Role In Execution Research Articles

Safety and Tolerability of Rimegepant Every Other Day for Preventive Treatment of Migraine Plus As-Needed for Acute Treatment of Migraine: Results from A 52-Week, Open-Label Extension Phase (P12-12.006)

Safety and Tolerability of Rimegepant Every Other Day for Preventive Treatment of Migraine Plus As-Needed for Acute Treatment of Migraine: Results from A 52-Week, Open-Label Extension Phase (P12-12.006)

Ubrogepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine When Administered During the Prodrome (Premonitory Phase): Results From a Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study (S47.001)

Ubrogepant for the Acute Treatment of Migraine When Administered During the Prodrome (Premonitory Phase): Results From a Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study (S47.001)

Cerebral oxygenation during exercise deteriorates with advancing chronic kidney disease.

Cognitive impairment and exercise intolerance are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation play a major role in both cognitive function and exercise execution. This study aimed to examine cerebral oxygenation during a mild physical stress in patients at different CKD stages and controls without CKD. Ninety participants (18 per CKD stage 2, 3a, 3b and 4 and 18 controls) underwent a 3-min intermittent handgrip exercise at 35% of their maximal voluntary contraction. During exercise, cerebral oxygenation [oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) and total haemoglobin (tHb)] was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. Indices of microvascular (muscle hyperaemic response) and macrovascular function (carotid intima-media thickness and pulse wave velocity (PWV)) and cognitive and physical activity status were also evaluated. No differences in age, sex and body mass index were detected among groups. The mini-mental state examination score was significantly reduced with advancing CKD stages (controls: 29.2±1.2, stage 2: 28.7±1.0, stage 3a: 27.8±1.9, stage 3b: 28.0±1.8, stage 4: 27.6±1.5; P=.019). Similar trends were observed for physical activity levels and handgrip strength. The average response in cerebral oxygenation (O2Hb) during exercise was lower with advancing CKD stages (controls: 2.50±1.54, stage 2: 1.30±1.05, stage 3a: 1.24±0.93, stage 3b: 1.11±0.89, stage 4: 0.97±0.80μmol/l; P<.001). The average tHb response (index of regional blood volume) showed a similar decreasing trend (P=.003); no differences in HHb among groups were detected. In univariate linear analysis, older age, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), Hb, microvascular hyperaemic response and increased PWV were associated with poor O2Hb response during exercise. In the multiple model, eGFR was the only parameter independently associated with the O2Hb response. Brain activation during a mild physical task appears to decrease with advancing CKD as suggested by the smaller increase in cerebral oxygenation. This may contribute to impaired cognitive function and reduced exercise tolerance with advancing CKD.

Policy and innovation of the wind power industry in China: do female executives matter?

PurposeFor survival and prosperity, enterprises must pursue exploitative and exploratory innovations simultaneously. To accelerate technological breakthroughs in the wind power industry, the Chinese Government has promulgated several support programs from the demand and supply sides. This study assesses the impact of different categories of innovation policies on exploitative and exploratory innovation. As women also play an increasingly important role in corporate governance, the authors also elucidate the moderating role of female executives in these relationships.Design/methodology/approachBased on micro-data of 119 listed Chinese wind power firms during 2006–2020, this study provides a theoretical model and tests the hypotheses.FindingsBoth demand-side and supply-side innovation policies significantly facilitate exploitative and exploratory innovations of in the Chinese wind power industry. Furthermore, female executives enhance the effects of these policies on exploitative innovation but negatively moderate their effects on exploratory innovation.Originality/valueInnovation is generally considered homogeneous. This is one of the first studies to evaluate the impact of different categories of innovation policies on exploitative and exploratory innovations. In addition, although the increasingly important role of women in corporate governance is acknowledged, whether and how female executives affect the effectiveness of innovation policies has not been fully explored. This study advances the understanding of the potential impact of female executives on innovation policy effectiveness.

