Role In Relation Research Articles

Does Environmental Uncertainty Play Moderating Role in Relation Between Business Strategy and Tax Avoidance

This research aims to analyze the effect of implementing a company's business strategy on the level of tax avoidance with environmental Uncertainty as a moderating variable. The population in this research is manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2022. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained 91 companies. This quantitative research uses secondary data in the form of annual reports of manufacturing companies. The model used is panel data regression with a Random Effect (RE) testing model. This research produced three critical findings. First, the prospector strategy has a significant positive effect and is more aggressive in tax avoidance than the defender and analyzer strategies. Second, the defender strategy negatively and less aggressively influences tax avoidance compared to the prospector and analyzer strategies. Third, the relationship between business strategy and tax avoidance is moderated by environmental Uncertainty because it can strengthen the relationship between prospector strategy and tax avoidance and weaken the relationship between defender and analyzer strategies and tax avoidance. (weakening) Moreover, it can positively moderate the relationship between prospector strategy and tax avoidance (strengthening).

The Factor of Multinational Companies in International Relations: The Case of the USA and China

In this study, the historical development of multinational corporations, which have held significant positions in both the global economy and international relations since their inception, is examined, along with the roles they have played in intergovernmental relations. The aim of the study is to reach a conclusion by conducting an analysis of the content found in the literature and examining the findings and data through a content analysis method. In parallel, this study attempts to reach its conclusions by examining the regional policies of the United States and China alongside the activities of multinational corporations in the region. Additionally, the study provides examples of the impact of multinational corporations on international relations by considering high-impact capacity actors such as Apple, Huawei, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, ZTE, and SMIC. Moreover, this study attempts to understand the positions of these actors in the struggle for hegemony by comparing them through the SWOT analysis method. Comprehensive research and findings indicate that multinational corporations still play a significant role in international relations today. These corporations serve not only as negotiation tools and sources of sanctions for nation-states but also play an active role in shaping the strategic and covert foreign policy decisions of states, contributing to their direction. Therefore, this study aims to understand how effective multinational corporations are in the world and in the context of international relations, where the United States and China stand in the struggle for hegemony, and the consequences they have on the political system.

Unveiling the vulnerability of the human abducens nerve: insights from comparative cranial base anatomy in mammals and primates.

The topographic anatomy of the abducens nerve has been the subject of research for more than 150 years. Although its vulnerability was initially attributed to its length, this hypothesis has largely lost prominence. Instead, attention has shifted toward its intricate anatomical relations along the cranial base. Contrary to the extensive anatomical and neurosurgical literature on abducens nerve anatomy in humans, its complex anatomy in other species has received less emphasis. The main question addressed here is why the human abducens nerve is predisposed to injury. Specifically, we aim to perform a comparative analysis of the basicranial pathway of the abducens nerve in mammals and primates. Our hypothesis links its vulnerability to cranial base flexion, particularly around the sphenooccipital synchondrosis. We examined the abducens nerve pathway in various mammals, including primates, humans (N = 40; 60% males; 40% females), and human fetuses (N = 5; 60% males; 40% females). The findings are presented at both the macroscopic and histological levels. To associate our findings with basicranial flexion, we measured the cranial base angles in the species included in this study and compared them to data in the available literature. Our findings show that the primitive state of the abducens nerve pathway follows a nearly flat (unflexed) cranial base from the pontomedullary sulcus to the superior orbital fissure. Only the gulfar segment, where the nerve passes through Dorello's canal, demonstrates some degree of variation. We present evidence indicating that the derived state of the abducens pathway, which is most pronounced in humans from an early stage of development, is characterized by following the significantly more flexed basicranium. Overall, the present study elucidates the evolutionary basis for the vulnerability of the abducens nerve, especially within its gulfar and cavernous segments, which are situated at the main synchondroses between the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae-a unique anatomical relation exclusive to the abducens nerve. The principal differences between the pathways of this nerve and those of other cranial nerves are discussed. The findings suggest that the highly flexed human cranial base plays a pivotal role in the intricate anatomical relations and resulting vulnerability of the abducens nerve.

