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat:


 This study aims to determine the role of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in improving the welfare of the community from the perspective of Islamic economics. The background is that many people in Nanggerang Village whose economy is still in a lower middle class condition are in difficulty in meeting family welfare. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative. The selection of informants was carried out using the Purpose Sampling technique. The types of data are primary data and secondary data collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation. The validity of the data was tested through the source triangulation technique. Then the data analysis techniques used in this study are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification (drawing conclusions). The results showed that the Cipuy Chips UMKM in Nanggerang Village had a role in improving the welfare of the community from a sharia economic perspective measured by the benefit index using the maslahah dharuriyah approach which contained five aspects, namely, maintaining religion, soul, mind, lineage and property, so from these five aspects concluded that the highest benefit of the Cipuy Chips UMKM in Nanggerang Village is religious maslahah with an average value of 4.9, and the lowest maslahah value is common sense with an average value of 1.7. From the descriptive qualitative analysis, it can be concluded that the perception between the employees and the surrounding community has differences regarding the benefit of the Cipuy Chips UMKM in Nanggerang Village which is influenced by age, gender, and education factors.
 Keywords: MSMEs, Community Welfare, Sharia Economic Perspective.

MiRNA Expression Is Increased in Serum from Patients with Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia.

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) damages the parts of the brain that control speech and language. There are three clinical PPA variants: nonfluent/agrammatic (nfvPPA), logopenic (lvPPA) and semantic (svPPA). The pathophysiology underlying PPA variants is not fully understood, including the role of micro (mi)RNAs which were previously shown to play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases. Using a two-step analysis (array and validation through real-time PCR), we investigated the miRNA expression pattern in serum from 54 PPA patients and 18 controls. In the svPPA cohort, we observed a generalized upregulation of miRNAs with miR-106b-5p and miR-133a-3p reaching statistical significance (miR-106b-5p: 2.69 ± 0.89 mean ± SD vs. 1.18 ± 0.28, p < 0.0001; miR-133a-3p: 2.09 ± 0.10 vs. 0.74 ± 0.11 mean ± SD, p = 0.0002). Conversely, in lvPPA, the majority of miRNAs were downregulated. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that target genes of both miRNAs are involved in pathways potentially relevant for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This is the first study that investigates the expression profile of circulating miRNAs in PPA variant patients. We identified a specific miRNA expression profile in svPPA that could differentiate this pathological condition from other PPA variants. Nevertheless, these preliminary results need to be confirmed in a larger independent cohort.

Analisis Pengembangan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Kecamatan Pujut

This study aims to determine the development and role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in improving the welfare of the community in Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, NTB. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The population in this study were all MSMEs in Pujut District. The sampling technique used was random sampling. Data collection techniques using interviews and direct surveys and using secondary data such as literature, books, websites and others. The results of this study indicate that the development of MSMEs in Pujut sub-district has increased, especially after the establishment of the Mandalika circuit has had a tremendous impact and influence on the economic growth of Small and Medium Mikto Business actors. The role of MSMEs in Pujut sub-district can increase family economic income so that it can meet family needs, reduce unemployment and be able to give birth to new business actors. This indicates that MSMEs can improve the welfare of the community in Pujut sub-district.

Legal Regulatory Framework and the Performance of Women Owned Enterprises in Kenya A Study of Embu County

Micro and Small Scale Enterprises play a major role in strengthening the Kenyan economy. The Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1992 on Small Scale and Jua Kali Development in Kenya focused on the role of Micro and Small Enterprises and stressed the potential of the MSE sector to function as a catalyst of growth for the country’s development. The Micro and Small Enterprises and especially those owned by women are a useful tool for Poverty reduction (45%), Promotes Rural Urban balance and stimulate Entrepreneurial spirit and development. Despite their significance, past statistics indicate that three (3) out of five (5) businesses fail within the first few months of operation. The study aimed at determining the influence of Legal and Regulatory Framework on the Performance of Women Owned enterprises. Literature related to the variables of the study was reviewed in relation to Performance of Women Owned Enterprises. The Social Cultural Theory of Entrepreneurship was used in the study. The study employed a cross sectional descriptive research design and employed a positivism philosophy. The study sample size was 260 respondents identified through two stages of probabilistic sampling techniques; stratified and simple random sampling because of the population’s homogenous characteristics. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and interview guide. Reliability testing was carried out using Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha test, which was found to be above 0.7, it indicated satisfactory reliability. Descriptive and inferential Analysis was carried out. Inferential Statistics used the simple linear regression model and ANOVA. For the specific objective, the decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis was based on the significance of coefficients (p < 0.05) of the variable in the fitted regression. The study found the influence of Legal and Regulatory Framework on firm performance to be insignificant. The findings of this study supports and add knowledge to previous studies on entrepreneurship. The results support the Social Cultural Theory, that entrepreneurship can develop in an environment when its regulation, ethos, philosophies, standards and code of practices permits a variety of choices and where social, political and economic processes and procedures are not rigid and in a situation which encourages the development of personalities interested with enterprises. The study recommends all stakeholders in entrepreneurship, policy and practice and women entrepreneurs to enhance the application of Legal and Regulatory Framework in the Women Owned Enterprises in Embu County.

