Role Of Macro Research Articles

Longitudinal effects of transitioning into a first-time leadership position on wellbeing and self-concept.

Transitioning into leadership remains a distinct, common career experience that may have implications for employee health and wellbeing, yet these effects are not well understood. We draw upon role theory (role transitions and role expansion) to frame leadership as a dynamic career phenomenon with implications that change as individuals become socialized into their leadership role. This study adds clarity by focusing on changes over time and in response to the novel transition into leadership, and by exploring gender as a moderator of these relationships. We examine the impact of first-time leadership transitions on negative (tension, depression) and positive (emotional wellbeing, job satisfaction) indicators of wellbeing, and self-concept (self-esteem, locus of control). We used data collected every 1 to 2 years from 184 individuals (Youth Development Study Waves 12 through 19, Mortimer, 2011) to conduct two-level (time nested within person) discontinuous growth modeling. Results suggest taking on a leadership role is associated with tension at the time of transition, consistent with role theory and empirical data on macro role transitions. Over time, transitioning into a leadership role bolsters emotional wellbeing and self-esteem in a lasting way, consistent with role expansion propositions. Unexpectedly, men experienced a significant drop in self-esteem at the point of transition compared to women, but otherwise, there were no significant gender differences at the time of, or following, a leadership transition. We show transitioning into leadership is a time-sensitive double-edged sword, such that temporary tensions at the time of transition may pay off over following years in self-concept gains. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The roles of macro‐ and micro‐scale geophysical investigations to guide and monitor excavations at a Middle Woodland site in northern Georgia, USA

AbstractGeophysical investigations have become standard in archaeological practice to map sites and help select location for excavation, but the application of these techniques in real time during excavation to help anticipate feature location and maximize recovery has not been developed. This paper presents results from both traditional geophysics and new approaches to using these methods during excavations at Rice Farm (9DW276), a Middle Woodland site located in a broad floodplain adjacent to the Etowah River in north Georgia. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) at the surface was effective in recording reflection events indicative of archaeological features, such as hearths, posts and possibly ditches. Magnetometry was helpful, but less effective due to heavy plough zone scarring and noise from modern metallic debris. High‐frequency handheld GPR was helpful in monitoring excavations in real time and assisted excavators in anticipating the locations of both large and small diameter features. Excavation of geophysical anomalies exposed important features for the interpretation of this newly documented site.

Особенности питания при новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19)

The article considers a vital problem, i. e. the role of nutrition in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The author compares the diet therapy of acute respiratory viral infection and the flu as well as COVID-19. Special attention is drawn to dietary management of COVID-19, namely, the impact of the diet therapy on the risks of contracting and morbidity of coronavirus disease; the role of macro- and micronutrients in shaping the immune status of a person; the relationship between the nutritional status, body composition and possible outcomes of COVID-19. The paper accentuates a special part of balanced nutrition and dieting as prevention of COVID-19.

Association between egg intake and blood pressure in the USA: the INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure (INTERMAP).

To investigate associations of egg intake with blood pressure (BP) and the role of dietary variables and other macro- and micro-nutrients in the association. We used cross-sectional data for the USA as part of the INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure (INTERMAP). INTERMAP was surveyed between 1996 and 1999, including four 24-h dietary recalls, two 24-h urine collections and eight measurements of systolic BP and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP). Average egg intake (g/d) was calculated. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between egg intake (per each 50 g/d or per quintile) and BP. The roles of dietary variables and other macro- and micro-nutrients in this association were also investigated. In the USA. In total, 2195 US INTERMAP men and women aged 40-59 years. Participants were 50 % female, 54 % non-Hispanic White and 16 % non-Hispanic Black. Mean egg intake (sd) in men and women was 30·4(29·8) and 21·6(20·5) g/d, respectively. Adjusting for demographics, socio-economics, lifestyle and urinary Na:K excretion ratios, we found non-linear associations with BP in non-obese women (P-quadratic terms: 0·004 for SBP and 0·035 for DBP).The associations remained after adjusting for dietary variables, macro/micro nutrients or minerals. Dietary cholesterol was highly correlated with egg intake and may factor in the association. No association was found in obese women and in obese or non-obese men. Egg intake was non-linearly associated with SBP and DBP in non-obese women, but not in obese women or men. Underlying mechanisms require additional study regarding the role of obesity and sex.