​​Making ‘Setgel’s Creature’ Mindful​: Conceptual Change in Contemporary Mongolia

As globally circulating understandings of mental health and mindfulness practices gain popularity in Mongolia, they articulate with setgel, a localised concept that has been shaped by a constellation of historical forces. Loosely translated as ‘mind’ in English, setgel has remained central to Mongolian notions of personhood, health, and civic duty, even as the meanings associated with those ideas have changed. As progressivist forces, Tibetan Buddhism and the dominant Soviet political culture of much of the 20th century have held and shaped values in public life. This Position Piece explores the role of power relations and political economy in changing associations of setgel through the example of a recent state-sponsored, Buddhist-inflected mindfulness promotional event for Mongolian influencers. It asks broader questions about how anthropologists as generators of ‘cultural’ knowledge attend to expectations from institutional hosts in the field while also maintaining fidelity to historical change in our work.

Simulation of long-term storage dynamics of headwater reservoirs across the globe using public cloud computing infrastructure

Reservoirs play an important role in relation to water security, flood risk, hydropower and natural flow regime. This study derives a novel dataset with a long-term daily water-balance (reservoir volume, inflow, outflow, evaporation and precipitation) of headwater reservoirs and storage dynamics across the globe. The data is generated using cloud computing infrastructure and a high resolution distributed hydrological model wflow_sbm. Model results are validated against earth observed surface water area and in-situ measured reservoir volume and show an overall good model performance. Simulated headwater reservoir storage indicate that 19.4–24.4 % of the reservoirs had a significant decrease in storage. This change is mainly driven by a decrease in reservoir inflow and increase in evaporation. Deployment on a kubernetes cloud environment and using reproducible workflows shows that these kind of simulations and analyses can be conducted in less than a day.

Analisis Kinerja Humas pada Marketing Kegiatan Open House Politeknik Pariwisata Prima Internasional

In organizing an activity, of course, it requires the role of public relations as a connector of information to the community. Public relations from the Prima International Tourism Polytechnic made several efforts in socializing open house activities. Socialization both through digital content, e-brochures to visits to schools conventionally. Through a descriptive participative method and filling out questionnaires, random sampling was carried out and a total of 130 respondents were found. Assisted by field observation and documentation activities, data interpretation can be done more clearly and in detail. In some questionnaire questions found positive results and based on these results, it can be assessed the performance process of public relations that can exceed the expectations of management. There are several things that can still be improved in the future so that open house activities by the Prima International Tourism Polytechnic are more mature in the process of implementation.

Motivations for Socially Responsible Investing: The Impact of Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Financial expectations

This study looks forward to exploring and understanding what the reasons for the desire of retail investors in might be making Socially Responsible Investments (SRI) in the Chinese stock market and to get an estimate of how valid the theory of reasoned action (TRA) could be. This is intended to look at how such factors as attitude, subjective norms, financial expectations, and risk propensity influence investors to engage in SRI in China. This research builds on previous studies that introduced financial expectations as a crucial new construct, enhancing the depth and rigor of TRA model in examining investment intentions. This assumption posits that investors comprehensively consider the investment situation, weighing not only its societal impact but also its financial returns, and only after considering these outcomes comprehensively will they make decisions on SRI. Risk propensity has been used as moderator in this research model relationship. Whether risk propensity influences the association between attitude, subjective norms, and financial expectations with investment intentions has been test in this study. The study results show risk propensity plays a significantly moderate role in relations of attitude, subjective norms, and financial expectation to intentions with the analysis indicating a positive effect. Its results will be able to provide more reference for the SRI studies and a new angle for capital market researchers, market information providers, and investors.