Where the Glass Ceiling Cracks: Features of Organizations Where Women Rise to the Top

Tracking a subset of firms with 20 percent or greater representation of women in top executive roles in the year 2000, we report that these firms continue to have a higher than average percentage of women in top executive roles in 2015. Gaps in the pipeline, even at these best practice firms, suggest more needs to be done to ensure a steady flow of future women leaders. Executives at these best practice firms report that sponsorship from top leadership has been key to their high levels of women in senior roles. We discuss the implications of these findings for the progress of women in the pipeline and argue that firm-level commitments to diversity by top corporate leaders are essential for further progress.&#x0D;

Parallel Emergency Management of Incidents by Integrating OODA and PREA Loops: The C2 Mechanism and Modes

Given the differences of command and control (C2) activities between the field command center and the emergency operations center (EOC), this article combined the edge C2 theory with the parallel C2 theory, and proposed a parallel incident C2 mode based on the observe–orient–decide–act (OODA) loop and planning–readiness–execution–assessment (PREA) loop. The aim is to build up a PREA loop-based parallel incident C2 mode and its related operating mechanism of edge empowerment and energy release in parallel incident C2 mode. The parallel incident C2 mode based on the PREA loop and OODA loop supports the co-existence and connection of the two roles of the incident C2 agent at the emergency scene. The two roles are the executive role of emergency response and operation and the command and organization role of the edge emergency system. This article initiates a deep integration of two different C2 process mechanisms in the emergency response and operation process, taking into account the local emergency scene and the global emergency system. Taken together, a key issue has been well addressed regarding the contradiction that the traditional emergency response cannot be reconciled in terms of rapidity and thoroughness.

German Foreign Policy Under the Merkel IV Government: The Role of Party Political Contestation Within the ‘Grand Coalition’

ABSTRACT The article takes stock of German foreign policy under the Merkel IV government and adopts an analytical perspective that zooms in on the role of coalition politics. Specifically, it explores the impact of party-political contestation inside the ‘grand coalition’ both between (inter-party contestation) and within (intra-party contestation) the coalition partners on the foreign policy record of the Merkel IV government. In the empirical analysis, the discussion focuses on selected foreign policy areas that dominated the German foreign policy agenda during the Merkel IV government, namely transatlantic relations, European integration, the UN and multilateralism as well as Germany’s relations to autocratic states, in particular Russia and China. While the analysis points to some foreign policy contestation between and within the coalition parties, it finds that the foreign policy of the Merkel IV government remained largely unaffected by party political contestation inside the ‘grand coalition’. The article argues that the limited influence of coalition politics points to the key role of the foreign policy executive in German foreign policy and reflects the broad foreign policy consensus at the centre of the German party system.

Aesthetic Considerations in Extremity Salvage and Reconstruction.

After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Have an in-depth understanding of the functional and aesthetic requirements of lower extremity reconstruction. 2. Describe the considerations for achieving an optimal aesthetic outcome in the primary reconstruction settings. 3. Describe modalities of secondary flap revision for achieving an optimal aesthetic outcome. Significant advancements have been made in the management of lower extremity reconstruction since Dr. Taylor's seminal case in 1973. Improvements in our understanding of vascular anatomy and evolution of microsurgical techniques have allowed for an ever-increasing array of free tissue transfer options for lower extremity reconstruction. The resulting expertise has engendered a paradigm shift toward the reconstructive elevator approach, with increased emphasis on cosmetic results. In the primary setting, aesthetic considerations play an important role in precoverage wound preparation, flap selection, and harvest technique, with the goal of achieving excellent like-with-like reconstruction at the time of initial surgery. Flap selection should be made to best match the three-dimensional architecture of the wound, and take into account the defect thickness, flap thickness, flap composition, and pedicle length. Primary flap thinning and harvest in the superficial fascial plane has been shown to be an effective modality to address excess adiposity and improve contour. Despite these efforts, secondary procedures are often required to optimize the limb's final appearance and functional outcomes, particularly in the foot and ankle region. These include debulking, liposuction, and staged excisions. As the field of limb salvage keeps evolving, aesthetics will continue to play an important role in extremity reconstruction planning and execution.