Assessing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises as an Instrument for Human Capital Development and Poverty Reduction in Abuja Area Councils of Nigeria

The objective of this study was to assess the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise as an instrument of human capital development and poverty reduction in the Bwari Area Council of Nigeria. The study was a survey research sampling the opinion of 184entrrepreneurs in the Area Council. Their opinion was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data obtained was analysed by tabulation and percentages, and the formulated hypotheses tested using Kendal coefficient of concordance method. The findings revealed that MSMEs contributes to human capital developments and is a strategy for eradication of poverty, because it creates jobs for people, and improves their standard of living; and MSMEs contributes to increase in income level of people in the area. The study concluded that MSMEs functions as a nursery for developing entrepreneur talent, and therefore recommended among others that, Government procurement policy that supports locally produced goods and services especially of small and medium size enterprises must be implemented, to help improve the activities of MSME in Bwari Area Council, so as to reduce poverty among the populace. Also more infrastructures should be provided by Bwari Area Council Administration. When basic infrastructures are provided, the entrepreneurs and MSMEs will be motivated to take advantage of such amenities, expand their operations, employ more hands, and reduce unemployment and poverty.

Assessing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises as an Instrument for Human Capital Development and Poverty Reduction in Abuja Area Councils of Nigeria

The objective of this study was to assess the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise as an instrument of human capital development and poverty reduction in the Bwari Area Council of Nigeria. The study was a survey research sampling the opinion of 184entrrepreneurs in the Area Council. Their opinion was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data obtained was analysed by tabulation and percentages, and the formulated hypotheses tested using Kendal coefficient of concordance method. The findings revealed that MSMEs contributes to human capital developments and is a strategy for eradication of poverty, because it creates jobs for people, and improves their standard of living; and MSMEs contributes to increase in income level of people in the area. The study concluded that MSMEs functions as a nursery for developing entrepreneur talent, and therefore recommended among others that, Government procurement policy that supports locally produced goods and services especially of small and medium size enterprises must be implemented, to help improve the activities of MSME in Bwari Area Council, so as to reduce poverty among the populace. Also more infrastructures should be provided by Bwari Area Council Administration. When basic infrastructures are provided, the entrepreneurs and MSMEs will be motivated to take advantage of such amenities, expand their operations, employ more hands, and reduce unemployment and poverty.

The role of micro- and small-scale enterprises in enhancing sustainable community livelihood: Tigray, Ethiopia.

Micro- and small-scale enterprises (MSEs) have emerged as one of the most important tools for addressing economic and social issues and achieving development goals. In both developed and developing economies, MSEs have been acknowledged as critical components of national development. This study aimed to assess the contributions of MSEs toward sustainable community livelihood in Emba Alaje, Wereda, Ethiopia. The results revealed that MSEs contributed to economic growth, employment formation, and income generation for the local community. In addition, the study indicated that the MSEs were significantly affected by different determinant factors such as infrastructures, raw material, working premises, and human capital. The study clearly showed that there was a gender gap over participation in different MSE sectors. In addition, many sectors which can employ more people are still managed by men. This shows that the bodies involved, such as the MSE Development Offices, Bureau of Cooperatives, and Bureau of Works and Social Affairs, should join their hands and allow women to enter traditionally male-dominated sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and urban farming. Above all, greater efforts should be made to consider both female- and male-owned businesses.