Association between glaucoma and stroke: A bidirectional mendelian randomization study

PurposeObservational studies have reported positive associations between glaucoma and stroke; however, controversial results exist. Importantly, the nature of the relationship remains unknown since previous studies were not designed to test causality. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible causal relationships between glaucoma and stroke. MethodsOur two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) encompassed multi-ethnic large-scale genome-wide association studies with more than 20000 cases and 260000 controls for glaucoma, and more than 80000 cases and 630000 controls for stroke. Individual effect estimates for each SNP were combined using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. To avoid potential pleiotropic effects, we adjusted the main results by excluding genetic variants associated with metabolic factors. The weighted median and MR-Egger methods were also used for the sensitivity analysis. ResultsOur MR analysis revealed that glaucoma and its subtypes, including primary open-angle glaucoma and primary angle-closure glaucoma, exhibited no causal role in relation to any stroke (AS), any ischemic stroke (AIS), large-artery atherosclerotic stroke (LAS), small-vessel stroke (SVS), or cardioembolic stroke (CES) across MR analyses (all P ​> ​0.05). The null associations remained robust even after adjusting for metabolic-related traits and were consistent in both the European and Asian populations. Furthermore, reverse MR analyses also did not indicate any significant causal effects of AS, AIS, LAS, or CES on glaucoma risk. ConclusionsEvidence from our series of causal inference approaches using large-scale population-based MR analyses did not support causal effects between glaucoma and stroke. These findings suggest that the relationship of glaucoma management and stroke risk prevention should be carefully evaluated in future studies. In turn, stroke diagnosis should not be simply applied to glaucoma risk prediction.

Attributing extreme weather to climate change: State Park employees as institutional actors

AbstractResearchers in environmental psychology celebrate the potential for state and national parks to inspire civic engagement in the issue of climate change. Yet, prevailing conceptions of nature may reflect ongoing colonial concerns, such that parks may represent a space to avoid thinking about—rather than reckon with—escalating ecological crises. In this paper, we approach the topic of climate change in state parks from a perspective informed by decolonial theory. In particular, we report a mixed‐methods study with (N = 51) employees at parks in Kansas and throughout the United States regarding the extra‐individual factors that impact their tendency to subjectively attribute extreme weather to climate change. Findings indicate that park employees were less likely to attribute extreme weather to climate change in parks with (1) less institutional support for climate change mitigation, and (2) increased presence of white conservatives. Responses to a question about the purpose of parks and open‐ended reflections reveal that employees conceive of parks as a space for recreation wherein their primary role in relation to visitors is to supply “fun” and “natural” experiences for consumption. We reflect on conceptions of parks and nature and discuss a conception of parks better suited to confront the escalating ecological crisis.

Conceptual frameworks of integration processes in education

The relevance of the topic is connected with the urgent need in modern socio-political realities to use integrative technological tools in solving educational problems. According to the message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly on February 21, 2023, “a synthesis of all the best that was in the Soviet education system and the experience of recent decades is necessary”. Higher education teachers have been given serious goals to develop effective practices for integrating new regions of the Russian Federation into the cultural and educational space of Russia. Integration is the process and result of the formation of integrity, which plays a priority role in relation to its parts. The emergence of integration is closely related to the need to satisfy the fundamental human need to inherit the experience of previous generations, and subsequently transfer it, which is the mechanism of pedagogical activity: the integration of the experience of generations and the integration of pedagogical and production activities. In the article, the author examines the definition of the main research term; relies on the classification of sources for studying integration processes in pedagogy proposed by Professor N.K. Chapaev; the analysis of modern integrative pedagogical concepts is carried out. In these rapidly developing times, we need specialists who are open to interaction and ready to integrate professionals from seemingly completely different areas into their specific activities: integration becomes the basis for the development of the educational sphere.

Disentangled Relational Graph Neural Network with Contrastive Learning for knowledge graph completion

Learning disentangled entity representations has garnered significant attention in the field of knowledge graph completion (KGC). However, the existing methods inherently overlook the indicative role of relations and the correlation between latent factors and relations, leading to suboptimal entity representations for KGC tasks. In the current study, we introduce the Disentangled Relational Graph Neural Network with Contrastive Learning (DRGCL) method, designed to acquire disentangled entity representations guided by relations. In particular, we first devise the factor-aware relational message aggregation approach to learn entity representations under each semantic subspace and obtain latent factor representations by attention mechanisms. Subsequently, we propose a discrimination objective for factor-subspace pairs using a contrastive learning approach, which compels the factor representations to distinctly capture the information associated with different latent factors and promote the consistency between factor representations and semantic subspaces. Through disentanglement, our model can generate relation-aware scores tailored to the provided scenario. Extensive experiments have been conducted on three benchmark datasets and the results demonstrate the superiority of our method compared with strong baseline models.