Barriers to Power: Exploring the Troubled Trajectories of Latinx Executive Leaders at Hispanic-Serving Institutions.

Guided by Bornstein's (2003) model focused on legitimacy within leadership and Latinx critical theory (LatCrit), we explored barriers Latinx leaders encounter on their path to executive roles at Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) and how their race and gender shaped their professional trajectories. Our findings show that some Latinx leaders may feel the need to conform to white-coded institutional practices to secure and succeed in their roles and that raced and gendered practices may permeate their work, including their hiring. Additionally, participants encountered intragroup animosity or competitiveness within the Latinx community, impending and/or complicating their professional experiences and growth. Collectively, the findings encourage HSIs to (a) develop professional development opportunities for Latinxs administrators and (b) actively support their ascension to and experience in executive leadership. The findings also provide insight on how higher education institutions, more broadly, need to consider racial and gender dynamics as part of the ongoing call for leadership transformation.

Behavioral influences on the relationship between firms' aspiration performance gap and innovation input: The moderating role of executives' vocational socialization

AbstractWhile extant research shows a curvilinear relationship between aspiration performance gaps and innovation input, we know far less about how vocational experiences of key firm decisions makers may shift this relationship. We propose the concept of executives' vocational socialization and explore how it influences the relationship between firms' aspiration performance gaps and innovation input from the perspectives of the behavioral theory of the firm and upper echelons theory. We theorize that two aspects of executives' vocational socialization, namely, executives' technical career experience and firm tenure, strengthen the inverted U‐shaped relationship between the negative aspiration performance gap and innovation input and weaken the U‐shaped relationship between the positive aspiration performance gap and innovation input respectively. We test these hypotheses using a panel dataset of 1158 listed firms in China from 2008 to 2017, and the empirical results from switching regression and fixed‐effect models support our hypotheses. Our study contributes to research on the aspiration performance gap, innovation input, and behavioral theory of the firm.

The effects of IT chargeback on strategic alignment and performance: the contingent roles of business executives' IT competence and CIOs' business competence

PurposeIn the era of the digital economy, organizations are under much pressure to justify their information technology (IT) spending on digital transformation. Some organizations have thus implemented IT chargeback, an IT governance (ITG) mechanism, to clarify and allocate IT costs among various business units. While practitioners have stressed the importance of IT chargeback, there has been little theoretical effort that investigates its strategic effects and boundary conditions.Design/methodology/approachSynthesizing the ITG literature and the resource-based view (RBV), the authors develop a research model to examine if IT chargeback affects IT–business strategic alignment and, in turn, organizational performance and how human IT resources strengthen the impacts of IT chargeback. The authors designed a survey to collect data from 103 firms and tested the model using partial least squares (PLS).FindingsThe authors found that IT chargeback promoted strategic alignment and then organizational performance only for firms with business-competent chief information officers (CIOs), rather than IT-competent business executives.Originality/valueThis study enriches the ITG literature by exploring the strategic value of an IT cost governance mechanism (i.e. IT chargeback). This study further proposes and validates a measure of IT chargeback. Drawing on the RBV, this study quantitatively investigates the strategic impacts and boundary contingencies of IT chargeback. This study also advances the CIO literature by identifying the strategic leading role, instead of the traditional supporting role, of CIOs in modern organizations.

A qualitative study on female executive pharmacists with convergent roles.