Disentangling Identity Transitions in Founder Identity Construction

Understanding the processes underlying founder identity construction is central to entrepreneurship because founders establish and grow their firms based on identity. When individuals construct a founder identity, they need to identify with new roles (macro transitions) and also to manage multiple roles (micro transitions) subsequently. Although entrepreneurship literature agrees on the importance of founder identity, it has largely overlooked how founder identity is constructed. Through a longitudinal field study of 21 founders, we present a model that portrays founder identity construction as an interplay of micro and macro role transitions, where identities carried over from prior occupations impact the individual identity construction process. Newly adopted roles can trigger substantial changes in definitions of self because comparisons with previously held identities can support or hinder founder identity construction. Our contributions extend founder identity theory by illuminating how multiple identities and identity management strategies influence founder identity construction and what it means to be a founder.

The Semantic Role of Core Argument on Batak Toba Language

This study examines the semantic role of the Toba Batak language's core arguments. The theory used is the macro role. This study uses a qualitative method. The data sources are in the form of spoken text and written text in Batak Toba language. The results showed that the semantic role of the core arguments in the Batak Toba language consisted of macro roles and thematic roles. macro roles consist of actor and undergoer, while thematic roles consist of agent, experiencer, effector, recipient, theme, source, and patient.

IMPLEMENTATION OF CURRICULUM MANAGEMENT THE LEARNING CENTER IN PAUD TERPADU MUTIARA YOGYAKARTA

Early childhood Education institutions that provide services and facilities to the students with the aim of the development aspects of the religion-moral, cognitive, language, social-emotional, and physical-motor. Proper learning model for early childhood is required. Centre learning models applied in the PAUD Institute need to have a curriculum management tailored to the curriculum that is carried out in an institution. The purpose of this article is to know the implementation of curriculum management in the Learning Center in PAUD Terpadu Mutiara Yogyakarta. The research method used in this study aims to obtain facts and conclusions in order to gain understanding, explanation, divination, and control. This type of research is a qualitative field research. Research in PAUD Terpadu Mutiara Yogyakarta. The result of this research is that the implementation of curriculum management in the Learning Center in PAUD Terpadu Mutiara Yogyakarta became the 4 stages of the processing process, as follows: 1) Planning curriculum is designed in accordance with vision, mass and institution objectives, 2) The organization of the curriculum contains the management of organizational in the institution, 3) Implementation of the curriculum in the Learning Centers (Preparation Center, Role of Micro Center, Macro Role Center, Beam Center, Faith and Taqwa Center, Arts Creativity Center, Science Center, Cooking Center, Multimedia Center, and Natural Material Center), 4) Control or appraisal is done in the students and all educators.

Physical protection of extracellular and intracellular DNA in soil aggregates against simulated natural oxidative processes