Natural disasters and agricultural trade in China: analyzing the role of transportation, government and diplomacy

PurposeNatural disasters profoundly influence agricultural trade sustainability. This study investigates the effects of natural disasters on agricultural production imports in China within 2002 and 2018. This exploration estimates the mediating role of transportation infrastructure and agriculture value-added and the moderating role of government effectiveness and diplomatic relations.Design/methodology/approachThis investigation uses Probit, Logit, Cloglog and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) models.FindingsThe results confirm the mediating role of transportation infrastructure and agriculture value-added and the moderating role of government effectiveness and diplomatic relations in China. According to the findings, natural disasters in trading partners heighten the risk to the agricultural imports. This risk raises, if disasters damage overall agricultural yield or transportation infrastructure. Moreover, governments’ effective response or diplomatic ties with China mitigate the risk. Finally, the effect of disasters varies by the developmental status of the country involved, with events in developed nations posing a greater risk to China’s imports than those in developing nations.Originality/valueChina should devise an early warning system to protect its agricultural imports by using advanced technologies such as data analytics, remote sensing and artificial intelligence. In addition, it can leverage this system by improving its collaboration with trading partners, involvement in international forums and agreement for mutual support in crisis.

Жизненная успешность личности сотрудников органов внутренних дел Российской Федерации: концептуальное обоснование и структурно-функциональная организация

The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological substantiation of the content and functioning of an individual’s life successfulness as a meta-resource that performs an acceptor function, which consists in anticipating and assessing the results of subjective activity in the process of reflection by the subject of his own goals, values and meanings, taking into account integrative qualities and emotional experiences in the “goal” space. value-meaning." The work substantiates the significance of this meta-resource for the personality of employees of internal affairs bodies and indicates its predictive role in relation to indicators of professional success.
 The data from a theoretical analysis of life successfulness as a meta-resource of the individual are summarized, taking into account the philosophical and socio-philosophical contexts, as well as the leading directions of modern psychology. The main structural elements are identified and their functioning is explained from the perspective of integrating the principles of resource, regulatory and subjective approaches and the theory of functional systems. Attention is paid to the relationship between conscious self-regulation and personal resources, and their intersecting functioning is explained. The postulate of the theory of functional systems about understanding the acceptor is extrapolated to the psychological context, in particular when justifying the meaning and functions of life successfulness as a meta-resource of the individual.
 Life successfulness as a meta-resource function in the space of goals, values and meanings of the individual, through the interconnection of reflexive-technological, reflexive-axiological, reflexive-ontological mechanisms; instrumental, socio-psychological and dispositional qualities of the individual; practical, moral and existential emotional experiences.
 The prospects for further development of the meta-resource concept of life successfulness are outlined.

Palestinian diplomacy and communication in latin america case Brazil

Diplomacy and soft power relations with worldwide countries have been and continue to be ambitious for an official Palestinian institution. Political and diplomatic outreach, media communication, and opening relations and embassies with countries and regimes increase legitimacy and convey the message to decision-makers. In Latin America, before the digital connectivity boom, letters and speeches helped build public opinion in favor of the recognition of the Palestinian State. Today, Palestinians are increasingly seeking diplomatic and media communication with the international community to gain support for their full sovereignty, the end of apartheid, settlements, and the recovery of rights. Along with institutional relations, new technologies—although under the control of large corporations—have been exploited by Palestinians to break the siege and allow communication as an extension of diplomatic efforts. This article intends to highlight the role of Palestinian diplomatic relations and media communication between them and the Brazilian government, aiming for political recognition of Palestine. To this end, the research adopts two methodological procedures: literature review and content analysis, based on in-depth interviews. Seven people who worked in the Palestinian diplomatic corps in Brazil were interviewed, including ambassadors and media figures who contributed to diplomatic communication and appeared in the Brazilian media to gain recognition.

Sex Differences in Delirium after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Perioperative Neuropsychiatric Conditions: A Secondary Analysis of a Cohort Study.