KUALITAS SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DAN MODAL USAHA PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN USAHA UMKM

The aim of this research investigate the role of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises(MSMEs) which are considered very important because they are able to absorb labor and become apillar of the economy for many people, but MSMEs also cannot be separated from problems thatmust be faced, including: lack of lack of quality human resources. owned, lack of business capitalowned and lack of knowledge of MSME business development. The purpose of this study was toexamine the effect of the quality of human resources, business capital, on the development ofmicro, small and medium enterprises.This research used a qualitative approach with the type of associative research. Data werecollected through a questionnaire method with a Likert scale. The number of samples used in thisstudy were 50 respondents, namely Sasirangan SMEs in Banjarmasin City. The next stage, thequestionnaire data was analyzed by multiple linear regression which had previously met thevalidity test, reliability test, and classical assumption test, then t test and F test analysis.The results showed that: (1) the quality of human resources has a significant positive effect onthe development of micro, small and medium enterprises; (2) Business Capital which has nosignificant effect on the development of micro, small and medium enterprises (3 qualities of humanresources, business capital, together have a significant positive effect on the development of micro,small and medium enterprises.

BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECT OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT ON MICRO AND MACRO NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION IN POMEGRANATE

Bacterial blight is a serious disease of pomegranate. The disease affects the yield and quality of pomegranate fruits. In this present work, we investigated the biochemical characterization and role of micro and macro nutrients in diseased and healthy leaves of pomegranate. Pathogen was isolated infected leaves, twigs and fruits and grown on different culture media. Different biochemical tests (Gram staining, KOH, catalase, oxidase, starch hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction) were performed to identify the bacteria. All these tests confirm the presence of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv punicae. Pathogenicity was done in the greenhouse using three different methods (Pin-pricked, infiltration and spray method) and symptoms appeared in 8 days; and infiltration method showed early symptoms compared to the spray and pin prick method. Ionic contents (Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Boron, Zinc and Copper) are reduced by using these nutrients for the growth, multiplication and survival of pathogenic bacteria. Proper application of these nutrients helps the host plant to improve its physiological and biochemical development and resistance to bacterial blight disease in pomegranate.

Investigating the role of soil mesofauna abundance and biodiversity for organic matter breakdown in arable fields.

Intact soil food webs are pivotal to maintaining essential soil functions, such as carbon recycling, sequestering, and biomass production. Although the functional role of micro‐ (e.g., bacteria and fungi) and macrofauna (e.g., earthworms) is comparatively well established, the importance of the mesofauna community (e.g., abundance and diversity of Acari and Collembola) in maintaining soil functionality is less clear. We investigated this question in a six‐month field experiment in arable soil by actively manipulating mesofauna abundance and biodiversity through the application of two legacy insecticides (lindane and methamidophos) at sufficiently high doses to reduce mesofauna abundance (well above previously registered application rates; 2.5 and 7.5 kg a.s./ha for lindane, and 0.6 and 3 kg a.s./ha for methamidophos) and measure the impact on organic matter degradation. Our results demonstrate that both insecticides had reduced Collembola and Acari abundances by up to 80% over the study's six‐month duration. In addition, we observed less pronounced and more complex changes in mesofauna biodiversity over time. These included insecticide‐dependent temporal fluctuations (both reduction and increase) for different estimates (indices) of local (alpha)‐diversity over time and no lasting impact for most estimates after six months. Even at these exceptionally high field rates, Collembola and Acari diversity was observed to generally recover by six months. In contrast, considering organic matter breakdown, we found no evidence of a treatment‐related effect. These results suggest that organic matter breakdown in arable soils is likely driven by other trophic levels (e.g., microorganisms or earthworms) with only a limited influence of the mesofauna community. We discuss these findings with regard to their implications for our current understanding of soil food web function and future European soil risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1423–1433. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

MSME Empowerment (Marketing and Finance) Breadfruit Chips in Malangsari Village

In economic development, the role of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is one of the drivers of the economy. It can be proven that the existence of MSMEs is able to provide jobs, reduce the number of unemployed and become a means of introducing local products so that they can be known by all circles of society. MSMEs exist because they provide opportunities that are used by MSME actors in providing community needs, businesses that are viral and provide business opportunities, tastes, prices are affordable by the general public, there are consumers who become loyal customers, the availability of raw materials that open up business opportunities, and etc.