The combined action of physical protection and chemical stabilisation is the main factor regulating the persistence of soil organic matter (SOM). In particular, physical protection refers to the compartmentalization of SOM and microbial biomass within aggregates. Thus, we have investigated the role of (macro-, meso- and micro-) soil aggregates in the protection of SOM and extracellular and intracellular DNA (eDNA vs iDNA) from oxidative stress by treating aggregates with Low Temperature Ashing (LTA) for different durations (0, 5, 24 and 48 h). DNA (exDNA vs iDNA) was sequentially extracted from the different aggregate size classes, and qualitatively (agarose gel electrophoresis) and quantitatively (fluorimetry; spectrophotometry) analysed, discriminating between double stranded (ds) and single stranded (ss) DNA. In addition, comparative PCR-DGGE (exDNA vs iDNA) was performed to assess the bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities of the different aggregate size classes. The use of LTA enabled to determine the amount of physically protected DNA in different aggregate sizes, evidencing the potential involvement of both exDNA and iDNA in the formation of the aggregates. Our results also provided insights into the important role of soil aggregates in protecting the genetic information of the autochthonous soil microbiota. The PCoA of bacterial, archaeal and fungal DGGE patterns displayed contrasting results. While fungal and archaeal fingerprinting patterns revealed direct relationships with aggregate sizes and LTA treatment, the bacterial community was not affected by these factors. This suggests a selective action of the size of aggregates on the dominant soil microbial community members. Our findings indicate that aggregates provide a protective habitat for the soil microbial community against environmental stress conditions, such as oxidative stress. Further, the specific protection of the soil microbiota (bacteria vs archaea vs fungi) is directly correlated to the size distribution of the microbial community and the aggregate size classes.

Recession, Local Fertility, and Urban Sustainability: Results of a Quasi-Experiment in Greece, 1991–2018

Fertility is a spatially non-stationary property of regional demographic systems. Despite the wealth of quantitative (micro–macro) information delineating short-term population dynamics in advanced economies, the contribution of economic downturns to local fertility has still been under-investigated along urban–rural gradients, especially in low-fertility contexts. Recent studies have assumed suburban fertility rates as systematically higher than urban and rural fertility rates. This assumption (hereafter known as the “suburban fertility hypothesis”) has been grounded on stylized facts and spatial regularities in advanced economies that reflect a significant role of both macro (contextual) and micro (behavioral) factors that positively influence fertility in suburban locations. To test the suburban fertility hypothesis at the macro-scale, the present study compares gross fertility rates from seven regional units of the Athens metropolitan area between 1991 and 2018. A refined spatial analysis of gross fertility rates during an economic expansion (1999–2008) and recession (2009–2018) was carried out in 115 urban, suburban, and rural municipalities of the same area. Experiencing sequential waves of economic expansion and recession, Athens’ socio-demographic dynamics were considered a sort of “quasi-experiment” for Southern Europe, linking late suburbanization with the multiple impacts of (rapid) economic downturns. Compared with both urban and rural locations, a higher fertility rate in suburban municipalities (15–20 km away from downtown Athens) was observed during the study period. However, a subtle distinction was observed during the economic expansion versus the recession. In the first period, the highest birth rates were recorded in industrial locations west of Athens, hosting economically disadvantaged communities with a relatively young population structure. With the recession, the highest fertility was associated with residential and service-specialized (wealthier) locations east of Athens, attracting resident population from neighboring areas, and better responding to crisis. The results of our study document how recent urban expansion and economic downturns have intrinsically shaped fertility dynamics, with implications for urban sustainability and social cohesion of metropolitan regions.

Black Holes in Role, Essence and Function

This study endeavors to explain black holes through their role, essence and function. It utilizes a customized hypothetico-deductive methodology as a cognitive approach to construct and explain the model. The paper presents schematics as illustrations. Black holes are formed through a clash of Universal energy ripples, or through stellar collapse. Its micro level roles are to: recycle cosmological debris, stabilize the formation of galaxies, define the shape of galaxies, and stratify space around them. Their macro role is a subsystem in the preservation of the Universal balance, construct and shape. Black holes are made of two semi-cores of opposite spins. The cores are heterogeneous and made up of structures of dark matter particles. Surrounding the black hole are the process horizon, event horizon, and trap horizon. Primitive cores cannot survive; black holes which collapse to primitive cores decay and vanish. Black holes attract objects via energy fields, where energy tends to accumulate mass for more complex structure development in which more energy colonizes. Photons can either fall on the event horizon or directly cross to the process horizon depending on the black hole structure. This paper has transformed black holes from a set of scattered and vague ideas into structured objects of defined and necessary universal roles. The paper calls for empirical validation or falsification of its model, theoretical model, and hypothesis.