Although women's participation is relatively high in the pharmacist workforce, women remain underrepresented in executive positions. The rate of executive female pharmacists in diversified pharmaceutical areas, from education and research to politics, is recognized as being disproportionately low. In this study, we aimed to explore female executive pharmacists' roles and identify reasons for their being underrepresented in such executive positions in Turkey. Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted from a feminist standpoint with female executive delegates working in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, pharmacy chambers, and public pharmacy faculties. A thematic data analysis of transcriptions was conducted using MAXQDA 2020 software and was reported according to Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. The researchers interviewed 19 participants. Three primary themes emerged: gender roles, being an executive, and being a pharmacist. Eight roles came to the surface: mother, child, wife, pharmacist, manager, homemaker, cook, and planner. Taking the responsibility for an executive position involves a continued and simultaneous performance of all other roles as well. In this context, female pharmacists' views on gender roles in relation to motherhood, inequalities, and their dedication to their profession came to the fore. This study can be considered as a starting point for studying the underlying causes of the limited representation of female pharmacists in executive positions.

Reflections on Becoming a New CIO

Abstract Andy Haywood joined the Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust (WAST) in January 2020 as its first director of digital services, an executive CIO role on the trust board. Now a managing consultant at Channel 3 Consulting, he discusses the lessons he learned in two and a half years as a new NHS CIO during the COVID–19 pandemic.

A Critique of Principlism

A Critique of Principlism

Does the CFO serving as the secretary of the board affect the financial statement comparability?—evidence from China

One person serving as both CFO and board secretary is a unique institutional feature in China. Individuals in this senior executive role are responsible for not only the preparation of financial statements but also the coordination of information disclosure. We investigate the relation between a CFO serving as board secretary and financial statement comparability. We find that a CFO serving as board secretary improves the comparability of a firm's financial statements in additional analysis. This positive effect is more significant when the CFO is female or middle-aged, or has a Bachelor's degree or higher or a financial background. This paper enriches the theoretical research on CFO's employment characteristics and the quality of financial reports, and provides reference value for improving the quality of financial reports.

Analyzing the Changing Role of Professional Secretary in Dealing with The Impact of Digital Technology (A Case Study on Professional Secretaries in Indonesia)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the preparedness of secretaries’ profession in dealing with the changing role in handling administrative work and the other impacts of digital technology. The research objectives are to determine the understanding of digital technology in business administration that will have an impact on the automation and simplification of secretarial administrative work, to find out what executive secretary jobs can be replaced by the digital technology and to identify competences of the secretary. This study was carried out using descriptive qualitative methodology with online survey technique with total respondents of 150 Professional Secretaries from various companies in Indonesia, and an addition of 25 respondents, who are superiors of secretaries. The research concludes that several secretarial jobs have been supported by some developing digital technology tools. Digital technology helps increase the efficiency of secretarial administrative task, as much as 56% in document filing management, 76% in managing database, 70% in analyzing data and information, 47% in implementing and maintaining administration procedures. It helps track and streamline processes. In fact, this increased efficiency in operation helps reduce costs and time, 52% in organizing meeting, 82% in maintaining diaries, 47% in arranging manager’s business travel. This research proposes new competencies of professional secretary that need to be strengthened, specifically in the areas of the digitalization and automation secretarial administrative tasks, management office information system, data analysis, communication, and public relations function. This topic of digital technology in secretarial administrative work in Indonesia has never been discussed before. It has a substantial impact on developing secretarial profession in Indonesia and gives a boarder impact on the preparedness of development the executive secretary role in companies.

Nonprofit leadership dispositions.

This exploratory study assessed the leadership dispositions of nonprofit leaders, particularly those in executive director roles or higher. The Nonprofit Leadership Dispositions Survey was completed by 99 nonprofit leaders in private human services nonprofits in New York State. Descriptive analysis was used to understand the dominant dispositions. The results indicated that, apart from prudence, participant responses demonstrated evidence of the dispositions and strengths commonly associated with successful leadership. Recommendations for leadership training and development programs, as well as nonprofit organizations, are suggested.