Biological sex influences the risk of depression and cognitive impairment, but its role in relation to postoperative delirium is unclear. This analysis investigates sex differences in delirium risk after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and sex-related differences in relation to affective and cognitive symptoms. This is a secondary analysis of the Neuropsychiatric Outcomes After Heart Surgery (NOAHS) study, a single-site, observational study of a CABG surgery cohort (n = 149). Preoperative characteristics are stratified by sex, and baseline variables that differ by sex are evaluated to understand whether sex modifies their relationships with delirium. We also evaluate sex differences in one-month depression and cognition. Female sex is associated with several delirium risk factors, including higher risk of preoperative depression and middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis. MCA stenosis was statistically associated with delirium only among women (OR 15.6, 95% CI 1.5, 164.4); mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was associated with delirium only in men (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.2, 17.9). Other sex-based differences failed to reach statistical significance. Depression remained commoner among women 1month post-CABG. Women in this CABG cohort were more likely to have depression at baseline and 1month postoperatively, as well as MCA stenosis and postoperative delirium. Sex might modify the relationship between post-CABG delirium and its risk factors including MCA stenosis and MCI. Cerebrovascular disease deserves study as a potential explanation linking female sex and a range of poor outcomes among women with coronary heart disease.

Scotland in the multi-national UK state: interpreting legislatures, decentred state, territorial governance

ABSTRACT The article offers a critique of the ‘decentred state’ and the working of the devolved Scottish Parliament in its legislative and political relations with the UK Parliament. It argues that analysis of relations between the devolved Scottish Parliament and the UK Parliament, requires examination of both the political culture and political narratives surrounding constitutional governance and the future of the domestic UK union. Both play a pivotal role in shaping interparliamentary relations in the devolved UK. The paper draws on empirical research from two projects that used both documentary analysis of parliamentary sources and interviews with 35 parliamentarians and officials as a Commons Academic Fellow 2016–2021 and Scottish Parliament Academic Fellow 2022–2023. Both the political narrative and culture of interparliamentary relations between the UK Parliament and Scottish Parliament have been impacted arguably even more by the outcome of the 2016 UK EU Referendum than by the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum.

Despre Dumnezeu. Absolutul ca imagine a deznădăjduirii la Emil Cioran

In this paper I propose to address Emil Cioran’s speech about God and the methodological role this speech occupies in lyrical philosophy. I have in mind the formulation of a dialogue on the discourse of living between God and ‘self’. The divine present in this speech is used to formulate this or that experience. I follow the way in which Cioran draws up a cosmology as a form of counter-theory of Christian genesis. This cosmology is a way that looks to suspend the Christian hypothesis on regard of the birth of the world. Moreover, I follow how faith is constituted from the perspective of lyrical philosophy in relation to Pascal’s wager. I formulate the hypothesis of the ‘self’ as the only tool outside of which it is not worth formulating a discourse. Finally, I approach the difficulty of ‘faith and the divine’ from the perspective of its utility and bring to light its palliative role in relation to the one who believes and to the one who suspends the divine.

Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits from a Dimensional Diagnostic Approach

IntroductionIn DSM-5 Section III, the Alternative Model for Personality disorders (AMPD), a dimensional approach for conceptualization and diagnosing complex character problems was introduced. Based on recent findings, AMPD aligns well with the theory of Young’s Schema Therapy (ST). ST seems to offer a valuable clinical framework that complements the empirically based AMPD, which is not built upon a certain theory of psychopathology.ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to explore the association between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), DSM-5 pathological personality traits and certain psychological symptoms to gain a better understanding of their relationship and highlight the connection points between AMPD and the theory of ST.MethodsA total of 490 Hungarian participants, including 98 males, took part in the cross-sectional research, with an average age of 26.9 (SD = 9.34). All participants completed the short form of Young’s schema questionnaire (YSQ-S3), the brief form of PID-5 (PID-5 BF) and the revised version of the Derogatis Symptom Checklist (SCL-90 R).ResultsResults of a series of hierarchical regression analyses found that all five schema domains were able to predict psychological symptoms and DSM-5 pathological personality traits at a statistically significant level. Moreover, in accordance with our data, specific EMS patterns are associated with different psychological symptoms and pathological personality traits. Ultimately, we identified two EMSs, namely Negativity/Pessimism and Insufficient Self-control, which predicted all of our dependent variables.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the relationship between EMSs and DSM-5 pathological personality traits goes beyond the established fact that EMSs, like any other indicators of personality problems are associated with psychopathological symptoms and traits. This is supported by the fact that we could link specific EMS patterns to the pathological personality traits and psychological symptoms that we investigated. We believe that our results contribute to the clinical utility of AMPD, by assisting the creation of schema profiles tailored to personality pathologies, thereby facilitate the diagnostic process and the development of schema - focused interventions. Furthermore, it seems that the identified EMSs, Negativity/Pessimism and Insufficient Self-control play a special role in relation to pathological personality traits and psychological symptoms and should be considered with particular emphasis in terms of risk group classification and vulnerability.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The relationship between parental reflective function, cognitive emotion regulation and parental perception of the infant