FEATURES OF DENTINE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF INTACT TEETH AND TEETH WITH WEDGE-SHAPED DEFECTS

The aim: Is to define dentine chemical composition of intact teeth and those with wedge-shaped defects followed by the analysis of revealed differences. Materials and methods: Longitudinal sections of 22 clinically removed teeth (12 – clinically intact ones, 10 – with wedge-shaped defects) from both jaws were studied in patients aged between 25-54 years. JSM-6490 LV focused beam electron microscope (scanning) with system of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis INCA Penta FETх3 was used. The chemical composition of 148 dentine areas in the incisal region (tubercle), equator, cervical area has been determined as a percentage of the weight amounts of carbon, oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, zinc, potassium, aluminum. Results: Dentine chemical composition of teeth with wedge-shaped defects differed from those of intact teeth by significantly lower content: sodium, chlorine and calcium – in the incisal region (tubercle); sodium, magnesium − at the equator; sodium, chlorine and calcium – in the cervical region (p≤0.05). In the sample groups with cervical pathology there was more sulfur and oxygen in the incisal region (tubercle), phosphorus and zinc – at the equator, carbon and potassium – in the cervical region (p≤0.05). Conclusions: Differences in the chemical composition of intact teeth and teeth with wedge-shaped defects, the presence of correlation between the studied chemical elements confirm the role of macro- and microelements in the pathogenesis of non-carious cervical lesions.

Macro uncertainties and tests of capital structure theories across renewable and non-renewable resource companies

Capital structure is one of the most critical decisions for firms in business. This study examines the role of macro (economic and non-economic) uncertainties in affecting firms’ capital structure management. Three prominent capital structure theories are tested for global resource firms: (1) static trade-off, (2) pecking order, and (3) market timing theory. The results suggest that no single theory prevails, although both pecking order and market timing theories have certain explanatory power to explain sample firms’ financing behaviour. The pecking order theory is strongly supported by the results of the leverage target adjustment model. However, the downward cyclical patterns of pecking order coefficients suggest that the resource firms tend to choose debt financing less and less over time, particularly after 2008. The market timing theory holds strong, as indicated by the significance of macro condition (uncertainties) variables in determining sample firms’ capital structure, especially after 2008 and for non-renewable firms. However, the main proxies of the cost of debt are not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study finds that resource firms have a particular pecking order preference when they need financing, and the influence of macro uncertainties are vital in determining their capital structure.

Nutritional and Behavioral Approaches to Body Composition and Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation Management for Older Adults in the Ordinary and COVID-19 Times.

As more insight is gained into personalized health care, the importance of personalized nutritional and behavioral approaches is even more relevant in the COVID-19 era, in addition to the need for further elucidation regarding several diseases/conditions. One of these concerning body composition (in this context; bone, lean and adipose tissue) is osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome. OSA occurs most often with aging, but also in cases of some chronic diseases and is exacerbated with the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI). OSA has been associated with poor nutrition, metabolic disorders and diminished functional abilities. This paper addresses various influences on OSA and LGCI, as well as their mutual action on each other, and provides nutritional and behavioral approaches which could be personalized to help with either preventing or managing OSA and LGCI in general, and specifically in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressed in more detail are nutritional recommendations for and roles of macro- and micronutrients and bioactive food components; the microbiome; and optimal physical activity regimens. Other issues, such as food insecurity and nutritional inadequacy, circadian misalignment and shift workers are addressed as well. Since there is still a lack of longer-term primary studies in COVID-19 patients (either acute or recovered) and interventions for OSA improvement, this discussion is based on the existing knowledge, scientific hypotheses and observations derived from similar conditions or studies just being published at the time of this writing.