How do females in top executive positions influence firm profitability: new insight from non financial firms on Ghana Stock Exchange

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of female chairperson, female chief executive officer and presence of females on boards on listed firms’ profitability using data from Ghana. Design/methodology/approach This study used ordinary least square estimation and generalized least square (i.e. fixed and random effect estimation techniques) estimation on the data of 15 nonfinancial listed firms on Ghana Stock Exchange between 2010 and 2020. Findings The results show that while males dominate corporate executive positions in listed nonfinancial firms in Ghana, females serving in top corporate executive positions like chief executive officer, board chairperson and female board membership positively impact listed firms’ performance in the form of return on assets, net profit margin and gross profit margin. These findings are consistent even when year and industry effects are controlled for. This suggests that enacting policies at the national and firm levels to encourage female participation in corporate executive roles/positions are critical for promoting firm performance. Originality/value This study extends extant empirical literature on the economic role of female executives in firm performance from the developing context of Ghana. With calls in literature for more studies on the subject matter in varied contexts and conditions, this study takes the discussion a step further by investigating whether the gender of those in positions such as board chairperson and chief executive officer matters in firm profitability in Ghana.

Isokinetic leg muscle strength relationship to dynamic balance reflects gymnast-specific differences in adolescent females.

Balance, together with other motor qualities, plays an important role in the successful execution of specific gymnastic skills. However, it is also not clear whether different demands on dynamic balance and power produced by lower limb can be observed in sport-specific differences among gymnasts of various modalities. The question also is as to what extent isokinetic leg muscle strength contributes to anterior and posterior postural stability in gymnasts. Therefore, the aim of the study was i) to compare variables of dynamic balance and isokinetic leg muscle strength in rhythmic, artistic, and aerobic gymnasts, and ii) to investigate the relationship of reach distances in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, as well as the composite score in the Y-balance test with an isokinetic muscle strength during knee extension and flexion at different velocities in female gymnasts of various disciplines. Altogether seven aerobic, five artistic, and six rhythmic gymnasts performed the Y-balance test and isokinetic leg muscle strength test at 60°/s, 180°/s, and 300°/s. Results showed significant between-group differences in the composite score in the Y-balance test of the dominant (F = 3.536, p = .041) and non-dominant symmetry (F = 4.804, p = .015). Similarly, average power produced during knee extension and knee flexion at 60°/s, 180°/s and 300°/s differed significantly among these groups (all at p˂0.05). In addition, there was a significant relationship between the composite score of the dominant limb symmetry and isokinetic dominant limb extension strength at 60°/s (r = .54), 180°/s (r = .87), and 300°/s (r = .84) in aerobic gymnasts. The composite score of the dominant limb symmetry was also associated with isokinetic dominant limb extension strength, albeit only at 60°/s in both artistic (r = .60) and rhythmic gymnasts (r = .55). Such between-group differences may be ascribed to their different demands on maintenance of balance under dynamic conditions and leg muscle power within their sport specializations. Taking into account significant association between the dominant limb symmetry and isokinetic dominant limb extension strength, it may be concluded that both muscle strength and fast speeds contribute to dynamic balance in adolescent gymnasts.

Fast and spurious: How executives capture governance structures to prevent cooperativization

Although workers’ cooperatives are regarded as credible alternatives to private companies to reform capitalism, scholars have only started to document the struggles inherent to cooperativization – the process by which private companies transition to cooperative forms. This article analyses how executives prevent actual cooperativization in practice by shaping and capturing governance structures. Relying on 35 interviews, observations, and focus groups of two private firms having adopted cooperative forms, we document a set of governance practices used by executives to prevent cooperativization: general assembly disempowerment, board neutralization, and executive committee entrenchment. We then explain how these practices interact to form a spiral of democratic governance prevention that generate spurious workers cooperatives. These results contribute to cooperative studies by explaining the role of executives and governance in preventing cooperativization. Our study enlarges the repertoire of worker cooperatives pathologies and offers political and organizational levers to limit the phenomena of cooperativization prevention and executives’ capture of governance structures.