IntroductionThe literature indicates that parental reflective functioning (PRF) is crucial to a good parent-child relationship. Furthermore, genuine parental mentalizing also promotes adaptive emotion regulation in attachment relationships. However, no prior study assessed the relationship between parental mentalizing, emotion regulation and object relation in the early years.ObjectivesWe examined the relationship between PRF, cognitive emotion regulation and perception of the infant among parents of children up to five years old.MethodsIn our cross-sectional, non-clinical study, 136 parents completed the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Mother’s Object Relationship Scale - short form. In our 12 moderator models, we chose the subscales of the parental perception of the infant (invasiveness and warmth) as dependent variables, the subscales of adaptive and non-adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation as independent variables, and the three subscales of PRF (pre-mentalization, interest and curiosity, certainty about mental states) as moderators.ResultsWarmth had a positive, weak correlation with adaptive strategies (r(134) = 0.27, p < 0.007), with certainty in mental states (r(134) = 0.24, p < 0.007) and interest and curiosity (r(134) = 0.23, p < 0.007); the correlation between interest and curiosity and non-adaptive strategies was moderate and positive (r(134) = 0.32, p < 0.007). None of the subscales of PRF moderated the relationship between the subscales of emotion regulation and the perception of the infant. The use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies was more likely to affect the perception of warmth (B = 0.05 (t = 2.0584, p = 0.0415), B = 0.04 (t = 1.7887, p = 0.0760)), and the use of non-adaptive strategies was more likely to affect the perception of invasiveness (B = 0.08 (t = 2.1333, p = 0.0348), B = 0.09 (t = 2.3164, p = 0,0221).ConclusionsOur results suggest that cognitive emotion regulation plays a role in object relation; therefore, we recommend promoting adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies among mothers in the early years.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Investigating the Transition Upgrading Paths of Manufacturing Enterprises From an Energy Source Perspective

As the manufacturing industry is the foundation of the national economy, many countries have made concerted efforts to promote the transition upgrading of manufacturing enterprises from political, industrial, and academic circles. This study employed content analysis to explore the transition upgrading factors for manufacturing enterprises from an energy source perspective. With the help of FsQCA (Fuzzy-sets qualitative comparative analysis), which can mine multivariate combination relationships using a small number of samples, this study quantitatively calculated the transition paths and energy source combinations of manufacturing enterprises. Three transition upgrading paths were proposed, including an innovation-oriented path, a business-oriented path, and an efficiency-oriented path. The results indicate that manufacturing enterprises can realize transition upgrading based on three key methods, including innovation resources and innovation activities, strategic layout, and production operation + network relationship (peripheral). Such a finding validated the rationality of the theoretical path design and improved the research depth and precision. Multiple case analyses of Huawei, Haier, and Lenovo reveal that manufacturing enterprises used three ways to promote transition upgrading: the joint action of innovation activities and innovation resources; the uni-directional causal effect of strategic layout adjustment to increase market value; and the coordination and matching role of network relations dominated by production and operation. We conclude that this study provides an effective decision-making basis and management reference for manufacturing enterprises, so that enterprises can choose an appropriate energy accumulation method and scientifically realize the transition upgrading.