Correlation studies among soil properties, climatic conditions and essential oil constituents of <em>Origanum vulgare </em>L. from Central Himalaya, India

Environmental conditions and soil properties plays important role to regulate the plant metabolism. Considering the importance of essential oil of Origanum vulgare L., this study was done to understand the oil profile with microclimatic conditions and soil properties in wild conditions. The plant materials were collected from ten sites of Uttarakhand, India with their soil samples. Correlation was established among essential oil major constituents, micro and macronutrients, microclimatic conditions, physical properties of soil by using Microsoft Excel XP. Available nitrogen in soil was positively correlated with linalool, bornyl acetate, (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D and β-bisabolene while negatively correlated with thymol. Thymol and caryophyllene oxide were found to be positively correlated with available potassium. Available Zn was positively correlated with β-bisabolene. Total iron (Fe) present in the soil was found to be positively correlated with total p-cymene and γ-terpinene in the oils. pH of soil was found to be negatively correlated with thymol and positively correlated with elemol. Percent organic carbon (OC%) was negatively correlated with p-cymene, (E)-ocimene and caryophyllene oxide. In our study water holding capacity is positively correlated with caryophyllene oxide. The results of present study indicate the significant role of macro and micronutrients and other soil properties on the essential oil composition.

147 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: Mineral nutrition

Abstract Mineral nutrition during pregnancy has long been known to impact fetal growth and development. This is evidenced by a multitude of mineral deficiency-related causes for embryonic loss, abortion, stillbirth, or neonatal death, including poor or inappropriate fetal development that can be either reversible or irreversible postnatally. Both macro and trace mineral needs of the dam are known to increase with the fetal growth of advancing gestation due to greater metabolic stress and demand, as well as tissue development and deposition in the fetus. Fetal deposition of many trace minerals is especially important for neonatal use while consuming milk with low mineral concentrations and facing a multitude of immune challenges. In the last 2 decades, many laboratories have focused on “developmental programming,” or the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal and neonatal development and ultimately long-term health and productivity of livestock. Despite this, the role of macro and trace minerals in short-and long-term consequences of developmental programming is still unclear for many minerals and species. Taken together, research in ruminants and swine demonstrate that mineral intake and source during pregnancy can have a large effect on fetal growth and development that lasts into the neonatal and pre-weaning periods. Some studies suggest that supra-nutritional mineral intake may have a positive benefit during gestation or neonatal periods. Moreover, some data suggest that mineral requirements may be greater than currently thought to accommodate the rapid fetal growth and preparation for lactation that occurs during late gestation. Continued research is necessary to determine mineral requirements of livestock during pregnancy, especially when considering their long-reaching subsequent effects on offspring. Additionally, increased understanding of perinatal transfer of trace minerals can aid in our management of pregnant dams and their offspring.

A Human Rights Approach to Macro Social Work Field Education with Unaccompanied Immigrant Children

In recent years, record numbers of unaccompanied immigrant children have migrated to the USA, with 2019 being the highest year yet. The majority of unaccompanied children have overcome traumatic experiences and violations of their human rights in their home countries or on their journey to the USA, and/or in US detention centers. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights outlines guaranteed basic rights for every person everywhere, and the National Association of Social Workers code of ethics outlines social workers’ responsibility to challenge social injustices. Social workers have a role in advocating for the human rights of all people, including unaccompanied children. Macro social work roles—including roles such as advocacy and policy work, research, capacity building, community education, and management—are critical to addressing and ameliorating the human rights violations faced by unaccompanied immigrant children (UC). In this article, we introduce unaccompanied children as a vulnerable population, outline the human rights violations they commonly face in the USA, and offer implications and suggestions for schools of social work, social work curricula, and social work field education. We believe that effective training and field placements will better prepare the next generation of social workers and create a pipeline of knowledgeable professionals to help unaccompanied children and their families. Therefore, we highlight ways in which schools of social work, field placement agencies, field supervisors, and students can work to advance the lives of UC by offering specific examples of macro roles for interns.

The Effect of Role-Play Learning Strategy and Self-Concept on Social Skills of Children Age 5-6 Years Old in Aisyah Az-Zahra Medan

This study aims to determine: (1) differences in the social skills of children who carry out learning activities using macro role playing strategies and those using micro role playing, (2) differences in social skills of children who have high self-concept and children who have low self-concept, and (3) the interaction between role playing strategies and self-concept on social skills. The populations in this study were children aged 5-6 years. This research was conducted at PAUD Aisyah Az-zahra Medan. The research method used was quasi-experimental. The collection technique was a questionnaire and a test, then the data analysis technique was a two-way analysis of variance. The results showed (1). the average social skills of children who learn to use macro role playing strategies are higher, namely = 8.80 compared to those who use micro role playing strategies = 6.50, with f-count = 9.096 > f-table = 3.48, with a level significant 0.05, (2) the average social skills of children who have high self-concept is higher with an average = 9.15 while the average social skills of children who have low self-concept = 7.96 with f-count = 5,967> f-table = 3.48 with a significant level of 0.05, and (3) there is an interaction between playing with self-concept on children's social skills with f-count = 4.591> f-table = 3.48 at a significant level of 0, 05.

Bureaucratic implementation practices and the making of Canada’s merit-based immigration policy

ABSTRACT This article extends theories of how, in the mid-twentieth century, ‘merit-based’ immigration policies, which select immigrants based on individual human capital and social ties, replaced explicitly racist immigration policies that selected on national and racial group origins. It does so in reference to the historical Canadian case, where existing scholarship emphasises the role of macro and meso-level economic, cultural, and political factors in driving immigration policy change. Using a qualitative content analysis of unique archival data on admissions and deportation appeals, the article identifies high-level bureaucrats’ implementation practices as a micro-level mechanism of postwar immigration policy change. This mechanism allowed for low-risk policy experimentation and subsequently paved the way for a more systemic policy shift. The analysis also shows that individual-level assessments of traits like ‘merit’ were not designed to be ‘race free’ but emerged as a way of managing race, at the intersection of class and status. This gave the formal merit-based policy that later emerged a decidedly middle-class inflection. While focused on the historical Canadian case, the findings presented are relevant to broader debates about the role of immigration bureaucrats in policymaking and how race shapes nation-building under merit-based immigration policies.

Leaching behavior of vitreous fertilizers for application as plant nutrients


 In view of significant role of macro and micro nutrient elements for increasing the food production to feed the growing population along with maintaining soil fertility, glassy fertilizers to supply the said need were prepared in the laboratory. The main objective of the present work is to study the role of different nutrient elements in the glass composition to be used as fertilizers. This has been aimed to provide a better substitution of chemical fertilizers because of its specific nature of leachability in aqueous medium. In the present research paper, the combined varying effect of different nutrient elements such as P, B, Zn, Fe, Cu, K and Si has been investigated using different experimental techniques.

Identity Management in Times of Transition: Fostering Positive Pathways Over the Career Lifespan

Macro role transitions (e.g., promotions, inter-organizational, inter-professional moves etc.) are a frequent reality for many employees across their careers. Indeed historical expectations of a ‘job-for-life’ are becoming increasingly unrealistic, as individuals face multiple transitions throughout their working lives. These transitions can be threatening and disruptive to one’s work identity, but may also represent a source of growth and renewal. However, in order to capitalize on the potential of transitions for identity growth, individuals must find ways to constructively manage their identities in these times of change. In this vein, this paper represents a timely effort aimed at understanding how individuals can foster positive role changes throughout their careers. Specifically I shed light on the identity management tactics that individuals use during macro role transitions, as well as the personal and contextual (organizational/societal) factors that facilitate/hamper these processes. Moreover, I build on these insights to construct the ‘career identity sustainability model’ which explains how, through processes of identity management, individuals can develop personal resources (psychological capital, experience) and resilient and multi-dimensional work identities, which facilitate positive role transitions and sustainable careers across the lifespan.